{"id":41746,"date":"2023-08-03T15:06:04","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:21:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T20:23:30","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T14:38:30","slug":"purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/","title":{"rendered":"Purine- Structure, Types, Derivatives, Modification, Effects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Purine is a water-soluble heterocyclic aromatic<\/strong> <strong>organic compound consisting of a six-membered pyrimidine ring and a five-membered imidazole ring.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A nucleotide sequence in the cell\u2019s DNA determines the nucleotide sequence of each RNA and the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amino-acids-proteins\/\">amino acid<\/a> sequence of each protein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nucleotides have three characteristic components:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>A nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base<\/li><li>A pentose<\/li><li>A phosphate<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The nitrogenous bases are derivatives of two parent compounds, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/pyrimidine-definition-structure-functions\/\">pyrimidine<\/a>, and purine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#purine-structure\" title=\"Purine Structure\">Purine Structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#types-of-purine\" title=\"Types of Purine\">Types of Purine<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#adenine\" title=\"Adenine\">Adenine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#guanine\" title=\"Guanine\">Guanine<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#purine-derivatives\" title=\"Purine Derivatives\">Purine Derivatives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#purine-modification\" title=\"Purine Modification\">Purine Modification<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#antibiotics-and-related-compounds\" title=\"Antibiotics and Related Compounds\">Antibiotics and Related Compounds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#purine-health-effects\" title=\"Purine Health Effects\">Purine Health Effects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"purine-structure\"><\/span><strong>Purine Structure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Nine atoms make up the basic purine structure.<\/li><li>A six-membered pyrimidine ring and a five-membered imidazole ring fused to make up the two cycles of purine.<\/li><li>Four nitrogen atoms exist in positions 1, 3, 7, and 9.<\/li><li>The first nitrogen of the six-membered ring serves as the starting point for purine&#8217;s numbering, which moves counterclockwise.<\/li><li>The imidazole ring is numbered in a clockwise direction.<\/li><li>Purine bases are attached with 1\u2019 carbon of pentoses through the ninth nitrogen atom to form nucleosides.<\/li><li>Significant delocalization exists among the purine ring&#8217;s electrons.<\/li><li>Positions 3 and 7 are electron-rich and susceptible to\u00a0electrophilic attack, while positions 2, 6, and 8 are susceptible to nucleophilic attack.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Purine-adenine-and-guanine.jpg\" alt=\"Purine- adenine and guanine\" class=\"wp-image-39571\"\/><figcaption>Purine- adenine and guanine<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-purine\"><\/span><strong>Types of Purine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary purines are adenine and guanine in both RNA and DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"adenine\"><\/span><strong>Adenine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Molecular formula:<\/strong><em> <\/em>C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>N<sub>5<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Molecular weight: <\/strong>135.13 dalton<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Melting point: <\/strong>360-365\u00b0C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Solubility: <\/strong>1030 mg\/L (at 25 \u00b0C)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>It is a white, crystalline purine base with an amine group linked to the carbon at position 6 that is present in both RNA and DNA.<\/li><li>Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA is complementary to adenine.<\/li><li>The amine group at position 6 and the additional double bond between N-1 and C-6 in the heterocyclic aromatic (pyrimidine) ring distinguish adenine from guanine.<\/li><li>The energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and coenzyme A are examples of adenine derivatives that play various roles in biochemistry, including cellular respiration.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"guanine\"><\/span><strong>Guanine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Molecular formula: <\/strong>C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>ON<sub>5<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Molecular weight: <\/strong>151.13 dalton<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Melting point: <\/strong>360\u00b0C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Solubility: <\/strong>2080 mg\/L (at 37 \u00b0C)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>It is a white, insoluble, crystalline material.<\/li><li>It is a 2-aminopurine with a 6-oxo substituent in both RNA and DNA.\u00a0<\/li><li>Guanine is complementary to Cytosine in both DNA and RNA.<\/li><li>It was first isolated from guano (bird manure), hence the name.\u00a0<\/li><li>Ammonia, a byproduct of protein breakdown in cells, is converted to guanine by spiders, scorpions, and a few other amphibians, as it can be eliminated with minimal water loss.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"purine-derivatives\"><\/span><strong>Purine Derivatives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aside from adenine and guanine, other significant metabolites include hypoxanthine, xanthine, theophylline, theobromine, caffeine, uric acid, and isoguanine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Purine-Derivatives.jpg\" alt=\"Purine Derivatives\" class=\"wp-image-39574\"\/><figcaption>Purine Derivatives<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>3, 7-dimethylxanthine (theobromine) is a powerful diuretic and facilitates oral administration by forming soluble complexes with salts of different organic acids and also in treating asthma.<\/li><li>The primary purine found in coffee beans and tea leaves is 1,2,7-trimethylxanthine (caffeine) which is a cardiac and respiratory stimulant and is frequently used in headache powders.\u00a0<\/li><li>The main purine component of human urine is 1-methylxanthine.<\/li><li>3- and 7-Methylpurines are also minor components of urine, particularly after consuming substantial amounts of caffeine or other methylated xanthines.\u00a0<\/li><li>Paraxanthine, also known as 1,7-Dimethylxanthine, is an effective diuretic with antithyroid effects.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"purine-modification\"><\/span><strong>Purine Modification<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Numerous biologically active substances have been produced from modified purine structures, both of natural and synthetic origin.<\/li><li>These substances often include simple alterations to known purines, such as cytokinins, 6-N-alkylated adenines, or structural changes to the carbohydrate moiety of ribose or deoxyribose derivatives, as with arabinosides.<\/li><li>Methylation is the most common form of purine modification.<\/li><li>Some modified purines can be found in transfer RNAs (tRNAs).<\/li><li>Before the reverse shift to the B-supercoiled conformation, methylation of one of the two purines is presumably eliminated during the cell cycle.<\/li><li>Methylation of purines (particularly of adenine) in DNA is known to occur in the genetic material of microorganisms. The 6-methyladenine is found in bacterial DNA.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"antibiotics-and-related-compounds\"><\/span><strong>Antibiotics and Related Compounds<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Numerous glycosylpurines that have been extracted from microbes have shown significant biological activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>9-(Darabinofuranosyl) adenine, often known as Ara A, is a potent antiviral and anticancer drug.<\/li><li>Both bacterial and human cells have been thoroughly examined to determine the effects of puromycin as a protein production inhibitor. However, its use as an antibiotic is constrained by the fact that it is highly toxic to mammals.<\/li><li>The ketosylpurines (psicofuranine and decoyinine) work by inhibiting XMP aminase exhibiting antibacterial efficacy and against adenocarcinoma in rats.<\/li><li>Septacidin has some activity against tumor cells.<\/li><li>Nebularine is known to show antibacterial properties.<\/li><li>6-Mercaptopurine (6-thioxo-l,6-dihydropurine) was among the first purine derivatives used in leukemia treatment, particularly in children.<\/li><li>2,6-diaminopurineare has anti-leukemic activity.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"purine-health-effects\"><\/span><strong><strong>Purine<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>Health Effects<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Uric acid\u00a0is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.\u00a0<\/li><li>Too much purine in the body can result in hyperuricemia, a condition when there is an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood.<\/li><li>A higher risk of developing diabetes is associated with high uric acid levels in the body.<\/li><li>High uric acid levels in the body are also known to cause the formation of uric acid crystals leading to gout (inflammation in the joint) and kidney stones.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Dvir G., Benjamin A., Palmer B.A., Weiner S., &amp; Addadi L. (2017). Light manipulation by guanine crystals in organisms: biogenic scatterers, mirrors, multilayer reflectors and photonic crystals. <em>Advanced Functional Materials<\/em>. 27 (6): 1603514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adfm.201603514<\/li><li>Jain J.L.,\u00a0Jain S. &amp; Jain N.\u00a0(2005). Nucleic Acids. In <em>Fundamentals of Biochemistry<\/em>. Multicolour Illustrative Edition. S. Chand &amp; Company Ltd, pg. 284-286<\/li><li>Kumari A. (2018). Purine de novo Synthesis. In <em>Sweet Biochemistry<\/em>. Academic Press, pg. 93-97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-814453-4.00018-2<\/li><li>Maas R. (2004). Prereplicative purine methylation and postreplicative demethylation in each DNA duplication of the <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> replication cycle.\u00a0<em>The Journal of biological chemistry<\/em>,\u00a0<em>279<\/em>(49), 51568\u201351573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M407394200<\/li><li>Nelson D. L. &amp; Cox M.M. (2008). Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. In <em>Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/em>. Fifth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, pg. 271-274. ISBN-I0: 0-7167-7r08-X<\/li><li>PubChem. Purine. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services, USA. Accessed from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Purine. Accessed on: 14.09.2022<\/li><li>PubChem. Adenine. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.\u00a0<\/li><li>Accessed from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Adenine#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties. Accessed on: 14.09.2022<\/li><li>PubChem. Guanine. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.\u00a0<\/li><li>Accessed from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Guanine#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties. Accessed on: 14.09.2022<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B978012812838150030X#!\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert J., Ouellette<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B978012812838150030X#!\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">J. &amp; David Rawn<\/a>. (2018). Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/book\/9780128128381\/organic-chemistry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Organic Chemistry<\/em> (Second<\/a> Edition). Academic Press, pg. 973-1000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-812838-1.50030-X.<\/li><li>Shaw G. (1984). Purines. In\u00a0<em>Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry. <\/em>Pergamon<em>. <\/em>pg. 499-605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-008096519-2.00077-1<br>WebMD. (2022). Foods High in Purines. Accessed from: https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/diet\/foods-high-in-purines#1. Accessed on: 14.09.2022<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Purine is a water-soluble heterocyclic aromatic organic compound consisting of a six-membered pyrimidine ring and a five-membered imidazole ring. A nucleotide sequence in the cell\u2019s DNA determines the nucleotide sequence &#8230; <a title=\"Purine- Structure, Types, Derivatives, Modification, Effects\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/purine-structure-types-derivatives-modification-effects\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Purine- Structure, Types, Derivatives, Modification, Effects\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":41744,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Purine-adenine-and-guanine.jpg","author":{"name":"Dibyak Kapali","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3262552cc78531cbcb4fc82c63d3eaf3?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41746"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41746"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41746\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41744"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}