{"id":41345,"date":"2023-08-03T15:00:54","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T15:00:54","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:15:54","slug":"diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#penis\" title=\"Penis\">Penis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#infection-of-penis\" title=\"Infection of penis\">Infection of penis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#erectile-dysfunction\" title=\"Erectile dysfunction\">Erectile dysfunction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#urethra-infection\" title=\"Urethra Infection\">Urethra Infection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#epididymis-and-testes-infection\" title=\"Epididymis and Testes Infection\">Epididymis and Testes Infection<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#undescended-testis-cryptorchidism\" title=\"Undescended testis (cryptorchidism)\">Undescended testis (cryptorchidism)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#hydrocele\" title=\"Hydrocele\">Hydrocele<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#testicular-tumors\" title=\"Testicular tumors\">Testicular tumors<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#prostate-gland-infection\" title=\"Prostate gland Infection\">Prostate gland Infection<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#benign-prostatic-enlargement\" title=\"Benign prostatic enlargement\">Benign prostatic enlargement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#malignant-prostatic-tumors\" title=\"Malignant prostatic tumors\">Malignant prostatic tumors<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/#references-and-sources\" title=\"References and Sources\">References and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"introduction\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system include different diseases, infection,s and dysfunction in various organs in the male reproductive system. It can range from mild inflammation to reduced fertility in men. Most of the disorders in the male reproductive system are associated with the fluctuation of the sex hormone testosterone. In addition to this, however, other risk factors like age, family history, lifestyle, and consumption of different drugs are also associated with such disorders.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-31813\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system.jpeg\" alt=\"Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system\" width=\"1355\" height=\"733\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system.jpeg 1355w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system-300x162.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system-1024x554.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system-768x415.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1355px) 100vw, 1355px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Different diseases and disorder associated with the male reproductive system are explained with respect to their organs as follows:<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"penis\"><\/span><strong>Penis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"infection-of-penis\"><\/span><strong>Infection of penis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The inflammation of the glans and prepuce is often related to poor personal hygiene.<\/li>\n<li>In case of non-specific infection, also called <em>balanitis<\/em>, there is a high chance of the infection becoming chronic which might lead to fibrosis of the skin around the penis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"erectile-dysfunction\"><\/span><strong>Erectile dysfunction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Erectile dysfunction is a sexual disorder in a mature, sexually active male to develop or maintain an erection. It is found that this disorder occurs in 40% of males, occasionally.<\/li>\n<li>An erection in men is achieved when the columns of spongy muscles in the penis become engorged with blood so anything that hampers the flow of blood to these muscles can be a cause of this dysfunction.<\/li>\n<li>Besides, different surgical procedures might remove necessary structures required to develop an erection like the blood supply or the nerves.<\/li>\n<li>Erectile dysfunction is often associated with the treatment of prostate cancer, even though the prostate gland is not necessary for an erection.<\/li>\n<li>In many cases, the cause of erectile dysfunction is lower self-esteem and anxiety related to sex.<\/li>\n<li>Erectile dysfunction in men often results in psychological trauma in the man and his partners. Many cases of ED are not reported due to embarrassment among men.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"urethra-infection\"><\/span><strong>Urethra <\/strong><strong>Infection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Gonococcal urethritis is a common specific infection of the urethra. Non-specific infection from the bladder (cystitis) and during surgery is also possible.<\/li>\n<li>Both of these infections spread out to other organs like epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes.<\/li>\n<li>If the infection becomes chronic, it causes fibrosis in the urethra, which obstructs the urethra resulting in the retention of urine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"epididymis-and-testes-infection\"><\/span><strong>Epididymis and Testes <\/strong><strong>Infection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Infections in the epididymis and the testes occur through the spread of infection from the urethra. The microbes either pass through the vas deferens or lymph.<\/li>\n<li>Specific epididymitis occurs through the spread of gonorrhea from the urethra.<\/li>\n<li>Orchitis or testicular infection occurs due to the mumps virus originating from the parotid gland. Oedema is seen following the parotid swelling, and if the infection becomes bilateral, it might affect the seminiferous tubules and lead to sterility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"undescended-testis-cryptorchidism\"><\/span><strong>Undescended testis (cryptorchidism)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In the embryonic stage, the testes are present in the abdominal cavity, and they drop to the scrotal sac by birth. However, if this process fails to happen and the condition is not corrected, it leads to infertility and an increased risk of testicular cancer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hydrocele\"><\/span><strong>Hydrocele<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A hydrocele is a fluid-filled space in the testes that leads to swelling. It is a common type of scrotal swelling and might be acute and painful or chronic.<\/li>\n<li>It causes discomfort and pain in the scrotal region.<\/li>\n<li>It might arise in the testes or might be secondary due to other infections or disorders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"testicular-tumors\"><\/span><strong>Testicular tumors<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Testicular tumors mostly occur in children and young men and are the most prevalent malignancies in young men. Most of these are malignant and might spread to other organs and regions.<\/li>\n<li>Most of the tumors result due to cryptorchidism where the testes do not descend to the scrotal sac at the time of birth.<\/li>\n<li>Testicular tumors are characterized by the formation of lumps in the testes, which are mostly painless. These lumps result in a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum and might spread to other organs through lymph or blood.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prostate-gland-infection\"><\/span><strong>Prostate gland <\/strong><strong>Infection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Acute prostatitis is a non-specific infection that usually occurs when the infection in other parts spreads to the prostate gland after cystoscopy or surgery where a part of the gland is removed.<\/li>\n<li>In the case of chronic infection, fibrosis of the gland occurs which might lead to obstruction of the urethra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"benign-prostatic-enlargement\"><\/span><strong>Benign prostatic enlargement<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Nodules appear in the prostate which causes swelling of the prostate gland. This swelling, in turn, obstructs the passage of urine and causes retention of urine in the bladder.<\/li>\n<li>This retention causes infection f the bladder, which might spread to other regions and cause other complications.<\/li>\n<li>Prostate enlargement is commonly associated with older men and is seen in 70% of men aged above 70. The specific cause is not known, but it is assumed to be associated with the acceleration of the aging process and decline in androgen secretion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"malignant-prostatic-tumors\"><\/span><strong>Malignant prostatic tumors<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and is also the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men.<\/li>\n<li>Prostate cancer occurs when the glandular cells mutate into tumor cells. The cause is not yet known, but the androgen-estrogen imbalance may be significant, or viruses may be involved.<\/li>\n<li>If undetected, these tumor cells might affect the nearby organs like the seminal vesicles, or they might metastasize and travel in the bloodstream to other parts of the body.<\/li>\n<li>Most commonly, the metastases reach the bones and lymph nodes among other organs. Lumbar vertebrae are a common site for metastases.<\/li>\n<li>Prostate tumors affect the flow of urine in the urethra, leading to frequent urination, painful urination, and blood in the urine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><\/span><strong>References and Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Waugh A and Grant A. (2004) Anatomy and Physiology. Ninth Edition. Churchill Livingstone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Marieb EN and Hoehn K. (2013) Human Anatomy and Physiology. Ninth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/ck-12-human-biology\/section\/20.5\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/ck-12-human-biology\/section\/20.5\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/www.dmu.edu\/medterms\/male-reproductive-system\/male-reproductive-system-diseases\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/content\/dam\/CRC\/PDF\/Public\/6072.00.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/metastatic-cancer<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/veteriankey.com\/testes-and-scrotum\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/pmj.bmj.com\/content\/78\/924\/590<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/9117-male-reproductive-system<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/healthhearty.com\/causes-of-prostate-infection<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erectile_dysfunctions<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/clinicalgate.com\/diseases-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/prostate-cancer\/guide\/impotence-prostate-cancer<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S235262111500008X<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/testicular\/patient\/child-testicular-treatment-pdq<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/vcahospitals.com\/know-your-pet\/prostate-tumors<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/ada.com\/conditions\/cryptorchidism\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system include different diseases, infection,s and dysfunction in various organs in the male reproductive system. It can range from mild inflammation to &#8230; <a title=\"Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":31813,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6190],"tags":[4860,5639,5640],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Diseases-and-disorders-of-the-male-reproductive-system.jpeg","author":{"name":"Anupama Sapkota","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0e9c86afc1670c49efeb260138ec905b?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6190,"name":"Human Anatomy and Physiology","slug":"anatomy-and-physiology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6190,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHuman anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.\r\nHumans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.\r\nOther typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.\r\nBesides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.\r\nThe chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\r\nThe human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.\r\nCells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.\r\nFour basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.\r\nThe following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.\r\nOrgans are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit.\r\nInformation on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.\r\nIt also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body's anatomy during growth.\r\n\r\n<strong>Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.\r\nPhysiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.\r\nA normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.\r\nThe concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.\r\nIn the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.\r\nHuman physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.\r\nBased on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.\r\nBesides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.\r\nA slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.\r\nHuman physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.\r\nHuman physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.\r\nDuring the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.\u00a0 The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.","parent":0,"count":74,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6190,"category_count":74,"category_description":"<strong>Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHuman anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.\r\nHumans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.\r\nOther typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.\r\nBesides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.\r\nThe chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\r\nThe human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.\r\nCells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.\r\nFour basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.\r\nThe following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.\r\nOrgans are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit.\r\nInformation on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.\r\nIt also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body's anatomy during growth.\r\n\r\n<strong>Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.\r\nPhysiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.\r\nA normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.\r\nThe concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.\r\nIn the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.\r\nHuman physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.\r\nBased on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.\r\nBesides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.\r\nA slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.\r\nHuman physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.\r\nHuman physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.\r\nDuring the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.\u00a0 The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.","cat_name":"Human Anatomy and Physiology","category_nicename":"anatomy-and-physiology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41345"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41345"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41345\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31813"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41345"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41345"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41345"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}