{"id":40965,"date":"2023-08-03T14:56:27","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gastrulation\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T14:56:27","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:27","slug":"gastrulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gastrulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Gastrulation- Definition, Process, Factors, Consequences"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The most characteristic event occurring during the third week of gestation is gastrulation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gastrulation is a formative process by which the three germ layers, which are precursors of all embryonic tissues, and the axial orientation are established in embryos.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During gastrulation, the bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into a trilaminar embryonic disc.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Extensive cell shape changes, rearrangement, movement, and alterations in adhesive properties contribute to the process of gastrulation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The embryo during this stage is called a&nbsp;gastrula.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2a-embryonic-development-9-638.jpg\" alt=\"Gastrulation- Process, Consequences\" class=\"wp-image-3326\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Image Source: Pearson Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gastrulation\/#process-of-gastrulation\" title=\"Process of Gastrulation \">Process of Gastrulation <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gastrulation\/#factors-controlling-the-process-of-gastrulation\" title=\"Factors controlling the process of Gastrulation \">Factors controlling the process of Gastrulation <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gastrulation\/#consequences\" title=\"Consequences\">Consequences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gastrulation\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"process-of-gastrulation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Process of Gastrulation <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Initially, the streak is vaguely de\ufb01ned, but in a 15- to a 16-day embryo, it is clearly visible as a narrow groove with slightly bulging regions on either side.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The cephalic end of the streak, the primitive node, consists of a slightly elevated area surrounding the small primitive pit.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cells of the epiblast migrate toward the primitive streak.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Upon arrival in the region of the streak, they become \ufb02 ask-shaped, detach from the epiblast, and slip beneath it. This inward movement is known as invagination.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Once the cells have invaginated, some displace the hypoblast, creating the embryonic endoderm, and others come to lie between the epiblast and newly created endoderm to form mesoderm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cells remaining in the epiblast then form ectoderm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thus, the epiblast, through the process of gastrulation, is the source of all of the germ layers, and cells in these layers will give rise to all of the tissues and organs in the embryo.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Each of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) gives rise to specific tissues and organs:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Embryonic ectoderm<\/strong> gives rise to the epidermis, central and peripheral nervous systems, eyes and internal ears, neural crest cells, and many connective tissues of the head.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Embryonic endoderm<\/strong> is the source of the epithelial linings of the respiratory and alimentary (digestive) tracts, including the glands opening into the gastrointestinal tract, and glandular cells of associated organs such as the liver and pancreas.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Embryonic mesoderm<\/strong> gives rise to all skeletal muscles, blood cells, the lining of blood vessels, all visceral smooth muscular coats, serosal linings of all body cavities, ducts and organs of the reproductive and excretory systems, and most of the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cardiovascular-system\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"40170\">cardiovascular system<\/a>. In the body (trunk or torso), excluding the head and limbs, it is the source of all connective tissues, including cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, dermis, and stroma (connective tissue) of internal organs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"factors-controlling-the-process-of-gastrulation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Factors controlling the process of Gastrulation <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cell migration and speci\ufb01c cation are controlled by <strong>\ufb01broblast growth factor 8 (FGF8)<\/strong>, which is synthesized by streak cells themselves.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This growth factor controls cell movement by downregulating <strong>E-cadherin<\/strong>, a protein that normally binds epiblast cells together.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FGF8 then controls cell speci\ufb01c cation into the mesoderm by regulating Brachyury (T) expression.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"consequences\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Consequences<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gastrulation results in three important outcomes:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The formation of the embryonic tissues called germ layers. The germ layers include the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. Each germ layer will later differentiate into different tissues and organ systems.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The formation of the embryonic gut or&nbsp;archenteron.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gastrulation is the beginning of morphogenesis (development of body form).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The&nbsp;appearance&nbsp;of the major&nbsp;body axes.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gilbert, S. F. (2000).&nbsp;Developmental biology. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., Francis-West, P.H. &amp; Philippa H. (2015).&nbsp;Larsen&#8217;s human embryology&nbsp;(5th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sadler, T. W., &amp; Langman, J. (2004).&nbsp;Langman&#8217;s medical embryology. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V. N., &amp; Torchia, M. G. (2008).&nbsp;The developing human: Clinically oriented embryology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders\/Elsevier.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/bio1520.biology.gatech.edu\/growth-and-reproduction\/animal-development-ii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/bio1520.biology.gatech.edu\/growth-and-reproduction\/animal-development-ii\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Image Source: Pearson Education Process of Gastrulation Each of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) gives rise to specific tissues and organs: Factors controlling the process of Gastrulation &#8230; <a title=\"Gastrulation- Definition, Process, Factors, Consequences\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gastrulation\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Gastrulation- Definition, Process, Factors, Consequences\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40964,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3177],"tags":[5074,5076,5079],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2a-embryonic-development-9-638.jpg","author":{"name":"Yashaswi Sharma","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f1be0a2d64385a0c68d25210abae9323?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":3177,"name":"Cell Biology","slug":"cell-biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3177,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":107,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3177,"category_count":107,"category_description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Cell Biology","category_nicename":"cell-biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40965"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40965"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40965\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}