{"id":40930,"date":"2023-08-03T14:56:05","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T14:56:05","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:11:05","slug":"disease-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/","title":{"rendered":"Disease Prevention- Definition, Levels, Approaches, Key Components"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, those with risk factors for a disease or without the risk factors, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treatment normally begins either before signs and symptoms of the disease occur, or shortly thereafter.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prevention includes a wide range of activities \u2014 known as \u201cinterventions\u201d \u2014 aimed at reducing risks or threats to health.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It can include patient education, lifestyle modification, and drugs.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Disease-Prevention-Levels-Approaches-Key-Components.webp\" alt=\"Disease Prevention- Levels, Approaches, Key Components\" class=\"wp-image-29328\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#levels-of-prevention\" title=\"Levels of Prevention\">Levels of Prevention<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#primordial-prevention\" title=\"Primordial prevention&nbsp;\">Primordial prevention&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#primary-prevention\" title=\"Primary prevention\">Primary prevention<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#secondary-prevention\" title=\"Secondary prevention\">Secondary prevention<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#tertiary-prevention\" title=\"Tertiary prevention\">Tertiary prevention<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#approaches-to-disease-prevention\" title=\"Approaches to Disease Prevention\">Approaches to Disease Prevention<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#high-risk-approach\" title=\"High-risk approach&nbsp;&nbsp; \">High-risk approach&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#population-approach\" title=\"Population Approach\">Population Approach<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#rose-hypothesis-the-prevention-paradox\" title=\"Rose hypothesis: The prevention paradox\">Rose hypothesis: The prevention paradox<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#key-components-of-prevention\" title=\"Key Components of Prevention\">Key Components of Prevention<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"levels-of-prevention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"levels-of-prevention\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Levels of Prevention<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prevention can be considered on a number of levels:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"primordial-prevention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"primordial-prevention\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Primordial prevention<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It seeks to prevent at a very early stage, often before the risk factor is present in the particular context, the activities which encourage the emergence of lifestyles, behaviors and exposure patterns that contribute to increased risk of disease.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, a child seeing their parents smoke cigarettes may wrongly consider this a good lifestyle choice for later in life: advising parents to quit smoking in such circumstances can be considered primordial prevention.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"primary-prevention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"primary-prevention\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Primary prevention<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Control aimed at reducing the incidence of infectious disease or their risk factors can be considered as primary prevention of infectious disease.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Primary prevention protects health through individual and community-wide measures, including such actions as maintaining good nutritional status, keeping physically fit, immunizing against infectious diseases, providing safe water, and ensuring the proper disposal of feces.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"secondary-prevention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"secondary-prevention\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Secondary prevention<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Control aimed at reducing the prevalence by shortening the duration of infectious disease can be considered as secondary prevention of infectious disease.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Secondary prevention corrects departures from good health through individual and community-wide measures, including such actions as screening that result in early detection of disease, prompt antibiotic treatment, and ensuring adequate nutrition.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It should be noted that such control efforts in secondary prevention in a group of infected individuals may also result in primary prevention in uninfected people.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, prompt and specific drug therapy for tuberculosis patients resulting in sputum conversion to culture-negative status renders them no longer a source of infection to others and treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women reduces transmission of HIV to their newborns.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tertiary-prevention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"tertiary-prevention\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Tertiary prevention<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Control aimed at reducing or even eliminating long-term impairments of infectious disease can be considered as tertiary prevention of infectious disease.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tertiary prevention reduces or eliminates disabilities, minimizes suffering, and promotes adjustment to permanent disabilities through such actions as providing orthopedic appliances and its associated rehabilitation for victims of poliomyelitis, counseling and vocational training, and prevention of opportunistic infections.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, the prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV infection can be considered as tertiary prevention.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"approaches-to-disease-prevention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"approaches-to-disease-prevention\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Approaches to Disease Prevention<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Targeting populations versus high-risk only groups<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are two approaches to prevention &#8211; targeting a whole population whether they are exposed to risk factors or not, or tackling only those identified as being high risk.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are pros and cons to each approach.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"high-risk-approach\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"high-risk-approach\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>High-risk approach&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">High-risk groups can be identified through screening, genetic testing, analytical studies linking risk factors and disease and ecological studies to identify groups.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Advantages&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Maybe more cost-effective than population-wide approaches<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Those who are identified as being high risk may be more motivated to change their behavior than the whole of society<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Easier for health professionals to promote change on an individual basis<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Individuals are usually aware of their exposure to adverse risk, whereas in society not everyone will have been exposed<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Society prefers focusing on individuals to change rather than a whole population<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Disadvantages<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Can be expensive to identify and treat those at increased risk<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fails to address public health problems arising from small but widespread risks that may be substantial<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ignores the point that a large number of people exposed to a small risk may generate more cases than a small number of people exposed to a large risk<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tends to medicalize prevention<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Strategies for the individual tend to be either palliative or temporary<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Does not focus on what influences behavior<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Does not tend to predict an individual\u2019s change in risk<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">May have a little overall impact on the control of disease<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"population-approach\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"population-approach\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Population Approach<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Advantages&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recognizes that society influences individual behavior<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Risk reduction can be achieved at population rather than individual level<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In situations where there is a dose-response relationship in terms of risk and exposure, shifting the entire population distribution towards lower levels of exposure is effective.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Disadvantages<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Is less effective in situations where there is not a dose-response relationship in terms of risk and exposure<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rose-hypothesis-the-prevention-paradox\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"rose-hypothesis-the-prevention-paradox\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Rose hypothesis: The prevention paradox<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Since diseases are rare, most individuals who adopt a behavior designed to lower their risk of disease will not benefit directly, although a few individuals may benefit enormously. &nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, anyone person\u2019s decision to lose weight may only have a small impact on that person\u2019s risk of disease in the near future, but if many people each lose a little weight, this may have a substantial impact on the community\u2019s obesity-related disorders.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Although individuals with high-risk factors may benefit from interventions specifically targeted at them, the effect on the overall incidence of the disease will be limited in the absence of a population-oriented intervention.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Whilst the high-risk approach seemingly has many more disadvantages compared to the population approach, the prevention paradox reduces the effectiveness of the population approach, therefore a combination of population and high-risk approaches is usually most effective.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-components-of-prevention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"key-components-of-prevention\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Key Components of Prevention<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. Awareness and Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Inform and educate decision-makers, public health practitioners, health care providers, and individuals about science-based health prevention approaches that will have the greatest benefit and impact on public health.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Provide information on the effectiveness of interventions to inform policies.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Educate workers both in and out of the health field who may have daily contact with people at high risk for disease and injury. These individuals can encourage healthy behaviors, screen for certain health risks, and contribute to the education of the community.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Provide the public with health education information.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Work with the media to highlight public health issues.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Establish programs to proactively distribute information to targeted groups\u2014those at high risk for disease or injury.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2. Research <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Identify and support public health research agenda at the national level. This research would address knowledge gaps in suspected and emerging links between exposure to harmful agents and health outcomes.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3. Surveillance at all levels<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Monitor risk areas or situations and determine the prevalence of agent-linked health outcomes.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Identify national, state, or community health issues; develop measures to track those issues; and implement widespread surveillance to help identify relationships between hazards and health concerns.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4. Hazard evaluation at the national, state, and local levels<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Implement hazard assessments as needed. Respond to high-risk situations, identify and quantify hazardous agents, and facilitate exposure reduction.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Improvement of the public health system at the national, state, and local levels<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5. Proactive behavior by individuals<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Make healthy lifestyle choices, choose environmentally-friendly products and services, and conscientiously try to minimize the harmful impact of yourself and your family.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Become informed about the issues, and be proactive in prevention initiatives promoting health and preventing illness and disease.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"references\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gordis, L. (2014).&nbsp;Epidemiology&nbsp;(Fifth edition.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">White, F., Stallones, L., &amp; Last, J. M. (2013).&nbsp;Global public health: Ecological foundations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Park, K. (n.d.).&nbsp;Park&#8217;s textbook of preventive and social medicine.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in Medicine, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 1987.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.healthknowledge.org.uk\/public-health-textbook\/research-methods\/1c-health-care-evaluation-health-care-assessment\/epidemiological-basis-pstrategies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.healthknowledge.org.uk\/public-health-textbook\/research-methods\/1c-health-care-evaluation-health-care-assessment\/epidemiological-basis-pstrategies<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/cursos.campusvirtualsp.org\/enrol\/index.php?id=163\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cursos.campusvirtualsp.org\/enrol\/index.php?id=163<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwh.on.ca\/what-researchers-mean-by\/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.iwh.on.ca\/what-researchers-mean-by\/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30728537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30728537<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/insights.ovid.com\/pubmed?pmid=12836507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/insights.ovid.com\/pubmed?pmid=12836507<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pictureofamerica\/pdfs\/picture_of_america_prevention.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pictureofamerica\/pdfs\/picture_of_america_prevention.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/subjects\/disease-prevention\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/subjects\/disease-prevention<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, those with risk factors for a disease or without the risk factors, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring. &#8230; <a title=\"Disease Prevention- Definition, Levels, Approaches, Key Components\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/disease-prevention\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Disease Prevention- Definition, Levels, Approaches, Key Components\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":40929,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6262],"tags":[4842,58,4840,4845,4844,4841,126,4843],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Disease-Prevention-Levels-Approaches-Key-Components.webp","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6262,"name":"Epidemiology","slug":"epidemiology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6262,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Epidemiology is the discipline that deals with studies related to the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is a descriptive science and includes the determination of rates, that is, the quantification of disease occurrence within a specific population.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology can accurately describe a disease and many factors concerning its occurrence before its cause is identified.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>One goal of epidemiologic studies is to define the parameters of disease, including risk factors, in order to develop the most effective measures for control.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is a data-driven discipline that relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is considered the basic science of public health as\u00a0epidemiology acts as a quantitative science that relies on the knowledge of probability, statistics, and essential research methods.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, epidemiology also acts as a method of reasoning based on hypotheses in the scientific fields like biology, behavioral sciences, physics, and ergonomics to explain health-related behaviors, states, and events.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Thus,\u00a0epidemiology is considered not just a research activity but an integral part of public health, providing the foundation for practical and appropriate public health actions based on data and causal reasoning.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is similar to medicine in many aspects as it utilizes experience, epidemiologic judgment, and understanding of local conditions while diagnosing the health of a community.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The discipline also helps in the proposition of appropriate, practical, and acceptable public health interventions to control and prevent disease in the community.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology has now become a standard practice during outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics as it provides an example on how to deal with a new outbreak that might arise due to a different etiological agent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As infections are caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and fungi, epidemiological studies also support other disciplines like bacteriology and clinical medicine.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, the mode of transmission involves environmental factors like air, water, and soil, all of which are imperative in environmental microbiology.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":23,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6262,"category_count":23,"category_description":"<strong>Epidemiology is the discipline that deals with studies related to the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is a descriptive science and includes the determination of rates, that is, the quantification of disease occurrence within a specific population.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology can accurately describe a disease and many factors concerning its occurrence before its cause is identified.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>One goal of epidemiologic studies is to define the parameters of disease, including risk factors, in order to develop the most effective measures for control.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is a data-driven discipline that relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is considered the basic science of public health as\u00a0epidemiology acts as a quantitative science that relies on the knowledge of probability, statistics, and essential research methods.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, epidemiology also acts as a method of reasoning based on hypotheses in the scientific fields like biology, behavioral sciences, physics, and ergonomics to explain health-related behaviors, states, and events.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Thus,\u00a0epidemiology is considered not just a research activity but an integral part of public health, providing the foundation for practical and appropriate public health actions based on data and causal reasoning.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology is similar to medicine in many aspects as it utilizes experience, epidemiologic judgment, and understanding of local conditions while diagnosing the health of a community.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The discipline also helps in the proposition of appropriate, practical, and acceptable public health interventions to control and prevent disease in the community.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epidemiology has now become a standard practice during outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics as it provides an example on how to deal with a new outbreak that might arise due to a different etiological agent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As infections are caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and fungi, epidemiological studies also support other disciplines like bacteriology and clinical medicine.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, the mode of transmission involves environmental factors like air, water, and soil, all of which are imperative in environmental microbiology.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Epidemiology","category_nicename":"epidemiology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40930"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40930"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40930\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40929"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40930"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40930"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40930"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}