{"id":40909,"date":"2023-08-03T14:55:51","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:10:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T14:55:51","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:10:51","slug":"digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/","title":{"rendered":"Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbohydrates-structure-properties-classification-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Carbohydrates<\/strong><\/a>, <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/lipids-properties-structure-classification-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>fats<\/strong><\/a>, and <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/proteins-properties-structure-classification-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>proteins<\/strong><\/a> are the major nutrients the body needs for growth, repair, movement, and maintaining tissue and organ function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These macromolecules are broken down and absorbed into the body at different rates and into specific forms as they travel through the organs in the digestive system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2522\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Digestion-and-Absorption-of-Carbohydrates-Proteins-and-Fats.jpg\" alt=\"Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/#digestion-of-carbohydrates\" title=\"Digestion of carbohydrates\">Digestion of carbohydrates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/#absorption-of-carbohydrates\" title=\"Absorption of carbohydrates \">Absorption of carbohydrates <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/#digestion-of-proteins\" title=\"Digestion of proteins\">Digestion of proteins<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/#absorption-of-proteins\" title=\"Absorption of Proteins \">Absorption of Proteins <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/#digestion-of-fats\" title=\"Digestion of Fats \">Digestion of Fats <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/#absorption-of-fats\" title=\"Absorption of Fats \">Absorption of Fats <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/#references\" title=\"References \">References <\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"digestion-of-carbohydrates\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Digestion of carbohydrates<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Among carbohydrates, only the monosaccharide forms are absorbed. Hence, all carbohydrates must be digested to glucose, galactose, and fructose for absorption to proceed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Enzymes Involved <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>a-Amylases<\/strong> (salivary and pancreatic) hydrolyze 1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch, yielding maltose, maltotriose, and \u03b1-limit dextrins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Maltase,<\/strong> a-dextrinase, and sucrase in the intestinal brush border then hydrolyze the oligosaccharides to glucose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Lactase<\/strong>, <strong>trehalase<\/strong>, and <strong>sucrase<\/strong> degrade their respective disaccharides lactose, trehalose, and sucrose to monosaccharides.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lactase degrades lactose to glucose and galactose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u200aTrehalase degrades trehalose to glucose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u200a\u200aSucrase degrades sucrose to glucose and fructose.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"absorption-of-carbohydrates\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Absorption of carbohydrates <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. Glucose and Galactose<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They\u200a\u200aare transported from the intestinal lumen into the cells by a Na+-dependent co-transport (SGLT 1) in the luminal membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The sugar is transported \u201cuphill\u201d and Na+ is transported \u201cdownhill.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are then transported from cell to blood by facilitated diffusion (GLUT 2).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Na+\u2013K+ pump in the basolateral membrane keeps the intracellular [Na+] low, thus maintaining the Na+ gradient across the luminal membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2. Fructose<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fructose \u200a\u200ais transported exclusively by facilitated diffusion; therefore, it cannot be absorbed against a concentration gradient.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"digestion-of-proteins\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Digestion of proteins<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dietary proteins are a source of amino acids that are utilized for the formation of various cellular substances.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mostly, proteins must be broken down into amino acids for absorption. Digestive products of protein can be absorbed as amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Both <strong>endopeptidases<\/strong> enzymes which \u200a\u200adegrade proteins by hydrolyzing interior peptide bonds and <strong>exopeptidases<\/strong> enzyme that \u200ahydrolyzes one amino acid at a time from the C-terminus of proteins and peptides are involved in the digestion of proteins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Digestion takes place in the stomach and the small intestine.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Enzymes Involved<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pepsin<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pepsin \u200a\u200ais secreted in its zymogen form as pepsinogen by the chief cells of the stomach.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by gastric H+. The optimum pH for pepsin is between 1 and 3. \u200a<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins into peptones and proteoses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When the pH is &gt;5, pepsin is denatured. Thus, in the intestine, as HCO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>\u2212<\/sup> is secreted in pancreatic fluids, duodenal pH increases, and pepsin is inactivated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pancreatic proteases<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The digestion is completed in the small intestine by the action of pancreatic and intestinal juice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The proteases include <strong>trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A, <\/strong>and <strong>carboxypeptidase B.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are secreted in inactive forms that are activated in the small intestine as follows:<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by a brush border enzyme, enterokinase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trypsin then converts chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase A and B to their active forms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"absorption-of-proteins\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Absorption of Proteins <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. Free amino acids<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u200a\u200aNa+-dependent amino acid cotransport occurs in the luminal membrane. It is analogous<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to the cotransporter for glucose and galactose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The amino acids are then transported from cell to blood by facilitated diffusion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are four separate carriers for neutral, acidic, basic, and imino amino acids, respectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2. Dipeptides and tripeptides<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are absorbed faster than free amino acids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u200a\u200aH+-dependent cotransport of dipeptides and tripeptides also occurs in the luminal membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u200aAfter the dipeptides and tripeptides are transported into the intestinal cells, cytoplasmic peptidases hydrolyze them to amino acids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The amino acids are then transported from cell to blood by facilitated diffusion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"digestion-of-fats\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Digestion of Fats <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fats not being soluble in water by their nature are both difficult to digest and absorb. They do not mix with the stomach or intestinal contents.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The first step in lipid digestion is emulsification, which is the transformation of large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The emulsification process increases the surface area of the lipid-exposed to the digestive enzymes by decreasing the droplet size.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Enzymes Involved<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. In the mouth <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Lingual lipases<\/strong> digest some of the ingested triglycerides to monoglycerides and fatty acids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, most of the ingested lipids are digested in the intestine by pancreatic lipases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2. Stomach<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the stomach, mixing breaks lipids into droplets to increase the surface area for digestion by pancreatic enzymes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3. Small intestine<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Bile acids<\/strong> emulsify lipids in the small intestine, increasing the surface area for digestion. The hydrophobic products of lipid digestion are solubilized in micelles by bile acids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pancreatic lipases<\/strong> hydrolyze lipids to fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and lysolecithin. The enzymes are <strong>pancreatic lipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, <\/strong>and<strong> phospholipase A2<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"absorption-of-fats\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Absorption of Fats <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Micelles bring the products of lipid digestion into contact with the absorptive surface of the intestinal cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Then, fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol diffuse across the luminal membrane into the cells. Glycerol is hydrophilic and is not contained in the micelles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the intestinal cells, the products of lipid digestion are re-esterified to triglycerides, cholesterol ester, and phospholipids and, with apoproteins, form chylomicrons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chylomicrons are transported out of the intestinal cells by exocytosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Because chylomicrons are too large to enter the capillaries, they are transferred to lymph vessels and are added to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chung, K. W., Chung, H. M., &amp; Halliday, N. L. (2015).\u00a0BRS\u00a0Gross\u00a0anatomy\u00a0(Eighth edition.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Waugh, A., &amp; Grant, A. (2009). Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. (11th edition). Churchill Livingstone<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hall, J. E. 1. (2016).\u00a0Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology\u00a0(13th edition.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.onlinebiologynotes.com\/physiology-of-digestion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.onlinebiologynotes.<\/a>com<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.onlinebiologynotes.com\/physiology-of-digestion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\/physiology-of-digestion\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the major nutrients the body needs for growth, repair, movement, and maintaining tissue and organ function. These macromolecules are broken down and absorbed into the &#8230; <a title=\"Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/digestion-and-absorption-of-carbohydrates-proteins-and-fats\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":40908,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553,6190],"tags":[4708,4712,4710,1826,4707,4711,4709,4713,1557],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Digestion-and-Absorption-of-Carbohydrates-Proteins-and-Fats.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0},{"term_id":6190,"name":"Human Anatomy and Physiology","slug":"anatomy-and-physiology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6190,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHuman anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.\r\nHumans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.\r\nOther typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.\r\nBesides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.\r\nThe chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\r\nThe human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.\r\nCells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.\r\nFour basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.\r\nThe following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.\r\nOrgans are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit.\r\nInformation on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.\r\nIt also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body's anatomy during growth.\r\n\r\n<strong>Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.\r\nPhysiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.\r\nA normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.\r\nThe concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.\r\nIn the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.\r\nHuman physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.\r\nBased on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.\r\nBesides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.\r\nA slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.\r\nHuman physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.\r\nHuman physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.\r\nDuring the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.\u00a0 The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.","parent":0,"count":73,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6190,"category_count":73,"category_description":"<strong>Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHuman anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.\r\nHumans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.\r\nOther typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.\r\nBesides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.\r\nThe chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\r\nThe human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.\r\nCells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.\r\nFour basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.\r\nThe following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.\r\nOrgans are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit.\r\nInformation on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.\r\nIt also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body's anatomy during growth.\r\n\r\n<strong>Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.\r\nPhysiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.\r\nA normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.\r\nThe concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.\r\nIn the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.\r\nHuman physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.\r\nBased on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.\r\nBesides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.\r\nA slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.\r\nHuman physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.\r\nHuman physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.\r\nDuring the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.\u00a0 The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.","cat_name":"Human Anatomy and Physiology","category_nicename":"anatomy-and-physiology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40909"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40909"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40909\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40908"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}