{"id":41808,"date":"2023-08-03T15:06:51","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T15:06:51","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:21:51","slug":"phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"Phenotypic Ratio- Definition, Calculation, Significances, Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>The phenotypic ratio depicts the ratio or probability of the resulting patterns and frequencies of inherited observable traits in the offspring of organisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Phenotype is the morphological characteristic of an organism that can be observed externally. It includes the characters such as sex, hair and skin color, shape, height, etc. In simple language, the phenotype is the resulting appearance of an individual depending upon the inherited genotype.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Phenotypic-Ratio.jpg\" alt=\"Phenotypic Ratio\" class=\"wp-image-39820\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Phenotypic Ratio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>An organism&#8217;s genes can be expressed (dominant) or unexpressed (recessive). The expressed genes result in the phenotypic characteristics of an organism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#calculation-of-phenotypic-ratio\" title=\"Calculation of Phenotypic Ratio\">Calculation of Phenotypic Ratio<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#phenotypic-ratio-in-monohybrid-cross\" title=\"Phenotypic Ratio in Monohybrid Cross\">Phenotypic Ratio in Monohybrid Cross<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#phenotypic-ratio-in-dihybrid-cross\" title=\"Phenotypic Ratio in Dihybrid Cross\">Phenotypic Ratio in Dihybrid Cross<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#phenotypic-ratio-in-trihybrid-cross\" title=\"Phenotypic Ratio in Trihybrid Cross\">Phenotypic Ratio in Trihybrid Cross<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#phenotypic-ratio-significances\" title=\"Phenotypic Ratio Significances\">Phenotypic Ratio Significances<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#some-important-terms\" title=\"Some Important Terms\">Some Important Terms<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#filial-generation\" title=\"Filial generation\">Filial generation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#punnett-square\" title=\"Punnett square\">Punnett square<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#phenotypic-ratio-vs-genotypic-ratio\" title=\"Phenotypic Ratio vs. Genotypic Ratio\">Phenotypic Ratio vs. Genotypic Ratio<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"calculation-of-phenotypic-ratio\"><\/span><strong>Calculation of Phenotypic Ratio<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The calculation of the ratio of phenotypes for monohybrid, dihybrid, and trihybrid crosses is different. The basic steps of calculation are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Choosing the characters to be crossed or the characters under study.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By applying Mendel\u2019s Laws of Inheritance, cross them by forming a cross diagram or Punnett-square chart.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Then calculate the number of phenotypes (not be confused with the genotype). TT and Tt can denote tallness, and they both are the same phenotypes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The type of phenotypic outcomes must be listed distinctly. The ratio can be finally determined by adjusting the characters and their specific numbers (as counted in the Punnett chart) respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phenotypic-ratio-in-monohybrid-cross\"><\/span><strong>Phenotypic Ratio in <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/monohybrid-cross\/\">Monohybrid Cross<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Monohybrid Cross is the type of cross in which a single trait of an individual is taken and studied for its outcomes after the cross. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s take, for example, height: <strong>a tall father (TT) <\/strong>who is crossed with<strong> a short mother (tt)<\/strong> where tallness is dominant over shortness, then the cross-ratio can be calculated as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Monohybrid-Cross.jpg\" alt=\"Phenotypic Ratio in Monohybrid Cross\" class=\"wp-image-39813\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Phenotypic Ratio in Monohybrid Cross<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The phenotypes in the second filial generation are tall (three: TT, Tt, Tt) and short (Only one: tt).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So the phenotypic ratio of short and tall will be 3:1, respectively. It simply indicates that if four offspring are born in the above case, then there is a higher probability of three of them being tall and one of them being short.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phenotypic-ratio-in-dihybrid-cross\"><\/span><strong><strong>Phenotypic Ratio in<\/strong><\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/dihybrid-cross\/\">Dihybrid Cross<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dihybrid Cross is the type of cross in which two characters or traits are considered, and the combined outcomes of both are calculated.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s take, for example, height and color: <strong>a tall and white colored male (TTWW)<\/strong> who is crossed with <strong>a short and black female (ttww)<\/strong> (considering tallness and white skin are dominant over shortness and black skin), then the cross-ratio can be calculated as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Phenotypic-Ratio-in-Dihybrid-Cross.jpg\" alt=\"Phenotypic Ratio in Dihybrid Cross\" class=\"wp-image-39817\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Phenotypic Ratio in Dihybrid Cross<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The phenotypes in the second filial generation are tall and white (nine: TTWW, TTWw, TtWW, TtWw); tall and black (three: TTww, Ttww); short and white (three: ttWw, ttWW); short and black (only one: ttww).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So the phenotypic will be 9:3:3:1, respectively, considering the above data and assumptions. It simply indicates that if 16 offspring are born in the above case, then there is a higher probability of nine of them being tall and white, considering the tall and white skin to be dominant and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phenotypic-ratio-in-trihybrid-cross\"><\/span><strong><strong><strong>Phenotypic Ratio in<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong> <strong>Trihybrid Cross<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Trihybrid Cross is the cross in which three characters are taken and studied for their combined outcomes in future generations. Let\u2019s take, for example, height, eye, and hair color. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A tall, brown-eyed male with black hair (indicated by TTBBWW respectively) who is crossed with a short and blue-eyed female with white hair (ttbbww) (considering tallness (T), brown eye (B), and black hair (W) color are dominant over shortness (t), blue eye (b), and white hair color (w)), then the phenotypic-ratio can be calculated as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Phenotypic-Ratio-in-Trihybrid-Cross.jpg\" alt=\"Phenotypic Ratio in Trihybrid Cross\" class=\"wp-image-39818\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Phenotypic Ratio in Trihybrid Cross<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The phenotypes in the second filial generation are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>27 with tall height, brown eyes, and black hair (TTBBWW, TTBBWw, TTBbWw, TtBbWw, TtBbWW, TtBBWW)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>9 with tallness, brown eyes, and white hair (TTBBww, TTBbww, TtBBww, TtBbww)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>9 with short height, brown eyes, and black hair (ttBBWW, ttBbWw, ttBBWw, ttBbWW)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>9 with tall height, blue eyes, and black hair (TTbbWW, TtbbWw, TtbbWW, TTbbWw)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 with tall height, blue eyes, and white hair (TTbbww, Ttbbww)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 with short height, blue eyes, and black hair (ttbbWW, ttbbWw)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 with short height, brown eyes, and white hair (ttBBww, ttBbww)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 with short height, blue eyes, and white hair (ttbbww)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So the phenotypic ratio of short and tall will be 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 respectively. It simply indicates that the probability of offspring with all the dominant characters i.e. tallness, brown eyes, and black hair is highest and mathematically 27\/64, and lowest for offspring with all recessive characters i.e. shortness, blue eyes, and white hair, in this case, that is mathematically 1\/64.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phenotypic-ratio-significances\"><\/span><strong>Phenotypic Ratio<\/strong> <strong>Significances<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Calculating the phenotypic ratio helps us predict the likelihood of expressing particular parental traits in the progeny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It helps predict gene expressions in future generations of an organism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These calculations aid in producing genetically engineered crops and animals with the required external features.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"some-important-terms\"><\/span><strong>Some Important Terms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"filial-generation\"><\/span><strong>Filial generation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The offspring or progenies obtained after the cross between parents are called filial generation or first filial generation (F<sub>1<\/sub> generation). When those progenies self-fertilize and result in another generation of progenies, then they are the second filial generation (F<sub>2<\/sub> generation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"punnett-square\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/punnett-square\/\">Punnett square<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It illustrates all the possible combinations of phenotypes in the offspring after crossing the specific traits of parents. It is represented in the form of a square-shaped table. R.C. Punnett invented it in the year 1906. In this table, all the possible gametes from the male are arranged in the top horizontal boxes, and all the gametes from the female are arranged in the left vertical boxes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Note: <\/strong>All the above given phenotypic ratios are based on Mendel\u2019s laws of inheritance where the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mutation-causes-mechanisms-agents-and-significance\/\">mutation<\/a> is not considered. All the characters in parents are based on homozygous alleles. The dominant allele is written in capital and at first whereas the recessive one is written in small.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phenotypic-ratio-vs-genotypic-ratio\"><\/span><strong>Phenotypic Ratio vs. Genotypic Ratio<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Phenotypic Ratio<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Genotypic Ratio<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>It is the ratio of external observable characters in the progenies of an organism.<\/td><td>It is the ratio of genes&#8217; composition in an organism&#8217;s progenies.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>It is influenced by the pattern of inheritance pattern of expressing genes, age, and environmental factors as well.<\/td><td>The pattern of inheritance of genes from parents influences the genotypic ratio.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>If the individuals have a similar phenotype, it doesn\u2019t necessarily mean they have similar genotypes. <br>For eg., if two boys in the same family and generation are tall, then also they might have different allele compositions such as TT and Tt both result in tallness.<\/td><td>If the individuals possess similar genotypes, they mostly have similar phenotypes.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>In the case of a monohybrid cross for a particular trait, the phenotype ratio is 3:1 in the second filial generation.<\/td><td>While in the same case of a monohybrid cross, the genotype ratio is 1:2:1 in the second filial generation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>It can be determined easily by the external appearance of an individual.<\/td><td>It is hard to determine as genetic arrangements also need to be studied.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Knapp S. (2020) Phenotypic Ratio. Accessed from: https:\/\/biologydictionary.net\/phenotypic-ratio\/ Accessed on: 11\/28\/2022<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keshari A.K. and Ghimire K.R. (2010) Mendel\u2019s Laws of Inheritance. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar. 4<sup>th<\/sup> ed. pg. 618-640.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ahluwalia, K.B. (2009) Genetics. 2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed. New Delhi. New Age International.Klug W.S. (2015). Concepts of Genetics. 11<sup>th<\/sup> ed. Boston<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The phenotypic ratio depicts the ratio or probability of the resulting patterns and frequencies of inherited observable traits in the offspring of organisms. Phenotype is the morphological characteristic of an &#8230; <a title=\"Phenotypic Ratio- Definition, Calculation, Significances, Examples\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phenotypic-ratio-definition-calculation-significances-examples\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Phenotypic Ratio- Definition, Calculation, Significances, Examples\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":41804,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6193],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Phenotypic-Ratio.jpg","author":{"name":"Bikash Dwivedi","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/550c27119b43d63c2e6c2190afd185c9?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6193,"name":"Genetics","slug":"genetics","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6193,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Genetics is a branch of natural science that deals with heredity due to the transmission of genes, gene regulation, and gene manipulation.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Genetics is a connecting link between many disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies involving genes and chromosomes of living beings began quite late as it requires significant advances in the microscopy area.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The influence of heredity and its application of cultivation and production improved organisms, however, had been recognized since ancient times.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of genes and genetics began as a major concept after studies made by Mendel on pea plants. It was further strengthened and flourished by the works of Morgan.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eventually, genetics became a distinct area of study with the identification of genes and the study of genes at different levels, including their role in the cell, their regulation, and their expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Initially, genetics was limited to understanding the concept and process of heredity via techniques like the formation of Punnet\u2019s square. With the development of techniques like X-ray diffraction, the structure of DNA, and the presence of genetic code were established. This paved the way for modern genetics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Modern genetics focuses on the chemical composition of structures found in genes like the DNA that influences the chemical reactions taking place in the cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gene expression is influenced by two major factors; the genetic composition and the influence of the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The influence of the environment on gene expression can be distinctly observed in green plants where the gene responsible for the formation of chlorophyll is only expressed in the presence of sunlight.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Genes, through the proteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized, how effectively toxins are detoxified, and even how vigorously infections are targeted.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Processes like mutations are now a significant cause of major genetic diseases. The mutations might arise due to a complex combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":79,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6193,"category_count":79,"category_description":"<strong>Genetics is a branch of natural science that deals with heredity due to the transmission of genes, gene regulation, and gene manipulation.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Genetics is a connecting link between many disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies involving genes and chromosomes of living beings began quite late as it requires significant advances in the microscopy area.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The influence of heredity and its application of cultivation and production improved organisms, however, had been recognized since ancient times.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of genes and genetics began as a major concept after studies made by Mendel on pea plants. It was further strengthened and flourished by the works of Morgan.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eventually, genetics became a distinct area of study with the identification of genes and the study of genes at different levels, including their role in the cell, their regulation, and their expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Initially, genetics was limited to understanding the concept and process of heredity via techniques like the formation of Punnet\u2019s square. With the development of techniques like X-ray diffraction, the structure of DNA, and the presence of genetic code were established. This paved the way for modern genetics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Modern genetics focuses on the chemical composition of structures found in genes like the DNA that influences the chemical reactions taking place in the cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gene expression is influenced by two major factors; the genetic composition and the influence of the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The influence of the environment on gene expression can be distinctly observed in green plants where the gene responsible for the formation of chlorophyll is only expressed in the presence of sunlight.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Genes, through the proteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized, how effectively toxins are detoxified, and even how vigorously infections are targeted.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Processes like mutations are now a significant cause of major genetic diseases. The mutations might arise due to a complex combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Genetics","category_nicename":"genetics","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41808"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41808"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41808\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41804"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}