{"id":40998,"date":"2023-08-03T14:56:50","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/"},"modified":"2023-08-04T10:27:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-04T04:42:26","slug":"amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/","title":{"rendered":"Amoeba proteus- Habitat, Culture and Structures"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_3908\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3908\" style=\"width: 890px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3908\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Habitat-Culture-and-Structures.jpeg\" alt=\"Amoeba proteus- Habitat, Culture and Structures\" width=\"900\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Habitat-Culture-and-Structures.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Habitat-Culture-and-Structures-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Habitat-Culture-and-Structures-768x403.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3908\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Created with BioRender.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#classification-of-amoeba-proteus\" title=\"Classification of Amoeba proteus\">Classification of Amoeba proteus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#habit-and-habitat-of-amoeba-proteus\" title=\"Habit and Habitat of Amoeba proteus\">Habit and Habitat of Amoeba proteus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#culture-of-amoeba-proteus\" title=\"Culture of Amoeba proteus\">Culture of Amoeba proteus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#1-shape-and-size\" title=\"1. Shape and size\">1. Shape and size<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#2-pseudopodia\" title=\"2. Pseudopodia\">2. Pseudopodia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#3-plasmalemma\" title=\"3. Plasmalemma\">3. Plasmalemma<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#4-cytoplasm\" title=\"4. Cytoplasm\">4. Cytoplasm<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#a-ectoplasm\" title=\"a. Ectoplasm\">a. Ectoplasm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#b-endoplasm\" title=\"b.\u00a0 Endoplasm\">b.\u00a0 Endoplasm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#5-endoplasmic-organelles\" title=\"5. Endoplasmic organelles\">5. Endoplasmic organelles<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#a-nucleus\" title=\"a. Nucleus\">a. Nucleus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#b-contractile-vacuole\" title=\"b. Contractile vacuole\">b. Contractile vacuole<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#c-food-vacuoles\" title=\"c. Food vacuoles\">c. Food vacuoles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#d-water-globules\" title=\"d. Water globules\">d. Water globules<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#e-other-organelles\" title=\"e. Other organelles\">e. Other organelles<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/#reference\" title=\"Reference\">Reference<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"classification-of-amoeba-proteus\"><\/span><strong>Classification of <em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Phylum: Protozoa<br \/>\nSubphylum: sacromastigophora<br \/>\nSuperclass: Sarcodina<br \/>\nClass: Rhizopodea<br \/>\nSubclass: Lobosia<br \/>\nOrder: Amoebida<br \/>\nGenus: <em>Amoeba<br \/>\n<\/em>Species: <em>proteus<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habit-and-habitat-of-amoeba-proteus\"><\/span><strong>Habit and Habitat of <em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> <em>proteus<\/em> is widely distributed and commonly found on the bottom mud or on the underside of aquatic vegetation in freshwater, ponds, ditches, lakes, springs, slow-running streams.<\/li>\n<li>It is often found in relatively clean ponds with highly oxygenated freshwater.<\/li>\n<li>It is also found in large \u201cfood webbed ecosystems\u201d that contain many algae and plants.<\/li>\n<li>Due to its adversity to light, it usually sheltered under the sides of lotus ponds or dwell near the bottom of the pond.<\/li>\n<li>With the help of false feet or pseudopodia, it moves and feeds.<\/li>\n<li>It has a great power of regeneration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"culture-of-amoeba-proteus\"><\/span><strong>Culture of <em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>It may be obtained for class study by scraping decaying vegetation from the bottom of a pond.<\/li>\n<li>Then scrapping, is settle down in the wide-mouth container, <em>Amoeba<\/em> of different kinds may be found in the sediment and sorted with the help of fine pipette under a binocular microscope.<\/li>\n<li>A temporary culture of <em>Amoeba<\/em> can be prepared in the laboratory by the hay-infusion method. In this method decaying weeds or other organic substances such as hay, twigs, dry leaves, seeds, etc. are taken and boiled for 15 minutes with a sufficient amount of freshwater. After boiling, water is filtered, and the filtrate is allowed to cool. To this filtrate, new <em>Amoeba<\/em>-rich water drops are added and allowed to multiply for 2 to 3 days.<\/li>\n<li>A culture of Amoeba can be maintained by keeping put some pond water, mud, and leaves in 100 ml of water containing a few grains of wheat. <em>Amoebae<\/em> will appear after a few days; this shows the presence of cysts in the pond water.<\/li>\n<li>To make a pure culture, boil four or five grains of wheat in 100 ml of distilled water for 10 minutes and cool for a few days; to this add some Amoebae from the first culture and cover with a glass plate; in ten days many Amoebae will be formed in the pure culture.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Structure of <em>Amoeba proteus<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-shape-and-size\"><\/span><strong>1. Shape and size<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a unicellular organism and measures about 250 to 600 \u00b5m in maximum diameter and so transparent that is invisible to naked eyes.<\/li>\n<li>To the naked eyes, the larger <em>A<\/em>. <em>proteus<\/em> is just visible as a whitish blob.<\/li>\n<li>Under the microscope, it appears as an irregular, colorless, jelly-like tiny mass of hyaline protoplasm.<\/li>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> has no fixed shape and the outline of the body continues changing due to the formation of small finger-like outgrowths called pseudopodia. When it withdraws all its pseudopodia, it becomes spherical in shape.<\/li>\n<li>It has no cell wall; it has a thin delicate outer enclose membrane called the plasmalemma.<\/li>\n<li>Just beneath this is a non-granular layer, the ectoplasm which encloses the granular endoplasm. However, there is no line of demarcation between the ectoplasm and endoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>It is considered to have a definite polarity though it is shapeless i.e. it has definite anterior and posterior ends.<\/li>\n<li>It put out pseudopodia ate anterior end while the posterior end is marked by a wrinkled region called uroid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-pseudopodia\"><\/span><strong>2. Pseudopodia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The pseudopodia are the most defined structures of <em>A<\/em>. <em>proteus<\/em> which makes the organism so fascinating.<\/li>\n<li>Pseudopodia (Gr., pseudos = false; podos = foot) are irregular blunt extensions which are constantly being given out or withdrawn by the body.<\/li>\n<li>These are of variable size and are capable of protruded or retracted, often with considerable speed.<\/li>\n<li>They are broad to cylindrical with blunt rounded tips and are composed of both ectoplasm and endoplasm. Such pseudopodia are called lobopodia.<\/li>\n<li>These are formed as a result of liquefaction and flowing forward of the cytoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>These \u201cfalse feet\u201d are used for movement and to engulf prey\u2013 making it an essential part of its structure.<\/li>\n<li>Needless to say, without these structures, the <em>A<\/em>. <em>proteus<\/em> would\u2019ve had to adapt using other means to move and gain nutrients or be wiped off the surface of the planet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-plasmalemma\"><\/span><strong>3. Plasmalemma<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> has no pellicle or cell wall.<\/li>\n<li>The body is covered by a very thin, delicate, invisible, elastic external cell membrane called plasmalemma.<\/li>\n<li>The thickness of plasmalemma may be from 1\/4 \u00b5 (0.00025 mm) to 2 microns.<\/li>\n<li>This membrane is permeable i.e. water and some small soluble molecules can pass freely through it in both directions.<\/li>\n<li>It is composed of a double layer of lipid and protein molecules.<\/li>\n<li>The outer layer of plasmalemma is supposed to contain mucoprotein.<\/li>\n<li>Plasma lemma when broken it can regenerate itself.<\/li>\n<li>It also retains the protoplasm within the cell.<\/li>\n<li>An unusual feature of plasmalemma is it contains numerous fine, ridge-like projections on its outer surface that are supposed to be adhesive and binding the organism to its substratum.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3909\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Structure-of-of-Amoeba-proteus.jpg\" alt=\"Structure of of Amoeba proteus\" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Structure-of-of-Amoeba-proteus.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Structure-of-of-Amoeba-proteus-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Structure-of-of-Amoeba-proteus-768x581.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Figure: Structure of Amoeba proteus. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/rsscience.com\/facts-about-amoeba\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rs&#8217; Science<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-cytoplasm\"><\/span><strong>4. <\/strong><strong>Cytoplasm<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a dense mass inside the plasmalemma containing several organelles.<\/li>\n<li>It consists of 2 parts i.e. an outer ectoplasm and an inner endoplasm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-ectoplasm\"><\/span><strong>a. Ectoplasm<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ectoplasm is an outer clean, thin, and transparent layer lie immediately beneath the plasmalemma.<\/li>\n<li>It is somewhat rigid and contractile under tension.<\/li>\n<li>It is thickened into a hyaline cap at the advancing end at the tip of pseudopodia.<\/li>\n<li>It is considered to be a supporting layer due to the presence of longitudinal rigid.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Functions:<\/strong> It protects the organelles inside the body. It helps to maintain the shape of the body.\u00a0\u00a0It assists the Amoeba in producing pseudopodia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-endoplasm\"><\/span><strong>b.\u00a0 Endoplasm<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Endoplasm is completely surrounded by ectoplasm; the endoplasm forms the bulk of the animal.<\/li>\n<li>It is fluid-like, granular, and semi-transparent.<\/li>\n<li>According to Mast, the endoplasm is made up of peripheral viscid or gel state, plasma gel, and a central flowing or sol state plasmasol.<\/li>\n<li>The plasmagel is granular and more solid but its granules show no movement.<\/li>\n<li>The plasmasol shows streaming movements and it is a highly granular fluid having various inclusion.<\/li>\n<li>The plasmagel can be transferred to and plasmasol and vice versa.<\/li>\n<li>Endoplasm contains the organelles of the cell.<\/li>\n<li>It supports various physiological functions. Frequent change in the density of the plasmagel and plasmasol helps in producing pseudopodia.<\/li>\n<li>Besides granules, endoplasm contains a number of important inclusions such as a nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuoles, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, fat globules, and plate-like or bi-pyramidal crystals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5-endoplasmic-organelles\"><\/span><strong>5. Endoplasmic organelles<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It contains a number of organelles or structures suspended in it. They are the nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuoles, and water globule.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-nucleus\"><\/span><strong>a. Nucleus<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Amoeba<\/em> <em>proteus<\/em> contains a single conspicuous nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>It appears largely flattened, discoidal, and slightly biconcave in young specimens, but it is often folded and convolutes an older specimen.<\/li>\n<li>Its position is not fixed lies anywhere in the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>It may be difficult to see the nucleus in the body of living Amoeba.<\/li>\n<li>It can be easily seen in the phase-contrast microscope after fixing and staining Amoeba with a drop of methyl green acetic acid.<\/li>\n<li>It is granular and refractive to light.<\/li>\n<li>It is covered by the nuclear membrane made of protein and lipid.<\/li>\n<li>A honeycomb-like lattice is found below the inner nuclear membrane which play important role in maintaining the flattened form of the nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>The nucleoplasm is less in number.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Functions:<\/strong> The nucleus of <em>A. proteus<\/em> is a membrane-bound organelle that houses most of the cell\u2019s genetic information and controls the actions of the amoeba. It takes an essential part in the reproduction of the cell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-contractile-vacuole\"><\/span><strong>b. Contractile vacuole<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Some bubble-like vacuoles are seen in the endoplasm of Amoeba these are called a contractile vacuole.<\/li>\n<li>It is singe, clear rounded, transparent, and fast-growing.<\/li>\n<li>It is filled with watery fluid.<\/li>\n<li>Its position is not fixed but circulates in the endoplasm<\/li>\n<li>It is continuously contracted or expanded on the living body of <em>Amoeba<\/em>, so, named as contractile vacuoles.<\/li>\n<li>It is surrounded by a crowd of mitochondria, close to which tiny feeder vacuoles of water appear, which then combine to form a larger vacuole.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong> It helps in the osmoregulatory and excretory activities of the animals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"c-food-vacuoles\"><\/span><strong>c. Food vacuoles<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>It is spherical spaces, small and large, contains water and food in various phases of digestion.<\/li>\n<li>They are scattered in the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>Food vacuoles are formed when Amoeba engulfs food with a drop of water.<\/li>\n<li>These are non- contractile and of different sizes.<\/li>\n<li>Digestion takes place inside the food vacuole.<\/li>\n<li>They diaper with the egestion of non-digestible food from the body.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Functions:<\/strong> \u00a0Food vacuoles store the food material. They help in the digestion of food. They have also roles in the excretion of fecal materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"d-water-globules\"><\/span><strong>d. Water globules<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>It is the smallest transparent, spherical vacuole filled with water in the body of <em>A<\/em>. <em>proteus<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>It can be one or more in numbers.<\/li>\n<li>It is noncontractile.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Functions:<\/strong> It contains water and keeps the balance of the water constant of the body.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If an <em>A<\/em>. <em>proteus<\/em> is examined under an electron microscope the endoplasm shows various inclusions characteristics.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-other-organelles\"><\/span><strong>e. Other organelles<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Golgi bodies<\/strong>: It looks like small tubules and vesicles.<strong> Function:<\/strong> It helps in the secretion and excretion of food.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mitochondria<\/strong>: It is present around the contractile vacuoles and more or less oval and have tubular cristae. <strong>Function:<\/strong> They take part in respiration and in energy generation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Crystals<\/strong>: Plate-like or bipyramidal crystals are found. It is assumed that these crystals are simply the fecal substances produced during metabolism.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The contractile vacuole<\/strong> is seen surrounded by several mitochondria and vesicles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lysosome <\/strong>are membrane-bound spherical bodies, scattered in the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>ribosome<\/strong> is found in endoplasmic vesicles as well as scattered in the endoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>endoplasmic reticulum<\/strong> occurs as vesicles form a network of tubules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reference\"><\/span><strong>Reference<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Kotpal RL. 2017. Modern Text Book of Zoology- Invertebrates. 11th Edition. Rastogi Publications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Jordan EL and Verma PS. 2018. Invertebrate Zoology. 14th Edition. S Chand Publishing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">12% &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-structure-and-metabolism\/28183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/invertebrate-zoology\/protozoa\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-structure-and-metabolism\/28183<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4% &#8211; https:\/\/davidwangblog.wordpress.com\/structure-and-functions\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.brainkart.com\/article\/Body-structure-of-Amoeba-and-its-functions_16485\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.biologydiscussion.com\/parasites\/the-structure-and-life-cycle-of-amoeba-with-diagram\/2724<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-373365<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.qsstudy.com\/biology\/reproduction-of-amoeba<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5065387\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/lysosome<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/94834338\/ch-5-biology-study-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/byjus.com\/biology\/amoeba\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Classification of Amoeba proteus Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: sacromastigophora Superclass: Sarcodina Class: Rhizopodea Subclass: Lobosia Order: Amoebida Genus: Amoeba Species: proteus Habit and Habitat of Amoeba proteus Amoeba proteus is widely &#8230; <a title=\"Amoeba proteus- Habitat, Culture and Structures\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amoeba-proteus-habitat-culture-structures\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Amoeba proteus- Habitat, Culture and Structures\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3908,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6189],"tags":[4764,6288],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Amoeba-proteus-Habitat-Culture-and-Structures.jpeg","author":{"name":"Laxmi Neupane","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65de9275403e728cd61617e777c844ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6189,"name":"Biology","slug":"biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6189,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":195,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6189,"category_count":195,"category_description":"<strong>Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBiology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.\r\nAt present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics.\r\nBiology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all of these branches are interrelated to one another.\r\nBiology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (structure), and physiology (function).\r\nLiving beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.\r\nTraditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.\r\nWith time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate discipline termed, molecular biology.\r\nBiology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy.\r\nBiology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, microscopic, and macroscopic.\r\nBesides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, evolution, and relationship among living beings.\r\nGenetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based on their genomic composition.\r\nHomeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain a constant internal environment.\r\nNon-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology, evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene expression.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its applications in different areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of cancer cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of accomplishments made in developmental biology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems, plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes, proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of\u00a0cancers.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer\u2019s development is essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited by each daughter cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in this transformation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations, carcinogens, and cellular changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biology","category_nicename":"biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40998"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40998"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40998\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3908"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40998"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40998"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40998"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}