{"id":41004,"date":"2023-08-03T14:56:54","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T23:29:58","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T17:44:58","slug":"plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"Plasmodium vivax- Habitat, Characteristics, Structure, Life cycle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a widely distributed protozoal parasite and a human pathogen that is responsible for human malaria. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is not virulent as compared to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium falciparum. <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can cause severe disease and death due to the enlargement of the spleen. They are transmitted through the female Anopheles mosquito.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#classification-of-plasmodium-vivax\" title=\"Classification of Plasmodium vivax\">Classification of Plasmodium vivax<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#host-of-plasmodium-vivax\" title=\"Host of Plasmodium vivax\">Host of Plasmodium vivax<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#habitat-of-plasmodium-vivax\" title=\"Habitat of Plasmodium vivax\">Habitat of Plasmodium vivax<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#plasmodium-vivax-genome\" title=\"Plasmodium vivax Genome&nbsp;\">Plasmodium vivax Genome&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#plasmodium-vivax-characteristics\" title=\"Plasmodium vivax Characteristics\">Plasmodium vivax Characteristics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#plasmodium-vivax-structure\" title=\"Plasmodium vivax Structure\">Plasmodium vivax Structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#life-cycle-of-plasmodium-vivax\" title=\"Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax\">Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#i-life-cycle-of-p-vivax-in-the-human-body-asexual-cycle\" title=\"(i) Life-Cycle of P. vivax in the Human body (Asexual Cycle)\">(i) Life-Cycle of P. vivax in the Human body (Asexual Cycle)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#ii-life-cycle-of-p-vivax-in-mosquito-sexual-cycle\" title=\"(ii) Life-Cycle of P. vivax in Mosquito (Sexual Cycle)\">(ii) Life-Cycle of P. vivax in Mosquito (Sexual Cycle)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/#references-and-sources\" title=\"References and Sources\">References and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"classification-of-plasmodium-vivax\"><\/span><strong>Classification of <em>Plasmodium vivax<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 72.983%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Domain:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eukaryota<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>(unranked):<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diaphoretickes<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Clade:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TSAR<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Clade:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SAR<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Infrakingdom:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alveolata<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Phylum:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apicomplexa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Class:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aconoidasida<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Order:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haemospororida<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Family:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodiidae<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Genus:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium<\/span><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34.1319%;\"><strong>Species:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8608%;\"><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P. vivax<\/span><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4026\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Plasmodium-vivax.jpeg\" alt=\"Plasmodium vivax\" width=\"900\" height=\"472\"><\/p>\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/malaria\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC<\/a>, created with biorender.com.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"host-of-plasmodium-vivax\"><\/span><strong>Host of <em>Plasmodium vivax<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">needs two hosts to complete their life cycles, such as the human body and female Anopheles mosquito.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The human body is the primary host while the female Anopheles mosquito is the secondary or intermediate host.<\/li>\n<li>There are several species that help in the transmission of malaria diseases such as maculatus, stephensi, fluvialitis, and culicifacies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habitat-of-plasmodium-vivax\"><\/span><strong>Habitat of <em>Plasmodium vivax<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The hotspots of<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium Vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are Asia, Latin America, and some parts of Africa. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A recent study showed that they mainly originated from wild chimpanzees and gorillas throughout central Africa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This protozoal parasite is responsible for 65% of malaria cases in Asia and South America. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At lower temperatures, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can undergo sporogonic development like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium falciparum.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are about 71 mosquito species of&nbsp; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plasmodium-vivax-genome\"><\/span><strong><em>Plasmodium vivax<\/em> Genome&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They contain about 12-14 linear chromosomes within 12-14 linear chromosomes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The estimated genome size is between 35 &#8211; 40 Mb.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The GC-rich isochores are attributed to the Protein-coding genes, while the AT-rich isochores at the telomeres are attributed to chromosome ends.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is estimated that there are Approximately 5000 genes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plasmodium-vivax-characteristics\"><\/span><strong><em>Plasmodium vivax<\/em> Characteristics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They performed anaerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They follow both sexual and asexual reproduction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their mode of nutrition is saprozoic, which occurs by osmotrophy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The locomotion organs such as contractile vacuole, etc., are absent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They required to host for the life cycle.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plasmodium-vivax-structure\"><\/span><strong><em>Plasmodium vivax<\/em> Structure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ultrastructure of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has been observed by using an electron microscope.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4027\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Plasmodium-vivax-Structure.jpg\" alt=\"Plasmodium vivax trophozoite\" width=\"619\" height=\"417\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure:<\/strong> Giemsa-stained, thin-film blood smear photomicrograph reveals the presence of a mature, <i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i> trophozoite, which was stippled with numerous Sch\u00fcffner\u2019s dots.&nbsp;Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/phil.cdc.gov\/details.aspx?pid=5863\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inside the red blood cell, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> contains a double membrane, and the plasmalemma closely applied to the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cytoplasm contains ribonucleoproteins containing small dense particles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The endoplasmic reticulum of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium Vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resembles vesicles of variable shapes and not well developed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are either smooth surfaced or rough-surfaced and remain scattered in the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The double membrane containing mitochondria has peripheral cristae and a structureless central region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number of mitochondria in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plasmodium vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">changes with the age. For example, merozoite contains one mitochondrion whereas the trophozoite contains several mitochondria.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Golgi apparatus are made of several small vesicles that are arranged in rows.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plasmalemma is attached with a double-layered concentric body. It looks like the concentric body is originated from the plasmalemma.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1965, Rudzinska assumed that the concentric bodies serve all the essential functions of mitochondria.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cytoplasm also contains 1 &#8211; 2 double-membrane vacuoles with a structureless matrix. The functions of these double-membrane vacuoles are not known.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has a larger nucleus and the nucleoplasm is made up of granular and fine fibrillar material.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The nucleus contains a double membrane where RNA particles are attached.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The nucleus contains nucleolus which lies centrally.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cytoplasm contains Pinocytosis vacuoles which function as food vacuoles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sometimes the food vacuoles contain hemozoin which depends on the species of <em>Plasmodium<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"life-cycle-of-plasmodium-vivax\"><\/span><strong>Life cycle of <em>Plasmodium vivax<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They complete their life cycle within two hosts as mentioned above. Both asexual and sexual methods are involved in the life cycle of<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Plasmodium vivax. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Asexual method is completed within the human body and the sexual method is completed within the female Anopheles mosquito through the gametogony, syngamy, and sporogony.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4025\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Life-cycle-of-Plasmodium-vivax.jpg\" alt=\"Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax\" width=\"935\" height=\"642\"><\/p>\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70177-X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70177-X<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-life-cycle-of-p-vivax-in-the-human-body-asexual-cycle\"><\/span><strong>(i) Life-Cycle of <em>P. vivax<\/em> in the Human body (Asexual Cycle)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The life cycle of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P. vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">within the human body is accomplished by the following stages;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>(a) Inoculation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the blood meal, the infected female Anopheles inject the sporozoites (plasmodium parasite) with the saliva into the human blood.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sporozoites are 11 to 12 microns in length and 0.5 to 1 micron in width. These cells are sickle-shaped with an oval nucleus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They can move through the slight gliding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, they enter into the parenchymatous cells of the liver and leave the bloodstream. Then they undergo at least two schizogonic cycles.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>(b) Schizogony in Liver Cells<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sporozoite develops a large, round schizont cell within the liver cell.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then the schizont undergoes multiple fissions and divides into thousands of small spindle-shaped cells known as merozoites. This process is known as schizogony.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, the merozoites are released into the sinusoids or venous passages of the liver by rupturing the schizont.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The merozoites which are produced through this asexual multiplication are known as cryptozoites or cyptomerozoites and this phase of asexual multiplication is known as pre-erythrocytic schizogony. These cryptozoites are immune to medicines and the resistance of the host.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the liver cells, another phase of asexual multiplication occurs which is known as exo-erythrocytic schizogony. In this asexual multiplication, the cryptozoites grow into schizonts when they enter into new liver cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These second-generation merozoites are known as metacryptozoites or phanerozoites.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These merozoites are re-entered in the bloodstream and infect other erythrocytes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is estimated that there are two types of metacryptozoites such as micro-metacryptozoites and macro-metacryptozoites. The micro-metacryptozoites infect the red blood cells and continue the erythrocytic schizogony, whereas the macro-metacryptozoites enter fresh liver cells to continue the exo-erythrocytic schizogony.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>(c) Pre-patent and Incubation Periods<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pre-patent period refers to the timeline between initial sporozoite infection and the first appearance of parasites in the blood. P. vivax takes 8 days on average.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The incubation period refers to the time taken from the infection of man by sporozoites till the appearance of the first malaria symptom. P. vivax takes about 10 to 17 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>(d) Schizogony in Erythrocytes<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A third multiplication phase of schizogony accomplished within the erythrocytes is known as the erythrocytic schizogony.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A ring-shaped trophozoite is formed when the micro-metacryptozoite feeds on erythrocytes, as a result, a vacuole is formed within it and the nucleus is moved to one side. This stage is known as the signet ring stage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The size of ring-shaped trophozoite is 1\/3 to 1\/2 of the erythrocyte.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The trophozoites are grown and develop a rounded and amoeboid cell known as schizont.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now the schizont undergoes a schizogony process where they form 12 to 24 oval-shaped merozoites.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The erythrocyte bursts and releases the merozoites into the plasma where they enter new erythrocytes and they repeat this process once every 48 hours.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>(e) Formation of Gametocytes<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The merozoites are grown and develop two types of gametocytes known as the macro gametocytes and microgametocytes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The actual cause of gametocyte formation is unknown.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The female macrogametocytes contain food-laden cytoplasm and a small eccentric nucleus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The male microgametocytes contain clear cytoplasm and a large central nucleus.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bothe the microgametocytes and macrogametocyte contain hemozoin. They enlarge the erythrocytes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, the Gametocytes enter the body of an Anopheles when they bite a human.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ii-life-cycle-of-p-vivax-in-mosquito-sexual-cycle\"><\/span><strong>(ii) Life-Cycle of <em>P. vivax<\/em> in Mosquito (Sexual Cycle)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The life cycle of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P. Vivax <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">within the Mosquito is accomplished by the following stages;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>(a) Gametogony<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the microgametocytes enter the stomach of a female Anopheles mosquito they follow the ex-flagellation process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6-8 haploid daughter nuclei are produced from the nucleus of microgametocytes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that the nuclei move towards the periphery of the microgametocyte; the cytoplasm pushes out; and develops flagellum-like structures containing one daughter nuclei in each which are known as microgametes. As a result of this process, 6-8 microgametes are formed which are 20-25 microns in length.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These gametes are moved towards the stomach of the mosquito.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The macro gametocytes grow and develop female gamete or macrogamete which are non-motile and develop a cytoplasmic or receptive cone.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>(b) Fertilisation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The nucleus and cytoplasm of both gametes are fused and developed a rounded zygote. The fusion of male and female gametes is called syngamy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several microgametes move towards the macrogamete but only one microgamete can make it possible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When two fusing gametes are dissimilar (anisogametes) known as anisogamy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>(c) Ookinete and Encystment<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After 24 hours these motionless and rounded zygotes are elongated and develop a worm-like structure having pointed ends and motile. This is now known as ookinetes or vermicules.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An ookinete is 15 to 22 microns in length and 3 microns in width.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then the ookinete gets attached and penetrates the stomach wall of the mosquito and comes to lie beneath the outer epithelial layer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, the ookinete develops a thin elastic membranous cyst and becomes encysted and in this condition, it is referred to as the oocyst.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The oocyst grows and develops sporont.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>(d) Sporogony<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The oocyst develops slender spindle-shaped haploid cells called sporozoites, with the division of the nucleus through the process of meiosis and mitosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A single oocyst can develop ten thousand sporozoites through the process of sporogony.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, the oocyst lysed the sporozoites are released into the hemolymph of the mosquito. After that, they move towards the salivary glands and enter the duct of the hypopharynx.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the infected mosquito bites a human it will inject the sporozoites within the bloodstream and the life cycle will repeat again.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><\/span><strong>References and Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"view-report-content\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">7% &#8211; https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/plasmodium-vivax-p-vivax-habitat-structure-and-life-cycle\/28254<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4-3X486s29Y<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.microscopemaster.com\/plasmodium.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/wikimili.com\/en\/Plasmodium_vivax<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/8883582\/biology-reproduction-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/microbiologynotes.com\/life-cycle-of-plasmodium-vivax\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/microbewiki.kenyon.edu\/index.php\/Plasmodium_vivax<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-09432-8_1<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P._vivax<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; http:\/\/www.scientistsagainstmalaria.net\/parasite\/plasmodium-vivax<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Are-female-anopheles-a-primary-host-or-secondary-host-for-plasmodium-causing-malaria<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.kullabs.com\/class-11\/biology11\/plasmodium\/lifecycle-of-plasmodium<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.easybiologyclass.com\/difference-between-asexual-and-sexual-reproduction-comparison-table\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/lymphaticfilariasis\/gen_info\/faqs.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/malaria<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.aidsmap.com\/about-hiv\/what-window-period-hiv-testing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/class\/humbio153\/MalariaVac\/index.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/37332463\/bio-4471-exam-2-malariaplasmodium-general-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/0470011815.b2a04022<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/questions\/458807\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-microbiology\/chapter\/industrial-microbiology\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/cmr.asm.org\/content\/20\/4\/579<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/tolweb.org\/Gregarina\/124806<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plasmodium vivax is a widely distributed protozoal parasite and a human pathogen that is responsible for human malaria. P vivax is not virulent as compared to Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium vivax &#8230; <a title=\"Plasmodium vivax- Habitat, Characteristics, Structure, Life cycle\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodium-vivax-habitat-characteristics-structure-life-cycle\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Plasmodium vivax- Habitat, Characteristics, Structure, Life cycle\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":41001,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1754],"tags":[1760,1758],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Plasmodium-vivax.jpeg","author":{"name":"Sourav Pan","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3a7e112964bfe5302aca6415e9686c0c?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1754,"name":"Parasitology","slug":"parasitology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1754,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Parasitology is a discipline that studies the structure and physiology of parasites, their host, and host-parasite interactions.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, parasites are not determined by the nature of the organism or the environment, but these are classified by their mode of life.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although parasitology originated in the zoologic sciences, it is today an independent, interdisciplinary field, highly influenced by microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, and other life sciences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional medical parasitological studies have included studies related to three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A large number of infections of humans are caused by parasites which range from relatively benign to fatal with some parasitic diseases being the cause for major human health problems throughout the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, parasitology has been limited to the identification of parasites, their mechanisms, and diseases caused in plants, animals, and humans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern parasitology research is more focused on the determination of signal transduction mechanisms controlling the behavior, survival, virulence, and gene expression of parasites, which have a crucial role in influencing the outcome of the interaction between host and parasite.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasitology has importance in veterinary and ecology, where the diseases caused by parasites in animals and the role of parasites in the ecosystem are the two major areas of focus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most parasites, unlike viruses, are not host-specific and can infect multiple hosts. These depend entirely on the living beings for their nutrients and survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites can be differentiated from fungi based on their host as parasites rely on living beings while fungi depend on dead particles for survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites are mostly macroscopic and belong to the invertebrate subphylum of the Animal kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diagnosis of parasitic diseases is based on the identification of the infectious agent, which is mostly made through microscopic examination.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the continuous emergence of new parasites and parasitic diseases, parasitology is considered a necessary scientific discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":25,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1754,"category_count":25,"category_description":"<strong>Parasitology is a discipline that studies the structure and physiology of parasites, their host, and host-parasite interactions.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, parasites are not determined by the nature of the organism or the environment, but these are classified by their mode of life.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although parasitology originated in the zoologic sciences, it is today an independent, interdisciplinary field, highly influenced by microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, and other life sciences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional medical parasitological studies have included studies related to three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A large number of infections of humans are caused by parasites which range from relatively benign to fatal with some parasitic diseases being the cause for major human health problems throughout the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, parasitology has been limited to the identification of parasites, their mechanisms, and diseases caused in plants, animals, and humans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern parasitology research is more focused on the determination of signal transduction mechanisms controlling the behavior, survival, virulence, and gene expression of parasites, which have a crucial role in influencing the outcome of the interaction between host and parasite.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasitology has importance in veterinary and ecology, where the diseases caused by parasites in animals and the role of parasites in the ecosystem are the two major areas of focus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most parasites, unlike viruses, are not host-specific and can infect multiple hosts. These depend entirely on the living beings for their nutrients and survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites can be differentiated from fungi based on their host as parasites rely on living beings while fungi depend on dead particles for survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites are mostly macroscopic and belong to the invertebrate subphylum of the Animal kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diagnosis of parasitic diseases is based on the identification of the infectious agent, which is mostly made through microscopic examination.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the continuous emergence of new parasites and parasitic diseases, parasitology is considered a necessary scientific discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Parasitology","category_nicename":"parasitology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41004"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41004"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41004\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41001"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}