{"id":40999,"date":"2023-08-03T14:56:51","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/"},"modified":"2023-08-04T10:27:25","modified_gmt":"2023-08-04T04:42:25","slug":"amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Amoeba proteus- Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion, Osmoregulation"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_3913\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3913\" style=\"width: 890px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3913\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Nutrition-Respiration-Excretion-and-Osmoregulation.jpeg\" alt=\"Amoeba proteus- Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion and Osmoregulation\" width=\"900\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Nutrition-Respiration-Excretion-and-Osmoregulation.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Nutrition-Respiration-Excretion-and-Osmoregulation-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Nutrition-Respiration-Excretion-and-Osmoregulation-768x403.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3913\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Created with BioRender.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#nutrition-of-amoeba-proteus\" title=\"Nutrition of Amoeba proteus\">Nutrition of Amoeba proteus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#food-and-selection-of-food\" title=\"Food and selection of food\">Food and selection of food<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#1-ingestion\" title=\"1. Ingestion\">1. Ingestion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#2-digestion\" title=\"2. Digestion\">2. Digestion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#3-absorption\" title=\"3. Absorption\">3. Absorption<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#4-assimilation-and-dissimilation\" title=\"4. Assimilation and dissimilation\">4. Assimilation and dissimilation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#5-egestion\" title=\"5. Egestion\">5. Egestion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#respiration-in-amoeba-proteus\" title=\"Respiration in Amoeba proteus\">Respiration in Amoeba proteus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#excretion-in-amoeba-proteus\" title=\"Excretion in Amoeba proteus\">Excretion in Amoeba proteus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#osmoregulation-in-amoeba-proteus\" title=\"Osmoregulation in\u00a0Amoeba proteus\">Osmoregulation in\u00a0Amoeba proteus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/#reference-and-sources\" title=\"Reference and Sources\">Reference and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"nutrition-of-amoeba-proteus\"><\/span><strong>Nutrition of <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"food-and-selection-of-food\"><\/span><strong>Food and selection of food<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> is carnivorous.<\/li>\n<li>It feeds by phagocytosis.<\/li>\n<li>The mode of nutrition is Zootrophic or holozoic. i.e. it requires ready-made (solid form) organic substances for food.<\/li>\n<li>The food consists of algal cells and filaments, bacteria, desmids, flagellates, ciliates, small metazoans such as rotifers and nematodes, and organic matter.<\/li>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> is able to select its food even in absence of special sense organs.<\/li>\n<li>It is also able to discriminate organic food particles from an organic sand particle.<\/li>\n<li>It will ingest the food and leave the carbon dioxide out if the particle of carbon is fixed to the food.<\/li>\n<li>Nutrition involves a number of processes i.e. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, dissimilation, and egestion.<\/li>\n<li>It does not have any specialized organs for nutrition. The process of ingestion is carried through the body surface with the help of pseudopodia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-ingestion\"><\/span><strong>1. Ingestion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Ingestion is the process of taking the food into the body either by swallowing or absorbing it.<\/li>\n<li>There is no mouth or definite organelles for food intake.<\/li>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> captures or engulfs the prey (food) forming food vacuole by pushing out pseudopodia. This process is known as phagocytosis.<\/li>\n<li>According to Rhumbler (1930), <em>Amoeba<\/em> takes its food in 4 possible ways depending upon the nature of the food.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>a. Import:<\/strong> in this method food such as algal filament on contact passively sinks into the body by rupturing the plasmalemma and ectoplasm at the point of contact. The rupture site soon heals up.<\/p>\n<p><strong>b. Circumvallation: <\/strong>In this method, <em>Amoeba<\/em> sends out the pseudopodia around the prey forming a cup-like structure called a food cap. The food cup does not touch the food, but edges of the food cup fuse around the food to form a non-contractile food vacuole with a considerable amount of water. This method of ingestion is used for capturing active prey like flagellate or ciliate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>c. Circumfluence:<\/strong> In this method, when <em>Amoeba<\/em> comes in contact with less active or immobile bacteria, a pseudopodium comes in contact with bacteria and envelope it completely in a food vacuole within the cytoplasm. By repeating this process, the <em>Amoeba<\/em> can also ingest and roll up long filaments of algae. In other species of <em>Amoeba<\/em>, food is ingested by import and invagination.<\/p>\n<p><strong>d. Invagination:<\/strong> In this method, food is adhered to by toxic and sticky secretion of the ectoplasm. The ectoplasm along with food is enfolded as a tube into the endoplasm, and the food particle is sucked in, the plasmalemma disappears and ectoplasm changes into endoplasm.<\/p>\n<p>In a large primary food vacuole, the newly ingested organism may remain active. Within an hour, the primary food vacuoles break down into smaller secondary vacuoles, these subdivide into numerous minute vacuoles which form a large portion of the endoplasmic content.<\/p>\n<p><strong>e. Pinocytosis: <\/strong>It is the ingestion of liquid food in bulk. It takes place by the cell through the plasma membrane. It is induced by proteins, inorganic ions, and certain dyes. It does not take place through the whole surface of the body of the amoeba. It is thought that plasma lemma bound with the colloidal food material forms pinocytosis channels which run from the surface deep into the endoplasm. From <strong>t<\/strong>he internal ends of these channels, pinocytosis vesicles or pinosomes, containing engulfed liquid material. The pinosomes are transported to cells where they then fused with a lysosome. It is not yet been confirmed whether pinocytosis is a normal means of ingestion in Amoeba.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3914\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Phagocytosis-in-Amoeba.jpg\" alt=\"Phagocytosis in Amoeba\" width=\"640\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Phagocytosis-in-Amoeba.jpg 640w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Phagocytosis-in-Amoeba-300x215.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Figure: Phagocytosis in Amoeba. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phagocytosis_--_amoeba.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikimedia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-digestion\"><\/span><strong>2. <\/strong><strong>Digestion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>It takes place in the primary food vacuole.<\/li>\n<li>Food vacuole or gastric vacuole is formed by the extension and joining of the pseudopodia that capture the prey.<\/li>\n<li>Small and large such vacuoles are seen in actively feeding <em>Amoeba<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Lysosome containing digestive enzymes fuse with the food vacuole and the digestion of food slowly continues.<\/li>\n<li>The reaction in food vacuole is acidic at first and later become alkaline.<\/li>\n<li>In the acidic medium, the food organism is killed.<\/li>\n<li>In an alkaline medium, digestion of starch, proteins, and fat takes place with the help of enzymes amylase, protease, and lipase respectively.<\/li>\n<li>When the food is reduced to molecular form, the food vacuole bud off smaller and smaller secondary food vacuole which carry the digested food.<\/li>\n<li>The digestion is intracellular in <em>Amoeba<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-absorption\"><\/span><strong>3. <\/strong><strong>Absorption<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>In this process, the nutrients from the digested food material, water, and minerals are absorbed into the protoplasm by simple diffusion by leaving behind the undigested particles.<\/li>\n<li>The excess food is stored in the form of glycogen and lipids.<\/li>\n<li>The food vacuoles move continuously in the streaming movements in the endoplasm known as cyclosis which directly supplies nutrition to all the parts of the cell.<\/li>\n<li>The digested food diffuses out into the cytoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>It takes about 30 hours for the completion of digestion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-assimilation-and-dissimilation\"><\/span><strong>4. Assimilation and dissimilation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The digested food is then assimilated to form new protoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>For the formation of living protoplasm, amino acids are manufactured; sugar, fatty acids, and glycerol provide energy.<\/li>\n<li>Heat, dynamic energy, and waste products are formed by the breakdown of living protoplasm by the process of oxidation.<\/li>\n<li>For the various activities of the <em>Amoeba<\/em>, the complex particles of protoplasm are broken down by the process of dissimilation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5-egestion\"><\/span><strong>5. Egestion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>It is the process of elimination of undigested food material.<\/li>\n<li>Removal of the undigested food material takes place at any point on the surface of the body.<\/li>\n<li>There is not any definite exist for this purpose.<\/li>\n<li>In actively moving <em>Amoeba<\/em>, the undigested residue of food vacuole is shifted backward and discharged at the posterior end, as the animal moves on.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"respiration-in-amoeba-proteus\"><\/span><strong>Respiration in <em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Respiration is the process of interchange of oxygen coming inwards and carbon dioxide going outwards.<\/li>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> has no special respiratory organs.<\/li>\n<li>It has no respiratory pigments.<\/li>\n<li>Respiration occurs in it by the process of diffusion through the general body surface (plasmalemma) which is permeable to the oxygen gases dissolved in the surrounding water.<\/li>\n<li>The oxygen gas diffused inside the body is used up by <em>Amoeba<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>In the body, the absorbed oxygen gases bring about the enzymatic breakdown (oxidation) the complex food material like carbohydrates, fats, and even proteins into simple compounds.<\/li>\n<li>The energy which is produced during the oxidation reaction is stored in the high energy bonds of ATP and used for the life activities of the organism.<\/li>\n<li>Metabolic wastes like carbon dioxide and water are formed by the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats.<\/li>\n<li>The carbon dioxide gas is diffusing in the surrounding water as well as in water discharged by the contractile vacuole by the same process of diffusion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"excretion-in-amoeba-proteus\"><\/span><strong>Excretion in <em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>In the body of Amoeba, carbon dioxides are produced by the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, whereas ammonia are produced by the metabolism of protein.<\/li>\n<li>Amoeba is an ammonotelic animal because it excretes nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia.<\/li>\n<li>It has no special excretory organs.<\/li>\n<li>These waste materials are excreted out by diffusion from the general body surface in surrounding waters.<\/li>\n<li>Contractile vacuoles also play some role in the removal of waste materials. The waste materials present in the cytoplasm arrive in the contractile vacuole which comes in close contact with the plasma membrane and ruptures out to release its content in the surrounding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"osmoregulation-in-amoeba-proteus\"><\/span><strong>Osmoregulation in\u00a0<em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>It is the process of internal balance between water and dissolves materials irrespective of environmental conditions.<\/li>\n<li>The protoplasm of <em>A. proteus<\/em> is of higher concentration than the freshwater of its environment which causes the water to enter into the body by endosmosis through the semi-permeable plasmalemma.<\/li>\n<li>Some waters are formed by metabolic activities and some are taken along with ingested food organisms. So, to prevent the swelling and ruptures of the animal due to excess water, the con\u00adtractile vacuole collects the excess water which is less dense than the surrounding cytoplasm and are expelled out of the protoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>This contractile vacuole disappears and a new one starts to form in the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>When placed in freshwater marine <em>Amoeba<\/em> develops the contractile vacuole.<\/li>\n<li>When the freshwater <em>Amoeba<\/em> is placed into the saltwater their contractile vacuole decreases and disappears.<\/li>\n<li>The main function of the contractile vacuole is osmoregulation, even though carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes are also excreted through it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reference-and-sources\"><\/span><strong>Reference and Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Kotpal RL. 2017. Modern Text Book of Zoology- Invertebrates. 11th Edition. Rastogi Publications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Jordan EL and Verma PS. 2018. Invertebrate Zoology. 14th Edition. S Chand Publishing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9% &#8211; https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-structure-and-metabolism\/28183<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">5% &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/onlyzoology.com\/full-nutrition-in-amoeba-how-does-amoeba-obtain-its-food\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/onlyzoology.com\/full-nutrition-in-amoeba-how-does-amoeba-obtain-its-food\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4% &#8211; https:\/\/www.qsstudy.com\/biology\/nutrition-process-of-amoeba<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.toppr.com\/ask\/question\/passive-food-ingestion-in-amoeba-is-known-as\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.studyandscore.com\/studymaterial-detail\/paramecium-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation-and-response-to-stimuli<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.qsstudy.com\/biology\/respiration-process-of-amoeba<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/byjus.com\/biology\/amoeba\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.qsstudy.com\/biology\/what-is-amoeba<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/sciencing.com\/reduced-oxidized-photosynthesis-6469086.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/43906511\/digestion-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/11204394\/ingestion-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/healthyeating.sfgate.com\/functions-amylase-protease-lipase-digestive-enzymes-3325.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-biology\/chapter\/digestive-system-processes\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biology2xmaster\/chapter\/nitrogenous-wastes\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nutrition of Amoeba proteus Food and selection of food Amoeba is carnivorous. It feeds by phagocytosis. The mode of nutrition is Zootrophic or holozoic. i.e. it requires ready-made (solid form) &#8230; <a title=\"Amoeba proteus- Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion, Osmoregulation\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-nutrition-respiration-excretion-osmoregulation\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Amoeba proteus- Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion, Osmoregulation\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3913,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6189],"tags":[4764,6288],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Nutrition-Respiration-Excretion-and-Osmoregulation.jpeg","author":{"name":"Laxmi Neupane","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65de9275403e728cd61617e777c844ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6189,"name":"Biology","slug":"biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6189,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":195,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6189,"category_count":195,"category_description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biology","category_nicename":"biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40999"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40999"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40999\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40999"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40999"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40999"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}