{"id":40668,"date":"2023-06-15T12:24:38","date_gmt":"2023-06-15T06:39:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=40668"},"modified":"2023-06-15T12:24:40","modified_gmt":"2023-06-15T06:39:40","slug":"electroporator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/","title":{"rendered":"Electroporator: Principle, Types, Parts, Uses, Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Electroporator is a device used in molecular biology and genetic engineering to introduce foreign <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/dna-structure-properties-types-and-functions\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1145\">DNA<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/rna-properties-structure-types-and-functions\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1159\">RNA<\/a>, or other molecules into the cells using electric pulses.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator.jpg\" alt=\"Electroporator\" class=\"wp-image-40672\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Electroporator<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#electroporator-history\" title=\"Electroporator History\">Electroporator History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#principle-of-electroporation\" title=\"Principle of Electroporation\">Principle of Electroporation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#types-of-electroporation\" title=\"Types of Electroporation\">Types of Electroporation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#electroporator-parts\" title=\"Electroporator Parts\">Electroporator Parts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#steps-for-performing-electroporation\" title=\"Steps for performing electroporation\">Steps for performing electroporation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#applications-of-electroporator\" title=\"Applications of Electroporator\">Applications of Electroporator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#advantages-of-electroporator\" title=\"Advantages of Electroporator\">Advantages of Electroporator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#disadvantages-of-electroporator\" title=\"Disadvantages of Electroporator\">Disadvantages of Electroporator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#precautions-while-using-an-electroporator\" title=\"Precautions while using an Electroporator\">Precautions while using an Electroporator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#electroporator-examples\" title=\"Electroporator Examples\">Electroporator Examples<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#cell-electroporator-eporator%c2%ae-eppendorf-se\" title=\"Cell electroporator Eporator\u00ae (Eppendorf SE)\">Cell electroporator Eporator\u00ae (Eppendorf SE)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#cell-electroporator-nepa21-bulldog-bio-inc\" title=\"Cell electroporator NEPA21 (Bulldog Bio, Inc.)\">Cell electroporator NEPA21 (Bulldog Bio, Inc.)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#micropulser-electroporator-biorad\" title=\"Micropulser Electroporator (BioRad)\">Micropulser Electroporator (BioRad)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#btx%e2%84%a2-ecm%e2%84%a2-399-exponential-decay-wave-electroporator-fisherscientific\" title=\"BTX\u2122 ECM\u2122 399 Exponential Decay Wave Electroporator (fisherscientific)\">BTX\u2122 ECM\u2122 399 Exponential Decay Wave Electroporator (fisherscientific)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#gemini-twin-wave-electroporators-btx\" title=\"Gemini Twin Wave Electroporators (BTX)\">Gemini Twin Wave Electroporators (BTX)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"electroporator-history\"><\/span><strong>Electroporator<\/strong> <strong>History<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1960, it was discovered that a larger membrane potential is developed at the two poles of a cell when an external electric field is applied. In 1970, it was discovered that the membrane would break and recover as well once membrane potential reaches a critical level. In 1980. Dr. Thomas C. Weaver and his colleagues discovered electroporation by using the same principle. The term electroporation was coined to describe the process which involved electric fields to create transient pores in the cell membrane and allow molecules to enter the cell.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"principle-of-electroporation\"><\/span><strong>Principle of Electroporation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When the electrical pulse of optimized voltage lasting for a few microseconds is discharged through cell suspension of host cells and selected molecules (e.g., DNA), the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is disturbed. This leads to the formation of temporary pores. Then the electrical potential across the membrane rises, allowing charged molecules like DNA to enter inside through the pores. The process is similar to <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gel-electrophoresis-system-apparatus-parts-types-examples\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"39354\">electrophoresis<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"828\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Yeast-Transformation-by-Electroporation.jpg\" alt=\"Yeast Transformation by Electroporation\" class=\"wp-image-40676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Yeast-Transformation-by-Electroporation.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Yeast-Transformation-by-Electroporation-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Yeast-Transformation-by-Electroporation-1024x565.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Yeast-Transformation-by-Electroporation-768x424.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Yeast Transformation by Electroporation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-electroporation\"><\/span><strong>Types of Electroporation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Basically, there are two main types of electroporation on the basis of cells involved: a) Bulk electroporation b) Single-cell electroporation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Bulk electroporation: <\/strong>It involves the electroporation of the bulk population of cells. In this kind of electroporation, a homogeneous electric field is applied to a suspension of cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Single-cell electroporation: <\/strong>It involves the electroporation of individual cells. It has applications in single-cell studies. In this kind of electroporation, an electric field is created locally near a single cell.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Likewise, there are two main types of electroporators on the basis of configuration: a) Open electroporators b) Closed electroporators<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Open electroporators:<\/strong> In this type of electroporator, users can configure settings like pulse length, pulse intensity, waveform, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Closed electroporators:<\/strong> In this type of electroporator, the user has to select pre-designed configurations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Similarly, there are two types of electroporators on the basis of mode of operation: a) Exponential decay electroporators b) Square wave electroporators<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Exponential decay electroporators:<\/strong> These generate electric pulses that have an exponential decay waveform. These pulses can be optimized by differing the voltage and capacitance settings in order to develop a pulse gradient.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Square wave electroporators: <\/strong>These generate a square wave pulse. These pulses feature the voltage, duration between pulses, frequency of pulses, and time of the pulse.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>These two electroporators are most commonly utilized for mammalian electroporation purposes. Besides these, time-constant electroporators are characterized by the time constant pulses which offer a single voltage sustained for a designated period of time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"electroporator-parts\"><\/span><strong>Electroporator Parts<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Parts.jpg\" alt=\"Electroporator Parts\" class=\"wp-image-40678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Parts.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Parts-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Parts-1024x582.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Parts-768x437.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Electroporator Parts<\/strong>. Image source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/229634295\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/229634295<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The basic components of an electroporator are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Power supply:<\/strong> It is the main component of an electroporator which provides electrical energy to create electrical fields. The voltages offered by the power supply range from a few volts to kilovolts. It can also provide a short pulse of energy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pulse generator:<\/strong> It is the component that controls the amplitude, duration, and frequency of the pulses. Amplitude, duration, and pulse frequency are important parameters for efficient electroporation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cuvettes: <\/strong>They are disposable plastic or glass tubes for holding the cells and molecules. Their size and design might differ to accommodate different sample volumes. They have two metal electrodes on the opposite side which help with electric pulse delivery to the cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrodes: <\/strong>These are the components used to deliver the electric pulse to the cells. Proper alignment of electrodes is required to achieve uniform electric field distribution across the cells.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"steps-for-performing-electroporation\"><\/span><strong>Steps for performing electroporation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Basically, electroporation consists of four steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Cell Preparation: <\/strong>Cells are prepared by suspending them in recommended electroporation buffer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electric pulse application: <\/strong>Electric pulse should be applied to cells in the presence of buffer and nucleic acids. In this step, an electric pulse causes potential differences across the cell membrane, so transient pores are created in the membrane, which helps for nucleic acid entry into the cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cells return to growing conditions:<\/strong> In this step, cells are returned to growth conditions and allowed to recover.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cells assay: <\/strong>This is the final step. In this step, cells are assayed for gene expression or silencing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"834\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Bacterial-Electroporation-Transformation-Steps.jpg\" alt=\"Bacterial Electroporation Transformation Steps\" class=\"wp-image-40674\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Bacterial-Electroporation-Transformation-Steps.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Bacterial-Electroporation-Transformation-Steps-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Bacterial-Electroporation-Transformation-Steps-1024x569.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Bacterial-Electroporation-Transformation-Steps-768x427.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bacterial Electroporation Transformation Steps<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"applications-of-electroporator\"><\/span><strong>Applications of Electroporator<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Cell therapy: <\/strong>An electroporator with exceptional cell viability and recovery is used for cell therapy applications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gene therapy: <\/strong>Recent technological advancement has made gene therapy safer and more efficient.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cancer treatment: <\/strong>Electrochemotherapy is the best application of electroporation in cancer treatment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Genetic Engineering: <\/strong>Electroporation is an easy and simple method for transferring genes\/plasmids to bacterial cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transfection: <\/strong>It is versatile and can be used for the transfection of DNA, RNA, mRNA, RNPs, or proteins in all cell types.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"advantages-of-electroporator\"><\/span><strong>Advantages of Electroporator<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>It is time efficient as it takes only a few minutes for transfection or transformation experiments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is versatile as it can be used to introduce foreign components like DNA or RNA or proteins into various types of cells like bacteria, yeast, plant, or animal cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has high transfection or transformation efficiency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is toxic chemical free, which could damage cells or affect cell viability. It can be used for both large-scale experiments and small-scale experiments. For instance, bulk electroporators are used for large volumes of cell suspensions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electroporators allow users to adjust the electroporation conditions according to need.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It does not require any <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vector-molecular-biology\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"34922\">vector<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is less dependent on cell type.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Results are reproducible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It works well with cell types that are difficult to transfect.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is simple and easy to use.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"disadvantages-of-electroporator\"><\/span><strong>Disadvantages of Electroporator<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>It requires parameters to be carefully optimized.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can be expensive, especially for an electroporator with advanced features.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It requires complex setups like electroporators, electrodes, and cuvettes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can have an impact on cell viability if an electrical pulse cause cellular damage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Optimizing the electroporation parameters for different cell types can sometimes be time-consuming and challenging.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"precautions-while-using-an-electroporator\"><\/span><strong>Precautions while using an Electroporator<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Cuvettes and centrifuges should be pre-chilled in ice before use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrocompetent cells are needed to be thawed on ice and suspended well.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid adding large volumes of DNA as it decreases transformation efficiency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNA for transformation should be free from salts and proteins.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electroporation should be optimized according to cuvettes and electroporators.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid high concentrations of salts or air bubbles as they may cause arcing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A recovery medium should be added to the cells immediately after electroporation. Delays can decrease the transformation efficiency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Petri plates should be pre-warmed at 37\u00b0C for 1 hour to expect higher transformation efficiency.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"electroporator-examples\"><\/span><strong><strong>Electroporator<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>Examples<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cell-electroporator-eporator%c2%ae-eppendorf-se\"><\/span><strong>Cell electroporator Eporator\u00ae (Eppendorf SE)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>The electroporator allows faster handling of samples using a single button.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It offers a USB interface for data transfer and GLP for documentation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The compact design consumes small space and the safety limit is maximized by the integrated cuvette holder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The display indicators allow self-explanatory operation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cell-electroporator-nepa21-bulldog-bio-inc\"><\/span><strong>Cell electroporator NEPA21 (Bulldog Bio, Inc.)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>It operates at low voltage short-and-long pulses and reversing polarities to deliver perfect square waves with almost the absence of cytotoxic effects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The large variety of cells, tissues, and organisms can be transfected with high efficiency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It depends on unique non-capacitor-driven pulsing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1003\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Examples.jpg\" alt=\"Electroporator Examples\" class=\"wp-image-40680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Examples.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Examples-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Examples-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator-Examples-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure: Electroporator Examples. Image Source: Respective company websites.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"micropulser-electroporator-biorad\"><\/span><strong>Micropulser Electroporator (BioRad)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>The presence of an arc quenching (ARQ) system allows arcing and prevents loss of samples.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reproducibility can be maintained by the time constant and volts displayed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wide range of parameters can be optimized manually and the pulse indicators are audible as well as visible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"btx%e2%84%a2-ecm%e2%84%a2-399-exponential-decay-wave-electroporator-fisherscientific\"><\/span><strong>BTX\u2122 ECM\u2122 399 Exponential Decay Wave Electroporator (fisherscientific)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>These are portable and user-friendly and feature ECM 399 Generator, PEP\u2122 (Personal Electroporation Pak) Stand (can be ordered separately), and cuvettes and cuvette racks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It produces field strength and pulse lengths with precision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It also characteristics single-dial control, low and high voltage, 16-character LCD readout, pulse length, and peak voltage feedback.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"gemini-twin-wave-electroporators-btx\"><\/span><strong>Gemini Twin Wave Electroporators (BTX)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>A single unit offers both square wave and exponential decay electroporation and is ideal for CRISPR, in vivo, in vitro, in ovo, and other purposes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It endorses a system for cuvettes\/plates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The readily designed protocols are set for the most common eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types while the user-defined protocols enhance increased ability to add and modify them.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>https:\/\/international.neb.com\/tools-and-resources\/usage-guidelines\/electroporation-tips<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/np\/en\/home\/references\/gibco-cell-culture-basics\/transfection-basics\/methods\/electroporation.html<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.future-science.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2144\/btn-2018-2011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.selectscience.net\/products\/ecm-830-square-wave-electroporation-system\/?prodID=226152<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/3\/412<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.medicalexpo.com\/prod\/eppendorf-se\/product-68382-1012911.html<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.medicalexpo.com\/prod\/bulldog-bio-inc\/product-128360-945340.html<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.bio-rad.com\/en-np\/product\/micropulser-electroporator?ID=83527990-34fb-4b33-b955-ca53b57bf8b9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.fishersci.com\/shop\/products\/btx-harvard-apparatus-ecm-399-exponential-decay-wave-electroporator\/BTX399S<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.btxonline.com\/gemini-twin-wave-electroporators-2285.html<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electroporator is a device used in molecular biology and genetic engineering to introduce foreign DNA, RNA, or other molecules into the cells using electric pulses. Electroporator History In 1960, it &#8230; <a title=\"Electroporator: Principle, Types, Parts, Uses, Examples\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/electroporator\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Electroporator: Principle, Types, Parts, Uses, Examples\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":40672,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2578,1722],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Electroporator.jpg","author":{"name":"Prakriti Karki","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8e6c4c88539ae6b43f1a4026a537a97a?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":2578,"name":"Instrumentation","slug":"instrumentation","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2578,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Instrumentation is a collection of devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and test systems.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, the instrumentation is considered a part of biomedical engineering where the working mechanism and the parts of a system are studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation in biology or Bioinstrumentation is primarily concentrated on bringing the engineering and medical worlds together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Different devices like centrifuges and autoclaves that are common in biological laboratories are a part of the instrumentation. Studies done in instrumentations allow the understanding of the parts and working mechanisms of such devices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other important techniques include chromatography which is routinely performed in laboratories to separate biological systems, which are also equally important.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation is still an emerging discipline with new pieces of machinery still being produced for convenience in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The application of bio-instruments is not only limited to laboratories as modern agriculture makes use of bio-instruments to monitor and evaluate soil and to measure plant growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these instruments can also be used to determine the physiological activities of plants like the carbon dioxide trade rate, net photosynthesis, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Processes like electrophoresis make use of nucleic acids along with biosensors to compare the DNA sequences. This enables genetic testing and diagnosis of various diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic testing is heavily influenced by the progress made in instrumentation as new devices and techniques are discovered which makes the process faster, more accurate, and more reliable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As RT-PCR and blotting are considered advanced molecular diagnosis methods, disease diagnosis becomes faster and more accurate than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Determination of radioisotopes and concentration of a solution has been made easier with techniques like spectroscopy and colorimetry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the discipline continues to grow, the main focus of the field remains in the improvements of technology to make the medical processes faster and more efficient.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation, thus, is slowly becoming an integral part of all biological fields with new emerging new technology and the discovery of fast and reliable procedures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":64,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":2578,"category_count":64,"category_description":"<strong>Instrumentation is a collection of devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and test systems.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, the instrumentation is considered a part of biomedical engineering where the working mechanism and the parts of a system are studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation in biology or Bioinstrumentation is primarily concentrated on bringing the engineering and medical worlds together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Different devices like centrifuges and autoclaves that are common in biological laboratories are a part of the instrumentation. Studies done in instrumentations allow the understanding of the parts and working mechanisms of such devices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other important techniques include chromatography which is routinely performed in laboratories to separate biological systems, which are also equally important.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation is still an emerging discipline with new pieces of machinery still being produced for convenience in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The application of bio-instruments is not only limited to laboratories as modern agriculture makes use of bio-instruments to monitor and evaluate soil and to measure plant growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these instruments can also be used to determine the physiological activities of plants like the carbon dioxide trade rate, net photosynthesis, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Processes like electrophoresis make use of nucleic acids along with biosensors to compare the DNA sequences. This enables genetic testing and diagnosis of various diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic testing is heavily influenced by the progress made in instrumentation as new devices and techniques are discovered which makes the process faster, more accurate, and more reliable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As RT-PCR and blotting are considered advanced molecular diagnosis methods, disease diagnosis becomes faster and more accurate than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Determination of radioisotopes and concentration of a solution has been made easier with techniques like spectroscopy and colorimetry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the discipline continues to grow, the main focus of the field remains in the improvements of technology to make the medical processes faster and more efficient.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation, thus, is slowly becoming an integral part of all biological fields with new emerging new technology and the discovery of fast and reliable procedures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Instrumentation","category_nicename":"instrumentation","category_parent":0},{"term_id":1722,"name":"Molecular Biology","slug":"molecular-biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1722,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">E<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and their viruses.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">eukaryotic cells<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":67,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1722,"category_count":67,"category_description":"<strong>Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">E<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and their viruses.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">eukaryotic cells<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Molecular Biology","category_nicename":"molecular-biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40668"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40668"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40668\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40668"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40668"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40668"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}