{"id":40968,"date":"2023-08-03T14:56:29","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T14:56:29","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:29","slug":"glycolysis-10-steps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/","title":{"rendered":"Glycolysis 10 Steps with Diagram and ATP Formation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Aerobic respiration refers to the concept of the breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy. Any organism, when consuming any nutritive material, the material goes through a series of biochemical reactions by which simple form of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are produced. After that, these produced compounds are further degraded and produces the energy required for the organism. Glycolysis refers to the biochemical pathway by which glucose breaks down into pyruvate and produces energy in the form of ATP. It takes place at the cytoplasmic matrix of any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. Glycolysis is also known as Embden &#8211; Meyerhof &#8211; Parnas pathway (E.M.P.) as the pathway was first discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Glycolysis-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Glycolysis Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-30113\"\/><figcaption>Glycolysis Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#overview\" title=\"Overview\">Overview<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#1-phosphorylation-of-glucose\" title=\"1. Phosphorylation of Glucose\">1. Phosphorylation of Glucose<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#2-conversion-of-glucose-6-phosphate-to-fructose-6-phosphate\" title=\"2. Conversion of Glucose 6 Phosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate\">2. Conversion of Glucose 6 Phosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#3-phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate\" title=\"3. Phosphorylation of Fructose 6 phosphate\">3. Phosphorylation of Fructose 6 phosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#4-cleavage-of-fructose-16-bis-phosphate\" title=\"4. Cleavage of Fructose 1,6 bis-phosphate\">4. Cleavage of Fructose 1,6 bis-phosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#5-interconversion-of-the-triose-phosphates\" title=\"5. Interconversion of the Triose phosphates\">5. Interconversion of the Triose phosphates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#6-oxidation-of-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-to-13-bisphospho-glycerate\" title=\"6. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3, Bisphospho glycerate\">6. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3, Bisphospho glycerate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#7-phosphoryl-transfer-form-13-bisphosphoglycerate-to-adp\" title=\"7. Phosphoryl transfer form 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP\">7. Phosphoryl transfer form 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#8-conversion-of-3-phosphoglycerates-to-2-phosphoglycerate\" title=\"8. Conversion of 3 phosphoglycerates to 2 phosphoglycerate\">8. Conversion of 3 phosphoglycerates to 2 phosphoglycerate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#9-dehydration-of-2-phosphoglycerates-to-phosphoenolpyruvate\" title=\"9. Dehydration of 2 phosphoglycerates to Phosphoenolpyruvate\">9. Dehydration of 2 phosphoglycerates to Phosphoenolpyruvate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#10-transfer-of-the-phosphoryl-group\" title=\"10. Transfer of the phosphoryl group\">10. Transfer of the phosphoryl group<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#number-of-atp\" title=\"Number of ATP\">Number of ATP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/#reference\" title=\"Reference\">Reference<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"overview\"><\/span>Overview<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The process of glycolysis is divided into two phases. Firstly, the Preparatory phase consists of five different reactions. During this phase, the glucose molecule converted into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate by moving through different reactions. Two molecules of ATP are invested during this phase while two newly synthesized molecules of ATP are also found at the end of the preparatory phase. Secondly, the Payoff phase where glyceraldehydes 3 phosphate moves through five different biochemical reactions and converted into pyruvate. Production of ATPs as energy molecules is an important aspect of the payoff phase. Each step of the process is now described as following<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-phosphorylation-of-glucose\"><\/span>1. Phosphorylation of Glucose<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the first step of the preparatory phase where glucose is activated by the involvement of the enzyme called hexokinase and converted into glucose 6 phosphate. An ATP molecule is used during this step as a phosphate donor. Hexokinase requires Mg<sup>2+ <\/sup>to catalyze the reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-conversion-of-glucose-6-phosphate-to-fructose-6-phosphate\"><\/span>2. Conversion of Glucose 6 Phosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Phosphohexose isomerizes (Phosphogulco isomerase) catalyzes the reaction in the presence of Mg<sup>2+<\/sup> which leads to reversible isomerization of glucose 6 phosphates (aldose) to fructose 6 phosphate (ketos). This isomerization plays an important role to complete the overall pathway of glycolysis. The rearrangement of the carbonyl and hydroxyl group at C1 and C2 is a crucial step to carry forward the pathway further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate\"><\/span>3. Phosphorylation of Fructose 6 phosphate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This step utilizes ATP as phosphate donor and by the help of the enzyme phosphofructokinase &#8211; 1 (PFK-1) enzyme (which catalyzes the reaction), one phosphoryl group is transferred to fructose 6 phosphate and produces fructose 1,6 bis-phosphate. This is an irreversible reaction that occurs at the cellular level and it is also considered as the first committed step towards glycolysis as glucose 6 phosphate and fructose 6 phosphate has other different involvement while fructose 1, 6 bis-phosphate is targeted only for glycolysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-cleavage-of-fructose-16-bis-phosphate\"><\/span>4. Cleavage of Fructose 1,6 bis-phosphate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, fructose 1,6 bisphosphate is cleaved and produces two different triose phosphates such as glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The aldol condensation reaction is reversible and catalyzed by the enzyme fructose 1,6 bis-phosphate aldolase (commonly known as aldolase).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5-interconversion-of-the-triose-phosphates\"><\/span>5. Interconversion of the Triose phosphates<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, produced at the previous step, goes through different biochemical reactions of the pathway. While, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, on the other hand, rapidly and reversibly converted into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate by the involvement of the enzyme triose phosphate isomerize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6-oxidation-of-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-to-13-bisphospho-glycerate\"><\/span>6. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3, Bisphospho glycerate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the first step of the payoff phase. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase. Along with 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, NADH+ H<sup>+ <\/sup>is also produced during this phase. NADH is also an energy molecule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7-phosphoryl-transfer-form-13-bisphosphoglycerate-to-adp\"><\/span>7. Phosphoryl transfer form 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>3 Phosphoglycerate is produced in this step by the involvement of the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. The enzyme transfers the high energy phosphoryl group from the carbonyl group of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP. It leads to the formation of ATP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8-conversion-of-3-phosphoglycerates-to-2-phosphoglycerate\"><\/span>8. Conversion of 3 phosphoglycerates to 2 phosphoglycerate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this step, the phosphoryl group in 3 phosphoglycerates is shifted to the C-2 position which yields 2 phosphoglycerates. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase which requires Mg<sup>2+<\/sup> ion for its activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9-dehydration-of-2-phosphoglycerates-to-phosphoenolpyruvate\"><\/span>9. Dehydration of 2 phosphoglycerates to Phosphoenolpyruvate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Phosphoenol pyruvate is produced by 2 phosphoglycerates due to the release of water molecules. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme enolase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10-transfer-of-the-phosphoryl-group\"><\/span>10. Transfer of the phosphoryl group<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the last reaction of glycolysis where the phosphoryl group is released from phosphoenolpyruvate and joins with ADP and leads to the production of ATP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"number-of-atp\"><\/span>Number of ATP<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>ATP produced from glycolysis = 2 ATP<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 NADPH (3 ATP each in ETC)= 6 ATP in ETC<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reference\"><\/span>Reference<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4<sup>th<\/sup> Edition.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aerobic respiration refers to the concept of the breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy. Any organism, when consuming any nutritive material, the material goes through a series of &#8230; <a title=\"Glycolysis 10 Steps with Diagram and ATP Formation\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis-10-steps\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Glycolysis 10 Steps with Diagram and ATP Formation\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":40969,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553],"tags":[1813],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Glycolysis-10-Steps-with-Diagram-and-ATP-Formation.jpeg","author":{"name":"Somak Banerjee","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d443c0fb4b490658186c2ad4b82ea74f?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40968"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40968"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40968\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40969"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}