{"id":40818,"date":"2023-08-03T14:54:43","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T09:09:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/"},"modified":"2024-03-03T00:52:03","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T19:07:03","slug":"sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/","title":{"rendered":"Sterilization- Physical and chemical methods"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Microorganisms play an important role in causing infection and contamination. Therefore, Sterilization is an important technique in microbiology which helps to remove or destroy microorganisms from materials or surfaces.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#common-definitions\" title=\"Common Definitions\">Common Definitions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#sterilization\" title=\"Sterilization\">Sterilization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#disinfection\" title=\"Disinfection\">Disinfection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#antiseptics\" title=\"Antiseptics\">Antiseptics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#asepsis\" title=\"Asepsis\">Asepsis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#methods-of-sterilization\" title=\"Methods of Sterilization\">Methods of Sterilization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#physical-methods\" title=\"Physical Methods\">Physical Methods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#sunlight\" title=\"Sunlight\">Sunlight<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#heat\" title=\"Heat\">Heat<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#dry-heat-procedures\" title=\"Dry Heat: Procedures\">Dry Heat: Procedures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#red-heat\" title=\"Red Heat\">Red Heat<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#flaming\" title=\"Flaming\">Flaming<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#incineration\" title=\"Incineration\">Incineration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#hot-air-oven\" title=\"Hot Air Oven\">Hot Air Oven<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#sterilization-control\" title=\"Sterilization control\">Sterilization control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#moist-heat-sterilization-procedure\" title=\"Moist Heat Sterilization: Procedure\">Moist Heat Sterilization: Procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#temperature-below-1000c\" title=\"Temperature below 1000C\">Temperature below 1000C<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#pasteurization\" title=\"Pasteurization\">Pasteurization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#inspissation\" title=\"Inspissation\">Inspissation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#vaccine-bath\" title=\"Vaccine bath\">Vaccine bath<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#low-temperature-steam-formaldehyde-sterilization-ltsf\" title=\"Low-temperature steam formaldehyde sterilization (LTSF)\">Low-temperature steam formaldehyde sterilization (LTSF)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#at-a-temperature-of-1000c\" title=\"At a temperature of 1000C\">At a temperature of 1000C<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#boiling\" title=\"Boiling\">Boiling<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#tyndallisation\" title=\"Tyndallisation\">Tyndallisation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#steam-sterilizer\" title=\"Steam sterilizer\">Steam sterilizer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#temperature-above-1000c-under-pressure\" title=\"Temperature above 1000C (under pressure)\">Temperature above 1000C (under pressure)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#autoclave\" title=\"Autoclave\">Autoclave<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#sterilization-control-2\" title=\"Sterilization control\">Sterilization control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#ozone\" title=\"Ozone\">Ozone<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#filtration\" title=\"Filtration\">Filtration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#radiation\" title=\"Radiation\">Radiation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#ionizing-radiation\" title=\"Ionizing radiation\">Ionizing radiation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#non-ionizing-radiation\" title=\"Non-ionizing radiation\">Non-ionizing radiation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#chemical-method\" title=\"Chemical Method\">Chemical Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#alcohols\" title=\"Alcohols\">Alcohols<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#aldehydes\" title=\"Aldehydes\">Aldehydes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#formaldehyde\" title=\"Formaldehyde\">Formaldehyde<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#glutaraldehyde\" title=\"Glutaraldehyde\">Glutaraldehyde<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#orthophathalaldehyde\" title=\"Orthophathalaldehyde\">Orthophathalaldehyde<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#phenols\" title=\"Phenols\">Phenols<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#cresols\" title=\"Cresols\">Cresols<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#chlorhexidine\" title=\"Chlorhexidine\">Chlorhexidine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#chloroxylenol\" title=\"Chloroxylenol\">Chloroxylenol<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#hexachlorophene\" title=\"Hexachlorophene\">Hexachlorophene<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#halogens\" title=\"Halogens\">Halogens<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#oxidizing-agents\" title=\"Oxidizing agents\">Oxidizing agents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#hydrogen-peroxide\" title=\"Hydrogen peroxide\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#peracetic-acid\" title=\"Peracetic acid\">Peracetic acid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#salts\" title=\"Salts\">Salts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#dyes\" title=\"Dyes\">Dyes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#vapor-phase-disinfectants\" title=\"Vapor phase Disinfectants\">Vapor phase Disinfectants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#ethylene-oxide-eto\" title=\"Ethylene Oxide (ETO)\">Ethylene Oxide (ETO)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#betapropilolactone-bpo\" title=\"Betapropilolactone (BPO)\">Betapropilolactone (BPO)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/#reference\" title=\"Reference\">Reference<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"common-definitions\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Common Definitions<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sterilization\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sterilization<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is the process by which an article, surface or medium is made free of all microorganisms either in vegetative or spore form.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"disinfection\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Disinfection<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It refers to the destruction of all pathogens or organisms which can cause infection but not necessarily spores. All organisms may not be killed but the number is reduced to a level that no longer harmful to health.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"antiseptics\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Antiseptics<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These are chemical disinfectants that are safe to apply on living tissues and used to prevent infection by arresting the growth of the microorganism.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"asepsis\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Asepsis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This refers to the technique which helps to prevent the occurrence of infection into an uninfected tissue.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods.jpg\" alt=\"Sterilization- physical and chemical methods\" class=\"wp-image-1078\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Image Source: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128144213000142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-814421-3.00014-2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"methods-of-sterilization\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Methods of Sterilization<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"physical-methods\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Physical Methods<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sunlight\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sunlight<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sunlight has an active germicidal effect due to the presence of ultraviolet rays. It is a natural procedure of sterilization which reduces the number of microorganisms in water tanks, lakes, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"heat\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Heat<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heat is a mostly used method of sterilization. Moreover, it is a highly effective and most reliable process. There are two major methods of using heat in sterilization which are dry heat and moist heat. The principle behind both of these methods is similar. Dry heat induces the denaturation of protein, oxidative damage and toxic effect due to the high level of electrolytes. Moreover, the dry heat can also damage the DNA of the microorganism. As a result, the microorganism got killed. Moist Heat kills the microorganisms by denaturation and coagulation of proteins. There are several factors that can influence the heat killing procedure. Such as<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Temperature and Duration: The duration and temperature are inversely connected to each other. Therefore, in the case of the long duration of heat provided for sterilization, the temperature will be reduced while in case of high temperature the duration will be reduced.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Characteristic of the Microorganism: Microorganisms can be present in both vegetative and spore form. Spore forms are generally heat resistant. Therefore, the sterilization process will vary on the basis of the characteristic of the microorganism.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Type of Material: Organic substances often provide protection to the vegetative and spore form of microorganisms which reduces the lethal property of heat. Apart from that, the materials containing the substances are also needed to be heat stable for proper sterilization.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"dry-heat-procedures\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Dry Heat: Procedures<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"red-heat\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Red Heat<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Inoculation loops, wires, forceps tips, needles are needed to be sterilized to inhibit microbial contamination. These instruments are held in the flame of a Bunsen burner until they become red hot.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"flaming\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Flaming<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Glass slides, scalpels, and mouths of culture tubes or conical flasks are passed through Bunsen flame without allowing them to become red hot.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"incineration\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Incineration<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This procedure is used to reduce the infective material into ashes by burning. The incinerator is used for the process. Soiled dressings, animal carcasses, bedding, and pathological materials are dealt with this method.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hot-air-oven\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Hot Air Oven<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a widely used method of sterilization by dry heat. The heat inside the oven is maintained by electricity and a fan fitted inside it provides the adequate distribution of hot air inside the chamber. A thermostat is also connected which maintains the temperature inside the chamber. 160<sup>0<\/sup>C for two hours is required for sterilization. There are also some alternative temperatures and holding time which include 170<sup>0<\/sup>C for 1 hour and 180<sup>0<\/sup>C for 30 minutes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Uses: Sterilization of<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Glasswares like glass syringes, Petri dishes, flasks, pipettes, and test tubes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Surgical instruments like scalpels, scissors, forceps, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chemicals such as liquid, paraffin, fats, sulphonamides powders etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sterilization-control\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sterilization control<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The spores of Bacillus subtilis subsp. Niger (NCTC 10075 or ATCC 9372) are kept inside the oven. These spores should be destroyed if the sterilization is proper.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thermocouples may also be used.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Browne\u2019s tube with a green spot is available. After proper sterilization, a green color is produced (after two years at 160<sup>0<\/sup>C).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"moist-heat-sterilization-procedure\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Moist Heat Sterilization: Procedure<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"temperature-below-1000c\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Temperature below 100<sup>0<\/sup>C<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pasteurization\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pasteurization<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are two different types of pasteurization methods that are used for sterilization of milk, Holder method (63<sup>o<\/sup>C for 30 minutes) and flash method (72<sup>0<\/sup>C for 20 seconds followed by cooling quickly to 13<sup>0<\/sup>C). This method is effective against all non-sporing pathogens such as mycobacteria, <em>Salmonella<\/em>, etc. except <em>Coxiella burnetii <\/em>which survives the holder method due to heat resistant characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"inspissation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Inspissation<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Media like Lowenstein- Jensen\u2019s and Loeffler\u2019s serum are required to sterile at 80-85<sup>0<\/sup>C for 30 minutes daily on three consecutive days. This process is known as inspissation and the instrument used is called inspissator.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vaccine-bath\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Vaccine bath<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is used for sterilization of bacterial vaccines at 60<sup>0<\/sup>C for one hour. Serum or other body fluids can be sterilized by heating in a water bath at 56<sup>0<\/sup>C for several successive days.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"low-temperature-steam-formaldehyde-sterilization-ltsf\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Low-temperature steam formaldehyde sterilization (LTSF)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This method is applicable for materials that cannot withstand 100<sup>0<\/sup>C temperature. In this method, steam at subatmospheric pressure at 75<sup>0<\/sup>C with formaldehyde vapor is used. <em>Bacillus stearothermophilus<\/em> plays an important role as a biological control to test the efficacy of the test.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"at-a-temperature-of-1000c\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>At a temperature of 100<sup>0<\/sup>C<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"boiling\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Boiling<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is an effective method that can kill vegetative cells. Boiling for 10-30 minutes can kill most of the vegetative cells; however, many spores can withstand this temperature. Boiling can be employed when adequate methods are not available to sterilize glass syringes, rubber stopper, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"tyndallisation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Tyndallisation<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this case, steam at 100<sup>0<\/sup>C for successive 3 days is used. It is also known as intermittent sterilization. In this case, the first exposure kills the vegetative forms, and in the intervals between the heating and remaining spores germinates into vegetative forms which are killed on subsequent heating. This process is applied for sterilization of egg, serum or sugar-containing media which can be damaged due to exposure in high temperature for a longer period.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"steam-sterilizer\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Steam sterilizer<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Koch\u2019s and Arnold\u2019s steam sterilization is usually used for media which can easily decompose due to the high temperature in the autoclave. Those media are kept on a perforated tray and steam at 100<sup>0<\/sup>C and at atmospheric pressure passes through the media for 90 minutes. It is an effective method to kill vegetative cells.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"temperature-above-1000c-under-pressure\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Temperature above 100<sup>0<\/sup>C (under pressure)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"autoclave\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Autoclave<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Steam above 100<sup>0<\/sup>C or saturated steam has a better killing capacity than dry heat. Bacterial proteins coagulate rapidly at moist heat. Saturate steam has the ability to penetrate any porous material. When steam comes into contact with the cooler surface it condenses into water and releases its latent heat to the surface. The large reduction in volume sucks in more steam to the same site and the process continues until the temperature of the substance raised to that of steam. The condensed water produced moist conditions for killing the microbes present.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The autoclave is a modified pressure cooker which contains a vertical or horizontal cylinder. The cylinder is made up of stainless still. A lid on the cylinder is placed and fastened by screw clams to make it airtight. The lid contains a steam discharge unit, a pressure gauge, and a safety valve. Moreover, a thermostat is present to monitor the temperature. Heat is produced by electricity. At the time of sterilization, the cylinder is filled with an adequate amount of water and it is kept for some time for preheating. After that, the materials which are needed to be sterilized are inserted into the cylinder and the lid is then closed tightly. The temperature will increase eventually along with the pressure. When the temperature reaches 121.1<sup>0<\/sup>C and the pressure at 15 psi the sterilization is performed for 15 minutes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Uses: Sterilization of<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Culture media, rubber material, dressing gloves.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Materials that are unable to withstand dry heat in a hot air oven.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sterilization-control-2\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sterilization control<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thermocouple<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bacterial spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus used at test organisms.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Browne\u2019s tubes contain red solution which turns into green when exposed to the specific temperature for 15 minutes in an autoclave.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Autoclave tips.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ozone\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ozone<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ozone sterilizer uses oxygen, water, and electricity to produce ozone within the sterilizer and provide sterilization without producing toxic chemicals. It runs at 25-35<sup>0<\/sup>C temperature.&nbsp; Inside this device, the oxygen is converted into atomic oxygen due to the intense electrical field. The atomic oxygen is then combined with the oxygen molecule to produce ozone.&nbsp; The ozone provides a sterility assurance of 10<sup>-6<\/sup> in approximately 4 hours.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"filtration\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Filtration<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This process is useful for sterilizing those materials which are unable to withstand heat. There are several types of filters such as<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Candle filter<\/em>: Used for purification of water. These filters consist of hollow candles and water passes through the candles for purification.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Asbestos disc filters<\/em>: These are made up of magnesium silicate.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Sintered glass filters<\/em>: These are prepared by fusing finely powdered glass powders.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Membrane filters<\/em>: These are made up of cellulose esters and are used for water analysis, sterility testing and for the preparation of the solutions. Membrane filters are available in pore size 0.015 to 12 micron. The .22 micron filter is most commonly used as it is smaller than bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Air filters<\/em>: These filters are used in laminar airflow chambers to give bacteria-free air supply. These are also known as High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. These filters can separate particles of 0. Micron or larger.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Syringe filters<\/em>: Syringes fitted with the membrane of different diameters are available.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A limitation of using the filtration process is that the pores are not small enough for viruses.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"radiation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Radiation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ionizing-radiation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ionizing radiation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ionizing radiations such as gamma rays, X rays, and cosmic rays are used for sterilization process. Due to the high penetrating power, these radiations are lethal for cells. The bacterial cells are killed by damage in the DNA. Gamma radiations from a cobalt 60 source are commercially used for sterilization of disposable items. This procedure is also known as cold sterilization.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"non-ionizing-radiation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Non-ionizing radiation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Infrared radiation and UV radiation comes under this of radiation. Infrared radiation is used for mass sterilization of syringes and catheters. UV radiation with a wavelength of 240nm to 280nm has bactericidal capacity. The UV radiation causes protein denaturation and interferes with DNA replication of bacteria. UV radiations are used for sterilization of close areas, surfaces, operation theaters, laminar airflow, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"chemical-method\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chemical Method<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Several chemical agents are used as antiseptic and disinfectants. The properties of a chemical antiseptic or disinfectant are following<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chemical disinfectants need to have a broad spectrum of activity against all microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chemical agents should act in the presence of organic matter.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">High penetration power is an important property of the chemical agents<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chemical agent needs to be chemically stable under both acidic and basic environments.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chemical substances should not have any corrosion activity in metals.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The disinfectants are needed to be non-toxic if absorbed into circulation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Finally, the chemical agents are needed to be easily available and less expensive.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"alcohols\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Alcohols<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are frequently used as chemical agents for disinfection. Both of the chemicals facilitate the protein denaturation of bacterial proteins. 70% ethyl alcohol is the standard concentration which is used for disinfection. These are used as skin antiseptics. Apart from this methyl alcohol has activity against fungal spores and used to disinfection of inoculation cabinets.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"aldehydes\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aldehydes<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"formaldehyde\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Formaldehyde<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is known for its bactericidal, sporicidal and virucidal activities. It can be used in both aqueous and gaseous form. A 10% formalin solution is a standard chemical disinfectant. It is used for<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prevention of tissues for histological examinations.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sterilization of bacterial vaccines<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Preparation of toxoids from toxins.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"glutaraldehyde\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Glutaraldehyde<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It has its activity against bacteria (<em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis)<\/em>, fungi and viruses (including HIV, hepatitis B, etc). It can also kill spores and is known for its less toxic nature. It is used as a 2% buffered solution. Glutaraldehyde is used for<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sterilization of cystoscopes, endoscopes, and bronchoscopes<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sterilization of plastic endotracheal tubes, face masks, metal instruments, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"orthophathalaldehyde\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Orthophathalaldehyde<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Orthophathalaldehyde (OPA) is a high-level disinfectant and is known for its stability during storage. It has bactericidal effects against mycobacteria. 0.5% OPA is slowly sporicidal and OPA vapors irritate the respiratory tract and eyes, therefore, it must be handled with appropriate safety.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"phenols\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Phenols<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lister (father of antiseptic surgery) used phenol for the first time in the sterilization of surgical instruments.&nbsp; Phenols work as a disinfectant and kill microorganisms by cell membrane damage. It is toxic for the skin. Different derivatives of phenol are used as antiseptics which are following<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cresols\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cresols<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An example of cresol is Lysol which is mostly used for sterilization of infected glasswares, floors, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"chlorhexidine\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chlorhexidine<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Savlon is an example of a chlorhexidine solution which is widely used in wounds, preoperative disinfection of the skin. It is bactericidal at high dilution. Moreover, it also has fungicidal activity.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"chloroxylenol\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chloroxylenol<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dettol is commercially available as a chloroxylenol solution. It is less toxic and less irritant.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hexachlorophene\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hexachlorophene<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is bacteriostatic at very high dilution.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"halogens\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Halogens<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chlorine and iodine are commonly used disinfectants. Chlorine is used in water supplies, swimming pools, food, and dairy industries. Chlorine compounds in the form of bleaching powder, sodium hypochlorite, and chloramines. The disinfection action of all the chlorine compounds is due to the release of free chlorine which becomes a strong oxidative agent.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Iodine in alcoholic and aqueous solution is used as a skin disinfectant. It is active against <em>M tuberculosis <\/em>and slightly active against spores. Compounds with iodine with surface-active agents known as iodophors are claimed to be more active than aqueous or alcohol solution.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"oxidizing-agents\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Oxidizing agents<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hydrogen-peroxide\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is effective against most organisms in the concentration of 3-6 %. However, it kills spores at higher concentrations (10-25%). The mode of action is by the liberation of free hydroxyl radical on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. These free radicals are active ingredients in the disinfection process.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"peracetic-acid\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Peracetic acid<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is an oxidizing agent and is a more potent germicidal agent than hydrogen peroxide.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"salts\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Salts<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Slats of heavy metals have a toxic effect on bacteria. The salts of copper, silver, and mercury are used as a disinfectant. They are protein coagulant ant act by combining with sulphydryl groups of bacterial proteins and other essential intracellular compounds. Merthiolate (sodium ethyl mercurithiosalicylate) is used in a dilution of 1:10000 for the preservation of sera.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"dyes\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dyes<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Two groups of dyes, aniline and acridine dyes have been used as a skin and wound antiseptics. Both the dyes have bacteriostatic activity. Aniline dyes include crystal violet, brilliant green, and malachite green. Acridine dyes include acriflavine, cuflavin, proflavin, and aminacrine.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vapor-phase-disinfectants\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vapor phase Disinfectants<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ethylene-oxide-eto\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ethylene Oxide (ETO)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 10.7<sup>0<\/sup>C. It is effective against all types of microorganisms including viruses and spores. It acts by alkylating the amnio carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulphydryl groups in protein molecules. In addition, it reacts with DNA and RNA. It is specially used for sterilizing plastic and rubber articles, respirators, heart-lung machines, dental equipment, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"betapropilolactone-bpo\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Betapropilolactone (BPO)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is a condensation product of ketane and formaldehyde. It has rapid action and used in0.2%. It is more efficient in fumigation than formaldehyde. BPO is used for the inactivation of vaccines.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reference\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Textbook of Microbiology by C.P. Baveja, 4<sup>th<\/sup> Edition, Arya Publications<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Microorganisms play an important role in causing infection and contamination. Therefore, Sterilization is an important technique in microbiology which helps to remove or destroy microorganisms from materials or surfaces. Common &#8230; <a title=\"Sterilization- Physical and chemical methods\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Sterilization- Physical and chemical methods\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":40817,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1572],"tags":[5293,6191,5292,6192],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Sterilization-physical-and-chemical-methods.jpg","author":{"name":"Somak Banerjee","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d443c0fb4b490658186c2ad4b82ea74f?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1572,"name":"Basic Microbiology","slug":"basic-microbiology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1572,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Microbiology is the branch of science that deals with microscopic organisms and their interaction with other microscopic and macroscopic organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Microorganisms are tiny microscopic organisms that are too small to be seen with naked eyes and thus, can only be seen with a microscope. Microorganisms include microscopic organisms like bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Basic microscopy deals with a diverse group of studies that help in research related to the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution, and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology also deals with the structure, function, classification of such organisms, along with exploiting and controlling their activities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The concept of microbiology began with the discovery of the microscope by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On the one hand, microbes are used for their unique features which allow the production of antibiotics, amino acids, hormones, and other therapeutic compounds, and also the production of food and food-related products.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microorganisms are also involved in the decomposition of components such as lignocellulosic biomass for second-generation ethanol or biogas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Similarly, certain genetic features and biochemical abilities of microorganisms make them dangerous for industry (food spoilage) as well as human health.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology, initially, was only associated with pathogenic microorganisms that result in different forms of diseases in different groups of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>With the establishment of microbiology as a discipline, the application of microorganisms in different areas has also increased.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The use of microorganisms in food and pharmaceuticals has given rise to the branching of microbiology into further disciplines and studies.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Thus, over the years, the branch has been classified into further groups like agriculture microbiology, food microbiology, pharmaceutical microbiology, systemic microbiology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The studies in microbiology have also increased due to the use of microorganisms in different researches as these are easy to manipulate and reproduce when compared to other living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies in microbiology are essential for the discovery of new and advanced methods for the discovery of emerging microorganisms and associated diseases and applications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology also deals with techniques for the identification of these microorganisms, their classification, and the life cycle.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All of this allows for a better understanding of microorganisms and their role in maintaining the ecosystem.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology and microorganisms can be applied for the formation of new genetically engineered microorganisms by a process like genetic recombination.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, different microorganisms have found their application in the production of food, industrial products, and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":60,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1572,"category_count":60,"category_description":"<strong>Microbiology is the branch of science that deals with microscopic organisms and their interaction with other microscopic and macroscopic organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Microorganisms are tiny microscopic organisms that are too small to be seen with naked eyes and thus, can only be seen with a microscope. Microorganisms include microscopic organisms like bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Basic microscopy deals with a diverse group of studies that help in research related to the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution, and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology also deals with the structure, function, classification of such organisms, along with exploiting and controlling their activities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The concept of microbiology began with the discovery of the microscope by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On the one hand, microbes are used for their unique features which allow the production of antibiotics, amino acids, hormones, and other therapeutic compounds, and also the production of food and food-related products.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microorganisms are also involved in the decomposition of components such as lignocellulosic biomass for second-generation ethanol or biogas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Similarly, certain genetic features and biochemical abilities of microorganisms make them dangerous for industry (food spoilage) as well as human health.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology, initially, was only associated with pathogenic microorganisms that result in different forms of diseases in different groups of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>With the establishment of microbiology as a discipline, the application of microorganisms in different areas has also increased.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The use of microorganisms in food and pharmaceuticals has given rise to the branching of microbiology into further disciplines and studies.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Thus, over the years, the branch has been classified into further groups like agriculture microbiology, food microbiology, pharmaceutical microbiology, systemic microbiology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The studies in microbiology have also increased due to the use of microorganisms in different researches as these are easy to manipulate and reproduce when compared to other living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies in microbiology are essential for the discovery of new and advanced methods for the discovery of emerging microorganisms and associated diseases and applications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology also deals with techniques for the identification of these microorganisms, their classification, and the life cycle.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All of this allows for a better understanding of microorganisms and their role in maintaining the ecosystem.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Microbiology and microorganisms can be applied for the formation of new genetically engineered microorganisms by a process like genetic recombination.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, different microorganisms have found their application in the production of food, industrial products, and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Basic Microbiology","category_nicename":"basic-microbiology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40818"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40818"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40818\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":43542,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40818\/revisions\/43542"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40818"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40818"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40818"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}