{"id":41026,"date":"2023-08-03T14:57:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:12:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/"},"modified":"2023-08-04T10:27:21","modified_gmt":"2023-08-04T04:42:21","slug":"vorticella-the-bell-animalcule","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/","title":{"rendered":"Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Vorticella<\/em> (L.,<em>vortex<\/em>=whirl pool) is a microscopic, unicellular eukaryotic ciliate. It occurs as a sessile attached by a stalk to the substratum. Its body is almost bell-shaped or campanulate with a free anterior end surrounded by cilia. The commonest species is <em>Vorticella<\/em> <em>campanula<\/em>. Some of the species included in this genus are <em>V<\/em>. <em>microstoma<\/em>,&nbsp; <em>V<\/em>. <em>picta<\/em>,<em> V<\/em>. <em>nebulifera<\/em>,<em> V<\/em>. <em>monliata.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#systematic-position-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Systematic position of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Systematic position of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#habit-and-habitat-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Habit and Habitat of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Habit and Habitat of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#structure-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Structure of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Structure of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#1-shape-size-and-coloration\" title=\"1. Shape, size, and coloration\">1. Shape, size, and coloration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#2-body-or-bell\" title=\"2. Body or bell\">2. Body or bell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#stalk\" title=\"Stalk\">Stalk<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#locomotion-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Locomotion of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Locomotion of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#nutrition-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Nutrition in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Nutrition in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#respiration-excretion-and-osmoregulation-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Respiration, Excretion, and Osmoregulation in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Respiration, Excretion, and Osmoregulation in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#contractility-and-irritability-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Contractility and irritability in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Contractility and irritability in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#reproduction-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Reproduction in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Reproduction in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#1-longitudinal-binary-fission\" title=\"1. Longitudinal binary fission\">1. Longitudinal binary fission<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#2-conjugation\" title=\"2. Conjugation\">2. Conjugation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#dispersal-and-encystation-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\" title=\"Dispersal and Encystation of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\">Dispersal and Encystation of Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/#references-and-sources\" title=\"References and Sources\">References and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"systematic-position-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Systematic position of <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Phylum: <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/protozoa-locomotion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Protozoa<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Subphylum: Ciliophora<\/p>\n<p>Subclass: Peritricha<\/p>\n<p>Order: Peritrichida<\/p>\n<p>Suborder: Sessilina<\/p>\n<p>Family: Vorticellidae<\/p>\n<p>Genus:<em> Vorticella<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28925\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Vorticella-Bell-Animalcule.jpeg\" alt=\"Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\" width=\"750\" height=\"393\"><\/p>\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/vorticella-campanula-habitat-structure-and-locomotion\/28340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biology Discussion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habit-and-habitat-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Habit and Habitat<\/strong><strong> of <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Vorticella<\/em> is an extremely common, solitary, and stalked ciliate found in freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, etc.,<\/li>\n<li>They often occur socially in large groups anchored by their large contractile stalks to aquatic plants, animals, stones, twigs, etc. The contractile stalk permits the body to expand and contract frequently.<\/li>\n<li>Sometimes their body may be detached from the stalk and swims freely.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;They can also be found in saline environments (salty waters) as well as aquatic vegetation.<\/li>\n<li>They are solitary, occurs in large groups but never colonial.<\/li>\n<li>They are found abundantly in stagnant water containing organic matter, feeding largely on bacteria. But some species, such as<em> V<\/em>. <em>campanula<\/em> and V.<em> nebulifera<\/em>, can live in uncontaminated waters where the bacterial growth does not become too great.<\/li>\n<li>Some species are epizoic and few are parasitic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Structure<\/strong><strong> of <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-shape-size-and-coloration\"><\/span><strong>1. Shape, size, and coloration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>It has a campanulate or bell-shaped symmetrical body. To its base is attached a long contractile stalk. Both the body and stalk are capable of great individual variation in size and form.<\/li>\n<li>The bell of the largest species ( <em>V<\/em>. <em>campanula<\/em>) varies in size up to 160\u00b5 long and 100\u00b5 broad, while the length of stalk varies from 55 to 4150\u00b5.<\/li>\n<li>The body of smaller species, <em>V<\/em>.<em> microstoma<\/em>, measures about 35\u00b5 by 55\u00b5.<\/li>\n<li><em>V<\/em>.<em> nebulifera<\/em> is greenish and<em> V<\/em>. <em>campanula<\/em> is blue in color.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28926\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Structure-of-Vorticella.jpg\" alt=\"Structure of Vorticella\" width=\"655\" height=\"987\"><\/p>\n<p>Figure: Structure of <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule). Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/rsscience.com\/vorticella\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rs&#8217; Science<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-body-or-bell\"><\/span><strong>2. Body or bell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The body of each individual is shaped like a solid inverted bell. The detailed structure of the bell is as follows<\/p>\n<h4><strong>a. Peristome<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The broader free end of the bell, with a slightly convex area, known as a <strong>peristomal disc<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The outer margin of the broader free end of the bell is thickened to form a prominent rim called a <strong>peristomial collar<\/strong>, <strong>border,<\/strong> or <strong>lip<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>It is separated from the peristomial disc by a shallow, circular, and marginal depression known as <strong>oral groove<\/strong> or<strong> peristome,<\/strong> where cilia are inserted.<\/li>\n<li>The collar can close over the disc when the animal is retracted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>b. Food passage<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>On one side of the disc, the peristomial groove is deeply invaginated forming a funnel-like <strong>vestibule<\/strong> or <strong>buccal cavity<\/strong> or <strong>infundibulum<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>At, its inner end, the buccal cavity opens through a cell mouth or<strong> cytostome<\/strong> into the cell gullet or <strong>cytopharynx,<\/strong> which ends in a food <strong>vacuole<\/strong> in the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>c. Oral ciliature<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>There are no somatic or body cilia in <em>Vorticella<\/em>. Oral or aboral cilia is only found in the peristomial grooves which are arranged in a whirlpool manner.<\/li>\n<li>The peristomial groove form three concentric rows of ribbon-like membranes (aboral cilia), which are arranged in a circlet.<\/li>\n<li>The inner circlet includes two rows of cilia. which remain straight and always moving.<\/li>\n<li>The outer circlet is single and has short cilia. The cilia of this row hang horizontally towards the outer side of the lip. They direct the food particles towards the vestibule.<\/li>\n<li>The bases of all the 3 cilia are fused together but their distal ends are free.<\/li>\n<li>The three cilia lie in a counter-clockwise direction around the margin of the disc and then continue down into the buccal cavity.<\/li>\n<li>Inside the buccal cavity, the ciliary membrane separates. Two inner membranes run along the inner wall of the buccal cavity, the outer membrane follows its outer wall.<\/li>\n<li>The cilia of the outer membrane become long and fused together forming an <strong>undulating membrane.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Cytopharynx has no cilia. Due to the movement of cilia, the food particles are sent to the cytopharynx by the vestibule.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;In the cytopharynx, a small food vacuole is formed around the food particles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>d. Cytoplasm<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The body of cytoplasm is differentiated into an outer layer of clear <strong>ectoplasm<\/strong> an inner granular fluid of <strong>endoplasm<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Ectoplasm<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>It has no trichocysts. It consists of an elastic outer <strong>pellicle<\/strong> and a thicker inner layer of contractile fibers or <strong>myonemes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>a. Pellicle<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It forms an outer envelope of the bell and also lines the buccal cavity.<\/li>\n<li>It is especially thick at the base of the bell.<\/li>\n<li>It is devoid of cilia but its basal granules are present in circles showing that its cilia are lost. Basal granules can be demonstrated by the <strong>Klein silver-line<\/strong> method.<\/li>\n<li>In the stalk, the pellicle is covered by an external cuticle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>b. Myonemes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Myonemes form a system of variously running fibers that function differently on contraction.<\/li>\n<li>The longitudinal myonemes shorten the body, oblique myonemes pull the disc inwards, and circular myonemes contract and close the peristomial border over the cilia and disc.<\/li>\n<li>Myonemes running parallel down the sides of the bell are more visible at the base where they converge before entering the stalk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Endoplasm<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The granular endoplasm contains nuclei, contractile and food vacuoles, etc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>a. Nuclei<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Endoplasm contains a large, elongated,rod-like, and horseshoe-shaped <strong>macro-nucleus.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The macronucleus is highly polyploid with a large amount of chromatin material scattered in the nucleoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>A tiny rounded<strong>&nbsp;micronucleus<\/strong> occurs in close association with the macronucleus. It is rarely seen in living animals. It can be seen only stain with acetocarmine or any other permanent stains.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>b. Contractile vacuoles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is located near the buccal cavity, a clear and permanent pulsating space.<\/li>\n<li>It is about 7\u00b5 in diameter when fully distended.<\/li>\n<li>It shows diastole 9expansion) and systole(contraction) in a rhythmic manner and pours its contents into an efferent canal, which leads into the buccal cavity.<\/li>\n<li>In <em>V<\/em>.<em> picta<\/em> and <em>V<\/em>. <em>monilata<\/em> there are 2 contractile vacuoles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>c. Food vacuoles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Many large and small food vacuoles are present in the endoplasm containing food particles.<\/li>\n<li>They are formed at the inner end of the cytopharynx and constrict off as rounded spheres into the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>d. Cytopyge or cytoproct&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a temporary or permanent opening. The undigested food particles are passed into the buccal cavity through it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"stalk\"><\/span><strong>Stalk<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The bell-shaped body of <em>Vorticella<\/em> remains attached to the substratum by a long, uniformly, thin, unbranched, and highly contractile <strong>stalk.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>It has no cilia.<\/li>\n<li>The unbranched stalk distinguishes <em>Vorticella<\/em> from the other ciliates.<\/li>\n<li>The older view is that the stalk is formed only by ectoplasm. But, electron microscopy has revealed that the stalk consists of 2 parts, the central canal, and outer sheath.<\/li>\n<li>The central canal consists of endoplasm, a contractile cord which is a specialized myoneme, called <strong>spasmoneme<\/strong>, and some granules, possibly mitochondria.<\/li>\n<li>Spasmoneme is a bundle of spiral fibrils continuous with the myonemes of the bell. It is believed that the contractility of the stalk is due to the contractile ability of spasmoneme.<\/li>\n<li>When the stalk is contracted the spiral spasmoneme coils up tightly and looks like spring when viewed under the microscope.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"locomotion-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Locomotion<\/strong><strong> of <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Normally, the cilia of <em>Vorticella<\/em> remain very active and the movement of the stalk are frequent and rapid.<\/li>\n<li>When the animal is feeding, its stalk remains fully extended and the bell sways to and fro like a flower in the breeze.<\/li>\n<li>Individuals do not move in unison; each individual sways to its own rhythm.<\/li>\n<li>But,<em> Vorticella<\/em> is extremely sensitive to any mechanical stimulus. When irritated, all activities cease instantly. The stalk is retracted into a close and delicate spiral, cilia are stilled, the disc is pulled in and closed over by peristomial lip and the rounded body is brought close to the bottom, where it rests motionless until the danger has passed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"nutrition-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Nutrition<\/strong><strong> in <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The mode of nutrition is holozoic as in <em>Paramecium<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>A water current produced by the adoral cilia of the peristome brings bacteria and other small organic particles into the peristomial groove, from where they are further carried into the buccal cavity.<\/li>\n<li>From the buccal cavity, food are carried by undulating membranes to the cytopharynx, movement of food is aided by undulations of the inner rows of cilia.<\/li>\n<li>The terminal end of the cytopharynx with food particles is pinched off along with some water into the endoplasm forming <strong>food vacuoles<\/strong> one after another.<\/li>\n<li>The formation of food vacuoles may be compared with the formation of soap bubbles at the end of a pipe.<\/li>\n<li>The food vacuole in the endoplasm moves in an irregular cyclosis (unlike <em>Paramecium<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Digestion is similar to that of Paramecium and the medium, the medium of food vacuoles is the first alkaline, then acidic, and then it becomes alkaline till absorption.<\/li>\n<li>The excess digested food forms refractile glycogen granules stored in the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>The undigested remains are expelled in the vestibule through the cytoproct.<\/li>\n<li>Both food and fecal matters pass through the same passage in <em>Vorticella<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"respiration-excretion-and-osmoregulation-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Respiration, Excretion, and Osmoregulation<\/strong><strong> in <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Respiration and excretion take place by diffusion through the general body surface as in <em>Paramecium<\/em> and <em>Amoeba<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Osmoregulation is performed by the <strong>contractile vacuole.<\/strong> A single, large, and pulsating contractile vacuole is present in the endoplasm between the disc and the buccal cavity. It opens into the buccal cavity through a permanent opening and pulsates rhythmically showing diastole and systole phases. At the diastole phase, the excess water from the endoplasm is secreted into it and at the systole phase, the water is expelled into the buccal cavity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"contractility-and-irritability-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Contractility and irritability<\/strong><strong> in <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Vorticella<\/em> exhibits a high degree of contractility and irritability.<\/li>\n<li>It very readily responds to external stimuli. Even a flash of change in its surrounding water or touch of a minute particle will bring about change in the relative position of its parts.<\/li>\n<li>When irritated, the first response is always the stalk, which becomes coiled into a close spiral reduces its size, then the disc is withdrawn and the peristome closes over it. As a result, the body form becomes somewhat globular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reproduction-in-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Reproduction<\/strong><strong> in <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reproduction in Vorticella takes place<strong> asexually<\/strong> by longitudinal binary fission and at intervals by conjugation which is the <strong>sexual<\/strong> mode of reproduction.<\/li>\n<li>Encystment also occurs under unfavorable conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-longitudinal-binary-fission\"><\/span><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>Longitudinal binary fission<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The organism splits into two by longitudinal binary fission.<\/li>\n<li>During fission,<em> Vorticella<\/em> closes its peristome over the disc and the body becomes depressed and transversely elongated.<\/li>\n<li>The elongated, curved macronucleus shortens to become straight and comes to lie transversely in the middle of the body.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Macronucleus<\/strong> now divides into two daughter nuclei<strong> amitotically<\/strong>, whereas the tiny <strong>micronucleus<\/strong> divides by <strong>mitosis.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>A vertical constriction develops at the free distal end and then passes down the length of the bell to one side of the stalk.<\/li>\n<li>This constriction divides the animals into two unequal parts or daughter individuals.<\/li>\n<li>The smaller daughter individual is without a stalk, while the larger daughter individual retains the parental stalk.<\/li>\n<li>The smaller individuals acquire a ring of aboral cilia and develop a new contractile vacuole. It becomes cylindrical, gets detached basally, and is now called <strong>telotroch.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The telotroch swims about rapidly by its posterior circlet of cilia keeping its posterior or aboral end which has a short adhesive disc or <strong>scopula.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The scopula is concavity bordered by a&nbsp; projecting rim and stiff cilia-like projection.<\/li>\n<li>The scopula secretes a stalk by which telotroch gets fixed. Now, the scopula is lost, the bell expands and a new peristomial disc is formed so that it metamorphoses soon into an adult.<\/li>\n<li>The whole process of binary fission is completed in about 20 to 30 minutes.<\/li>\n<li>The larger individual, retaining old disc, may be called the<strong> parent<\/strong>, while the smaller individual, or telotroch, the<strong> offspring.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28923\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Longitudinal-binary-fission-in-Vorticella-Bell-Animalcule.jpg\" alt=\"Longitudinal binary fission in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\" width=\"510\" height=\"304\"><\/p>\n<p>Figure: Longitudinal binary fission in <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule). Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/vorticella-campanula-habitat-structure-and-locomotion\/28340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biology Discussion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-conjugation\"><\/span><strong>2. Conjugation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Sexual reproduction takes place by conjugation. After a number of generations produced by binary fission, the individuals appear weakened and unhealthy and conjugation takes place at this stage.<\/li>\n<li>It is also known as <strong>anisogamontogony<\/strong> because two conjugating individuals (<strong>anisogametes<\/strong>) are dissimilar in size.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Macroconjugant <\/strong>is the larger, stalked, and sessile individual(the female)looking like an ordinary vegetative individual.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Microconjugant<\/strong> is the smaller motile which arises by special division.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>a. Formation of micro and macroconjugants<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Vorticella<\/em> first divides asexually by longitudinal binary fission into two very unequal parts without being separated. The larger part is the ordinary somatic individuals, while the smaller part is called the<strong> microconjugant<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>More than one microconjugant are produced in some species( V. nebulifera) by repeated division.<\/li>\n<li>Each microconjugant acquires a girdle of cilia at the posterior end, becomes detached from the stalk, and swims about actively in water.<\/li>\n<li>Swimming is an adaptation ensuring conjugation in sessile species.<\/li>\n<li>Microconjugant differs from telotroch in being smaller in size, in never metamorphosing into an adult, and in never forming stalk.<\/li>\n<li>Microconjugant never feeds or encyst and only survive for 24 hours after which they die.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Macroconjugants<\/strong> are produced by normal stalked individuals, in which certain nuclear modifications have taken place.<\/li>\n<li>Macroconjugants are morphologically similar to the normal trophic individuals, but are specialized physiologically and can attract microconjugants for about 2 hours.<\/li>\n<li>Macroconjugants are stationary and passive, while microconjugants are motile and active.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>b. Fusion of conjugants<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>A microconjugant swims and fuses by its aboral end with a macroconjugant in the lower third of its body.<\/li>\n<li>After attachment, the microconjugant loses cilia and throws off its pellicle.<\/li>\n<li>The two conjugants differ in their further development. Macronuclei of both conjugants disintegrate and finally disappear.<\/li>\n<li>In microconjugant, 3 nuclear divisions take place forming 8 nuclei, out of which 7 disintegrate and the remaining one becomes the <strong>male pronucleus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>In macroconjugant, micronucleus undergoes two divisions forming 4 nuclei, 3 of which disintegrate and the remaining one becomes <strong>female pronucleus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>In both cases, the first division is reduction division and hence the male, as well as female pronuclei, are haploid.<\/li>\n<li>Later, the male pronucleus of the microconjugant migrates into the cytoplasm of the macroconjugant and fuses with its female pronucleus, resulting in a diploid<strong> zygote nucleus<\/strong> or <strong>synkaryon<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>After this, the microconjugant shrivels and perishes. Fertilized macroconjugant is now called a zygote.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28924\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Conjugation-in-Vorticella-Bell-Animalcule.jpg\" alt=\"Conjugation in Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)\" width=\"550\" height=\"777\"><\/p>\n<p>Figure: Conjugation in <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule). Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/vorticella-campanula-habitat-structure-and-locomotion\/28340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biology Discussion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>c. Post-zygotic development<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Synkaryon of zygote undergoes 3 mitotic divisions to form 8 nuclei. Out of which, 7 become macronuclei and the remaining 1, the micronucleus.<\/li>\n<li>Micronucleus now divides mitotically producing 2 daughter nuclei followed by cytokinesis. Thus, 2 daughter cells are formed, one with 4 macronuclei and one micronucleus.<\/li>\n<li>Each daughter cell and its micronucleus divide twice. The daughter cell with 4 macronuclei forms 4 daughter individuals, and the daughter cell having 3 macronuclei gives rise to only 3 individuals, each having one micronucleus and one macronucleus.<\/li>\n<li>The 7 daughter cells thus produced begin to grow, acquire stalks, and finally become adults.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"dispersal-and-encystation-of-vorticella-bell-animalcule\"><\/span><strong>Dispersal and Encystation<\/strong><strong> of <em>Vorticella<\/em> (Bell Animalcule)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Under favorable conditions, a normal individual of <em>Vorticella<\/em> may also grow a posterior ring of cilia to become a<strong> telotroch<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The telotroch then breaks loose from its stalk, swims away to a more favorable spot, and there becomes fixed again by growing a stalk.<\/li>\n<li><em>Vorticella<\/em> is also known to tide over adverse conditions by undergoing <strong>encystation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The whole bell-body encysts on the stalk from which it finally breaks off. The stalk contracts to its maximum and the bell-body loses water, rounds off, and secretes around it a gelatinous <strong>ectocyst<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>It soon becomes a wrinkled membrane and underneath it develops a double-layered <strong>endocyst<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Myonemes become the indistinct and pulsating rate of contractile vacuole goes very low, till it disappears.<\/li>\n<li>After some time, the peristome is absorbed. The completed cyst of V. microstoma measures about 38\u00b5 in diameter and its poles are marked by two scars.<\/li>\n<li>One scar represents the point of attachment with stalk, while the other scar indicates the last point of escape for excreted water.<\/li>\n<li>On the return of favorable conditions, encystation takes place.<\/li>\n<li>Contractile vacuole becomes enlarged and the organism grows an aboral circlet of cilia to become a telotroch.<\/li>\n<li>After some time of free swimming, telotroch gets fixed to some time substratum and grows into an adult<em> Vorticella<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><\/span><strong>References and Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Kotpal RL. 2017. Modern Text Book of Zoology- Invertebrates. 11th Edition. Rastogi Publications.<\/li>\n<li>Jordan EL and Verma PS. 2018. Invertebrate Zoology. 14th Edition. S Chand Publishing.<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.notesonzoology.com\/term-paper\/vorticella\/term-paper-on-vorticella-protozoa-microorganisms-zoology\/9122- 19%<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/vorticella-campanula-habitat-structure-and-locomotion\/28340- 9%<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.sakshieducation.com\/Vidhya\/30-01-2011-IstYearZoology.pdf- 1%<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.notesonzoology.com\/protozoa\/vorticella-structure-and-reproduction-with-diagram-protozoa\/5671- 1%<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/rsscience.com\/vorticella\/- 1%<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.pirx.com\/droplet\/gallery\/vorticella.html- &lt;1%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vorticella (L.,vortex=whirl pool) is a microscopic, unicellular eukaryotic ciliate. It occurs as a sessile attached by a stalk to the substratum. Its body is almost bell-shaped or campanulate with a &#8230; <a title=\"Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vorticella-the-bell-animalcule\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":41022,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6189],"tags":[6296,4807,6297],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Vorticella-Bell-Animalcule.jpeg","author":{"name":"Laxmi Neupane","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65de9275403e728cd61617e777c844ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6189,"name":"Biology","slug":"biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6189,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":195,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6189,"category_count":195,"category_description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biology","category_nicename":"biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41026"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41026"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41026\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}