{"id":42391,"date":"2023-08-23T19:21:38","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T13:36:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=42391"},"modified":"2023-08-23T19:23:20","modified_gmt":"2023-08-23T13:38:20","slug":"blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/","title":{"rendered":"Blood Pressure: Definition, Measurement, Mechanism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Blood pressure is the measure of the pressure developed against the wall of the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/arteries\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41991\">arteries<\/a> by the circulating <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-components-formation-functions\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41926\">blood<\/a>. It is the measure of the pressure of the blood in the major arteries during the systole and diastole stages of the cardiac cycle. It is also called the <em>systemic arterial pressure<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Blood-Pressure.jpeg\" alt=\"Blood Pressure\" class=\"wp-image-42396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Blood-Pressure.jpeg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Blood-Pressure-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Blood-Pressure-1024x536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Blood-Pressure-768x402.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Blood Pressure<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is measured in \u2018<strong><em>mm of Hg<\/em><\/strong>\u2019. It is a very important physiological parameter measured to determine the health condition of an individual. Blood pressure together with <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/heart-anatomy-functions\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41598\">heart<\/a> sound is an indicator of the condition of the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cardiovascular-system\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41830\">cardiovascular system<\/a>. Any abnormalities in these indicate that the patient is suffering from one or more cardiovascular diseases.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The blood pressure is expressed as systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. The normal blood pressure of a human is <strong>120\/80 (systolic\/diastolic) mm of Hg<\/strong>. The instrument used to measure human blood pressure is called a <strong>sphygmomanometer<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_66_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#what-is-systolic-blood-pressure\" title=\"What is Systolic Blood Pressure?\">What is Systolic Blood Pressure?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#what-is-diastolic-blood-pressure\" title=\"What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?\">What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#measurement-of-atrial-blood-pressure\" title=\"Measurement of Atrial Blood Pressure\">Measurement of Atrial Blood Pressure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#mechanism-of-regulation-of-blood-pressure\" title=\"Mechanism of Regulation of Blood Pressure\">Mechanism of Regulation of Blood Pressure<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#baroreceptor-reflex\" title=\"Baroreceptor Reflex\">Baroreceptor Reflex<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system-raas\" title=\"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)\">Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#abnormal-blood-pressure\" title=\"Abnormal Blood Pressure&nbsp;\">Abnormal Blood Pressure&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#hypertension\" title=\"Hypertension\">Hypertension<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#hypotension\" title=\"Hypotension\">Hypotension<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-systolic-blood-pressure\"><\/span><strong>What is Systolic Blood Pressure?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the blood pressure developed against the wall of the arteries by the circulating blood during the ventricular contraction (ventricular systole) stage of a heartbeat. It is the maximum pressure exerted in arteries during a heartbeat. During ventricular systole, the heart\u2019s muscular wall contracts and propels the blood out of the heart into the aorta and pulmonary trunk at higher pressure. This high pressure ensures the circulation of blood to every tissue and cell of our body. In normal conditions, it is about 120 mm of Hg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-diastolic-blood-pressure\"><\/span><strong><strong>What is <\/strong><\/strong><strong>Diastolic Blood Pressure?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the blood pressure developed against the wall of the arteries by the circulating blood during the ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole) stage of a <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/heartbeat-phases-heart-sound-types\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"42319\">heartbeat<\/a>. It is the minimum pressure exerted in arteries during a heartbeat. After ventricular contraction, the heart\u2019s muscles relax and allow the blood from the atria to enter the ventricle. During this stage, the blood pressure is minimum in the arteries. In normal conditions, it is about 80 mm of Hg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\"><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"measurement-of-atrial-blood-pressure\"><\/span><strong>Measurement of Atrial Blood Pressure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>When we talk about blood pressure, commonly abbreviated as BP, we are only talking about atrial blood pressure. The walls of <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/veins\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41993\">veins<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/capillaries\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41995\">capillaries<\/a> also experience blood pressure, but they are typically very low and difficult to measure. Capillary blood pressure is about 20 to 30 mm of Hg while the BP in the vein is generally about 8 mm of Hg and may also reach to negative value. Hence, they are considered insignificant for medical purposes and mostly not measured.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atrial blood pressure is measured using a medical device called the <strong>sphygmomanometer <\/strong>often coupled with a stethoscope. This device contains an inflatable cuff and a mercury pressure gauge.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cuff is generally wrapped around the arm over the brachial artery and it is inflated to apply pressure to the brachial artery by squeezing the attached bulb. Once it is inflated to the desired level, a stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery of the elbow. The pressure inside the cuff is reduced by slowly releasing the pumped air. This release of air allows the blood to flow through the brachial artery producing a characteristic sound called the <strong>&#8216;Korotkoff sound<\/strong>\u2019. The first sound is heard during the pressure gauge indicating the systolic pressure and the second sound is heard during the pressure gauge indicating the diastolic pressure. Hence, the pressure indicated in the pressure gauge when the first and the second Korotkoff sound are heard is noted.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mechanism-of-regulation-of-blood-pressure\"><\/span><strong>Mechanism of Regulation of Blood Pressure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Blood pressure is regulated by various mechanisms, mainly by two major mechanisms viz. the baroreceptor reflex and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Besides, there are several other minor mechanisms including low-pressure baroreceptor, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, fluid and electrolyte level, kidney function, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"baroreceptor-reflex\"><\/span><strong>Baroreceptor Reflex<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Baroreceptors are mechanoreceptors located inside our blood vessels. There are two major baroreceptors each located inside the <strong>carotid sinus<\/strong> and <strong>aortic arch<\/strong>. The <strong><em>carotid baroreceptor<\/em><\/strong> responds to both increases and decreases in blood pressure and sends the signal to the medulla oblongata of the CNS via the glossopharyngeal nerve. The&nbsp;<strong><em>aortic baroreceptor<\/em><\/strong> responds to an increment in blood pressure and sends the signal to the medulla oblongata via the vagus nerve. Once receiving signals from these baroreceptors, the brain will adjust sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity resulting in regulation of the blood pressure by changing heart rate, vessels diameter, and cardiac action potential.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system-raas\"><\/span><strong>Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>RAAS is a hormonal system for regulating blood pressure by changing blood volume and diameters of blood vessels. Reduction in renal blood flow, reduced blood pressure, reduced sodium (Na+) in the distal convoluted tube (DCT) of a nephron, and impulse from the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the release of \u2018<strong><em>renin<\/em><\/strong>\u2019 hormone from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.&nbsp; The released renin enters the bloodstream and meets with the <strong><em>angiotensinogen<\/em><\/strong> protein released by the liver. Renin converts the angiotensinogen into <strong><em>angiotensin \u2013 I<\/em><\/strong>. The <strong><em>angiotensin-converting enzyme<\/em><\/strong> (ACE) produced mainly by the vascular endothelial cells converts angiotensin \u2013 I into <strong><em>angiotensin \u2013 II<\/em><\/strong>.&nbsp; Angiotensin \u2013 II regulates the fluid and electrolytes and blood pressure by the following mechanisms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Contracting the smooth muscles in the arterial walls causing vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction will then increase the blood pressure.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stimulating the production of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. The aldosterone upregulates the Na+\/K+ pumps of the DCT and causes increased reabsorption of sodium and water. This increased reabsorption will increase blood pressure.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stimulating the release of more vasopressin hormone from the pituitary gland. Vasopressin will also increase the reabsorption of water as well as contract the arterioles. &nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"abnormal-blood-pressure\"><\/span><strong>Abnormal Blood Pressure&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If the blood pressure increases or decreases than the normal range, then we say it the abnormal blood pressure. Abnormality in blood pressure is of two types, the first is an increase in blood pressure than normal called hypertension; the second is a decrease in blood pressure than normal called hypotension. Both these are regarded as types of cardiovascular disorders.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hypertension\"><\/span><strong>Hypertension<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If the systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases than the normal range, it is termed hypertension. If the systolic pressure exceeds 129 mm of Hg and diastolic pressure exceeds 80 mm of Hg, then the situation is called hypertension.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The rise of systolic pressure up to 129 mm of Hg is termed elevated pressure, but if it increases about 130 to 139 mm of Hg it is called stage 1 hypertension, if it increases above 140 mm of Hg then it is called stage 2 hypertension, and if it crosses 180 mm of Hg it is referred as hypertensive crisis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the diastolic pressure increases about 80 to 89 mm of Hg it is called stage 1 hypertension, if it increases above 90 mm of Hg then it is called stage 2 hypertension, and if it crosses 120 mm of Hg it is referred to as a hypertensive crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"762\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hypertension-Categories.jpeg\" alt=\"Hypertension Categories\" class=\"wp-image-42398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hypertension-Categories.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hypertension-Categories-300x152.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hypertension-Categories-1024x520.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hypertension-Categories-768x390.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Hypertension Categories<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hypotension\"><\/span><strong>Hypotension<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If the systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreases than the normal range, it is termed hypotension. If the systolic pressure falls behind 90 mm of Hg and diastolic pressure fall behind 60 mm of Hg, then the situation is called hypotension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Ross &amp; Wilson Anatomy &amp; Physiology in Health and Illness. 13th ed. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-7276-5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stauss H. M. (2007). Identification of blood pressure control mechanisms by power spectral analysis. Clinical and experimental pharmacology &amp; physiology, 34(4), 362\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04588.x<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Campbell M, Sultan A, Shumway KR, et al. Physiology, Korotkoff Sound. [Updated 2022 Sep 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539778\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. &#8220;sphygmomanometer&#8221;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Mar. 2023, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/sphygmomanometer. Accessed 8 June 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. &#8220;blood pressure&#8221;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jun. 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/blood-pressure\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/blood-pressure<\/a>. Accessed 8 June 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shahoud JS, Sanvictores T, Aeddula NR. Physiology, Arterial Pressure Regulation. [Updated 2022 Aug 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538509\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fountain JH, Kaur J, Lappin SL. Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System. [Updated 2023 Mar 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470410\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/teachmephysiology.com\/urinary-system\/regulation\/the-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood pressure. (2023, May 29). In Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bloodpressure\/about.htm#:~:text=high%20blood%20pressure%3F-,What%20is%20blood%20pressure%3F,and%20falls%20throughout%20the%20day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/high-blood-pressure\/understanding-blood-pressure-readings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/ananthatiger\/blood-pressure-mechanism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/drchintansinh\/bp-regulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-guides\/anatomy-and-physiology\/the-cardiovascular-system\/control-of-blood-pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/geekymedics.com\/regulation-of-blood-pressure\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/common-health-questions\/lifestyle\/what-is-blood-pressure\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au\/health\/conditionsandtreatments\/blood-pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/17649-blood-pressure<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blood pressure is the measure of the pressure developed against the wall of the arteries by the circulating blood. It is the measure of the pressure of the blood in &#8230; <a title=\"Blood Pressure: Definition, Measurement, Mechanism\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-pressure-measurement-mechanism\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Blood Pressure: Definition, Measurement, Mechanism\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":42396,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6190],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Blood-Pressure.jpeg","author":{"name":"Prashant Dahal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073138ccb44be2c7f33850b8ad66e8a0?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6190,"name":"Human Anatomy and Physiology","slug":"anatomy-and-physiology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6190,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHuman anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.\r\nHumans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.\r\nOther typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.\r\nBesides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.\r\nThe chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\r\nThe human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.\r\nCells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.\r\nFour basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.\r\nThe following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.\r\nOrgans are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit.\r\nInformation on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.\r\nIt also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body's anatomy during growth.\r\n\r\n<strong>Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.\r\nPhysiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.\r\nA normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.\r\nThe concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.\r\nIn the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.\r\nHuman physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.\r\nBased on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.\r\nBesides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.\r\nA slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.\r\nHuman physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.\r\nHuman physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.\r\nDuring the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.\u00a0 The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.","parent":0,"count":74,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6190,"category_count":74,"category_description":"<strong>Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHuman anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.\r\nHumans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.\r\nOther typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.\r\nBesides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.\r\nThe chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\r\nThe human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.\r\nCells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.\r\nFour basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.\r\nThe following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.\r\nOrgans are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit.\r\nInformation on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.\r\nIt also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body's anatomy during growth.\r\n\r\n<strong>Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.\r\nPhysiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.\r\nA normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.\r\nThe concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.\r\nIn the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.\r\nHuman physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.\r\nBased on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.\r\nBesides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.\r\nA slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.\r\nHuman physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.\r\nHuman physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.\r\nDuring the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.\u00a0 The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.","cat_name":"Human Anatomy and Physiology","category_nicename":"anatomy-and-physiology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42391"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42391"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42391\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/42396"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}