{"id":41351,"date":"2023-08-03T15:00:59","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:15:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T15:00:59","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:15:59","slug":"phylum-hemichordata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/","title":{"rendered":"Phylum Hemichordata- Characteristics, classification, examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#hemichordata-definition\" title=\"Hemichordata Definition\">Hemichordata Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#phylum-hemichordata-characteristics\" title=\"Phylum Hemichordata Characteristics\">Phylum Hemichordata Characteristics<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#read-also-phylum-mollusca-characteristics-classification-examples\" title=\"Read Also:\u00a0Phylum Mollusca- characteristics, classification, examples\">Read Also:\u00a0Phylum Mollusca- characteristics, classification, examples<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#phylum-hemichordata-classification\" title=\"Phylum Hemichordata\u00a0Classification\">Phylum Hemichordata\u00a0Classification<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#class-1-enteropneusta-gr-enteron-gut-pneustos-breathed\" title=\"Class 1- Enteropneusta (Gr., enteron, gut +pneustos, breathed)\">Class 1- Enteropneusta (Gr., enteron, gut +pneustos, breathed)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#class-2-pterobranchia-gr-pteron-feather-branchion-gill\" title=\"Class 2. Pterobranchia (Gr., pteron, feather +branchion, gill)\">Class 2. Pterobranchia (Gr., pteron, feather +branchion, gill)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#order-1-rhabdopleurida\" title=\"Order 1. Rhabdopleurida\">Order 1. Rhabdopleurida<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#order-2-cephalodiscida\" title=\"Order 2. Cephalodiscida\">Order 2. Cephalodiscida<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#class-3-planctosphaeroidea\" title=\"Class 3. Planctosphaeroidea\">Class 3. Planctosphaeroidea<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#class-4-graptolite\" title=\"Class 4. Graptolite\">Class 4. Graptolite<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hemichordata-definition\"><\/span><b>Hemichordata Definition<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemichordata (Gr., hemi, half; chorde, cord) means they are \u2018half\u2019 of \u2018part\u2019 chordates, a fact that is disputed. They are usually vermiform, solitary, or colonial enterocoelous coelomate animals with an intra-epidermal nervous system and a pre-oral with or without gill-slits and without typical nephridia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phylum-hemichordata-characteristics\"><\/span><strong>Phylum Hemichordata Characteristics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are exclusively marine, solitary or colonial, mostly tubicolous.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their body is soft, fragile, vermiform, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, and triploblastic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The body is divisible into proboscis, collar, and trunk.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body wall with a single-layered epidermis with mucous glands. No dermis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coelom enterocoelous, divisible into protocoel, mesocoel and metacoel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buccal diverticulum, earlier considered as the notochord, present in the proboscis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The alimentary canal is a straight, complete, or U-shaped tube.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dorso-lateral pharyngeal gill-slits, when present, one to several pairs. Ciliary filter feeders.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simple, open, and well-developed circulatory system, including a dorsal heart and 2 longitudinal vessels, one dorsal and one ventral.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excretion by a single glomerulus situated in the proboscis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primitive type nervous system consisting mainly of subepidermal nerve plexus. Dorsal collar nerve cord hollow.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reproduction is mainly sexual. Sexes usually separate. Gonads one to several pairs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">External fertilization in seawater.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development direct or indirect with a free-swimming tornaria larva.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong> <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balanoglossus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saccoglossus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhabdopleura<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atubaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dendrograptus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"read-also-phylum-mollusca-characteristics-classification-examples\"><\/span><strong>Read Also:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-mollusca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Phylum Mollusca- characteristics, classification, examples<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32009\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Phylum-Hemicordata.jpeg\" alt=\"Phylum Hemicordata\" width=\"900\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Phylum-Hemicordata.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Phylum-Hemicordata-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Phylum-Hemicordata-768x403.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pterobranchia#\/media\/File:Cephalodiscus_dodecalophus_McIntosh.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Luis Fern\u00e1ndez Garc\u00eda<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemichordate#\/media\/File:Eichelwurm_(cropped).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Necrophorus<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acorn_worm#\/media\/File:Enteropneusta.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spengel, Johann Wilhelm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phylum-hemichordata-classification\"><\/span><strong>Phylum Hemichordata<\/strong><span id=\"phylum-arthropoda-classification\">\u00a0<span id=\"phylum-ctenophora-classification\"><strong>Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemichordata includes about 80 known species and has been divided into 4 classes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"class-1-enteropneusta-gr-enteron-gut-pneustos-breathed\"><\/span><b>Class 1- Enteropneusta <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Gr.,<\/span><b> enteron, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gut <\/span><b>+pneustos, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathed)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commonly called \u201cacorn\u201d or \u201ctongue worm\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solitary, free-swimming, or burrowing animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elongated, vermiform body with no stalk.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The body consists of the proboscis, collar, and trunk; collar without tentaculated arms(lophophore).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proboscis cylindrical and tapering.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Straight alimentary canal; mouth and anus at opposite ends. Filter feeding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Numerous pairs of U-shaped gill-slits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 pairs of hepatic caeca present in the middle of the trunk.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexes separate. Gonads numerous, scan-like.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development with or without tornaria larva.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asexual reproduction is lacking.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balanoglossus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saccoglossus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protoglossus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ptychodera<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"class-2-pterobranchia-gr-pteron-feather-branchion-gill\"><\/span><b>Class 2. Pterobranchia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Gr., <\/span><b>pteron<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, feather +<\/span><b>branchion, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gill)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sedentary, solitary or colonial, sessile, and tubicolous.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Living inside secreted chitinous tubes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Body short, compact, with stalk for attachment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proboscis with ciliated tentacles to produce ciliary feeding currents of water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collar bearing ciliated arms(lophophore).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One pair of gill-slits or none, never U-shaped.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U-shaped alimentary canal. Anus dorsal lying near the mouth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separate or united sexes. Gonads single or one pair.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development direct, may or may not include a free-swimming larval stage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asexual reproduction by budding in some form.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"order-1-rhabdopleurida\"><\/span><b>Order 1. Rhabdopleurida<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonial, zooids connected by a stolon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collar with 2 tentaculated arms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No gill-slits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single gonad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: single genus <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhabdopleura<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"order-2-cephalodiscida\"><\/span><b>Order 2. Cephalodiscida<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solitary or several zooids living unconnected in a common gelatinous case.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collar with several tentaculated arms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single pair of gill-slits present.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single pair of gonads present.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cephalodiscus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atubaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"class-3-planctosphaeroidea\"><\/span><b>Class 3. Planctosphaeroidea<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Class is represented by a few small, rounded, transparent, and pelagic larvae, supposed to be specialized tornaria of some unknown hemichordate termed <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Planctosphaera pelagica<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Larval body covered by extensively branched ciliary bands.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The alimentary canal is L-shaped.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"class-4-graptolite\"><\/span><b>Class 4. Graptolite<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extinct colonial hemichordates, mainly known from fossil structures of their tubes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are abundant in the Ordovician and Silurian periods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each animal is housed in a zooid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their tubular chitinous skeleton and colonial habits show an affinity with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhabdopleura<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: <i>Dendrograptus<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span id=\"references\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Kotpal RL. 2017.\u00a0Modern Text Book of Zoology- Invertebrates.\u00a011th Edition. Rastogi Publications.<\/li>\n<li>Jordan EL and Verma PS. 2018. Invertebrate Zoology. 14th Edition. S Chand Publishing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hemichordata Definition Hemichordata (Gr., hemi, half; chorde, cord) means they are \u2018half\u2019 of \u2018part\u2019 chordates, a fact that is disputed. They are usually vermiform, solitary, or colonial enterocoelous coelomate animals &#8230; <a title=\"Phylum Hemichordata- Characteristics, classification, examples\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/phylum-hemichordata\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Phylum Hemichordata- Characteristics, classification, examples\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":32009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6189],"tags":[5841,5840,5285],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Phylum-Hemicordata.jpeg","author":{"name":"Laxmi Neupane","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65de9275403e728cd61617e777c844ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6189,"name":"Biology","slug":"biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6189,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":195,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6189,"category_count":195,"category_description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biology","category_nicename":"biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41351"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41351"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41351\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41351"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}