{"id":4045,"date":"2022-01-18T09:31:26","date_gmt":"2022-01-18T08:31:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thebiologynotes.com\/?p=4045"},"modified":"2022-05-04T02:42:33","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T20:57:33","slug":"ancylostoma-duodenale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/","title":{"rendered":"Ancylostoma duodenale- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#what-is-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"What is Ancylostoma duodenale?\">What is Ancylostoma duodenale?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#systematic-position-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"Systematic Position of Ancylostoma duodenale\">Systematic Position of Ancylostoma duodenale<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#habits-and-habitat-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"Habits and Habitat of Ancylostoma duodenale\">Habits and Habitat of Ancylostoma duodenale<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#morphology-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"Morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale\">Morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#adult-worms\" title=\"Adult worms\">Adult worms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#male-worm\" title=\"Male Worm\">Male Worm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#female-worm\" title=\"Female worm\">Female worm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#eggs\" title=\"Eggs\">Eggs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#life-cycle-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"Life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale\">Life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#a-copulation-and-fertilization\" title=\"a. Copulation and fertilization\">a. Copulation and fertilization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#b-egg-laying\" title=\"b. Egg laying\">b. Egg laying<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#c-development-in-soil\" title=\"c. Development in soil\">c. Development in soil<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#d-mode-of-infection\" title=\"d. Mode of infection\">d. Mode of infection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#e-larval-migration\" title=\"e. Larval migration\">e. Larval migration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#read-also-plasmodium-vivax-life-cycle-in-man-and-in-mosquito\" title=\"Read Also:\u00a0Plasmodium vivax- Life Cycle in Man and in Mosquito\">Read Also:\u00a0Plasmodium vivax- Life Cycle in Man and in Mosquito<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#pathogenicity-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"Pathogenicity of Ancylostoma duodenale\">Pathogenicity of Ancylostoma duodenale<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#diagnosis-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"Diagnosis of Ancylostoma duodenale\">Diagnosis of Ancylostoma duodenale<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#direct-methods\" title=\"Direct methods\">Direct methods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#indirect-methods\" title=\"Indirect methods\u00a0\">Indirect methods\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#treatments-and-prophylaxis-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\" title=\"Treatments and prophylaxis of Ancylostoma duodenale\">Treatments and prophylaxis of Ancylostoma duodenale<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/#references-and-sources\" title=\"References and Sources\">References and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>What is <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em>?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><em>Ancylostoma duodenale <\/em>is the most dangerous parasitic roundworm, causing serious infection in humans. It is commonly known as Old World hookworm. It is common in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate region of Asia, Africa, Europe, the Pacific Islands, and the Southern States of America. <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em> (Greek ankylos\u2014hooked; stoma\u2014mouth) was originally described by Dubini in 1843 in Italy. The life cycle of the worm was worked out by Looss in 1898 in Egypt.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4089\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Ancylostoma-duodenale.jpeg\" alt=\"Ancylostoma duodenale\" width=\"900\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Ancylostoma-duodenale.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Ancylostoma-duodenale-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Ancylostoma-duodenale-768x403.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/hookworm\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC DPDx<\/a>. and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancylostoma_duodenale#\/media\/File:Hookworm_larvaG.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"systematic-position-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>Systematic Position of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kingdom: Animalia<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phylum: Nematoda<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Class: Secernentea<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Order: Strongiloidae<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Family: Ancylostomatidae<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genus: <em>Ancylostoma<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species: <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habits-and-habitat-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>Habits and Habitat<\/strong><strong> of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The adult worms are endoparasitic and live in the small intestines of infected persons, mostly in the jejunum, less often in the duodenum, and infrequently in the ileum.<\/li>\n<li>The infective juveniles enter the human host percutaneously from the soil contaminated by the feces in which they abound.<\/li>\n<li>It can also be transmitted, orally, and probably transplacentally.<\/li>\n<li>They flourish under primitive conditions where people go barefoot, modern sanitary conditions do not exist and human feces are deposited on the ground.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"morphology-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>Morphology<\/strong><strong> of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"adult-worms\"><\/span><strong>Adult worms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>They are small and cylindroidal in shape.<\/li>\n<li>They are pale pink or greyish white but may appear reddish-brown due to ingested blood.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0The body is curved with the dorsal aspect concave and the ventral aspect convex.<\/li>\n<li>The anterior end is somewhat narrow and bent dorsally in the same direction of general body curvature. This cervical curvature gave it the name hookworm.<\/li>\n<li>The mouth is not at the tip but directed dorsally. The prominent buccal capsule, reinforced with a hard chitin-like substance carries 6 <strong>teeth<\/strong>; 4 <strong>hook-like<\/strong> teeth ventrally, and 2 <strong>knob-like <\/strong>(triangular plates) <strong>or sharp lancets <\/strong>with a median cleft dorsally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"male-worm\"><\/span><strong>Male Worm<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The male worm is smaller than the female worm 8-11 mm in length and 0.4 mm thick.<\/li>\n<li>The posterior end of the male is expanded an umbrella-like known as<strong> copulatory bursa<\/strong> which surrounds the cloaca.<\/li>\n<li>The copulatory bursa consists of <strong>3 lobes<\/strong>; 1 dorsal and 2 lateral. Each lobe is supported by <strong>13 fleshy chitinous rays<\/strong>, 5 each in lateral lobes and 3 in dorsal lobe: one dorsal and two extradorsal rays. The dorsal ray is partially divided at the tip and each division is tripartite.<\/li>\n<li>The pattern of the rays helps in distinguishing between different species.<\/li>\n<li>There are 2 long retractile bristle-like <strong>copulatory spicules<\/strong>, the tips of which project from the bursa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"female-worm\"><\/span><strong>Female worm<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The female worm is larger, 10 to 13 mm long and 0.6 mm thick.<\/li>\n<li>Its hind end tapers bluntly in a short<strong> post-anal tail.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The vulva opens ventrally at the junction of the middle and posterior thirds of the body.<\/li>\n<li>The vagina leads to two intricately coiled ovarian tubes which occupy the hind and middle parts of the worm.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0During copulation, the male attaches its copulatory bursa to the vulva.<\/li>\n<li>The copulating pair, therefore, presents a <strong>Y-shaped<\/strong> appearance.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Sexes are easily differentiated by their size, the shape of the posterior end, and the position of the genital opening.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"eggs\"><\/span><strong>Eggs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Oval or elliptical, measuring 60 \u03bcm by 40 \u03bcm.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Colorless, not bile stained.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Surrounded by a thin transparent hyaline shell membrane.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Floats in a saturated salt solution.<\/li>\n<li>When released by the worm in the intestine, the egg contains an unsegmented ovum.<\/li>\n<li>Freshly-excreted eggs contain a developing embryo in the early stages of cleavage (2-8 cells).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0There is a clear space between the segmented ovum and eggshell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"life-cycle-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>Life cycle<\/strong><strong> of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The life cycle of A<em>ncylostoma<\/em> <em>duodenale<\/em> is completed in a single host, hence it is called monogenetic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Definitive host:<\/strong> Humans are the only natural host.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No intermediate host<\/strong> is required like other helminths.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Infective form<\/strong>: Third stage filariform larva<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4088\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Life-cycle-of-Ancylostoma-duodenale.jpg\" alt=\"Life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale\" width=\"1200\" height=\"937\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Life-cycle-of-Ancylostoma-duodenale.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Life-cycle-of-Ancylostoma-duodenale-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Life-cycle-of-Ancylostoma-duodenale-1024x800.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Life-cycle-of-Ancylostoma-duodenale-768x600.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Figure: The life\u00a0cycle of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em>. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/hookworm\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC DPDx<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-copulation-and-fertilization\"><\/span><strong>a. Copulation and fertilization<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Copulation occurs in the host&#8217;s intestine.<\/li>\n<li>During the process of copulation, the copulatory brusa of males is applied to the vulva of females, and sperms are transferred.<\/li>\n<li>Fertilization occurs in seminal receptacles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-egg-laying\"><\/span><strong>b. Egg laying<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The female worm lays eggs in the intestine of the host with approximately 28,000eggs daily.<\/li>\n<li>The eggs containing segmented ova with 4 blastomeres are passed out in the feces of the infected person.<\/li>\n<li>Eggs freshly passed in feces are not infective for humans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"c-development-in-soil\"><\/span><strong>c. Development in soil<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><em>A<\/em>. <em>duodenale<\/em> hookworm eggs hatch in a warm, moist and shady environment in about 48 hours, giving rise to<strong> first-stage juvenile<\/strong> or<strong> rhabditiform larvae <\/strong>which are about 250\u00b5min in length and feeds on organic material and bacteria.<\/li>\n<li>After about seven days, the larvae cease feeding and <strong>moults twice<\/strong> to become infective <strong>third-stage juvenile<\/strong> or<strong> filariform larvae.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Filariform larva is about 500\u2013600 \u03bcm long, with a sharp-pointed tail. The filariform larva are non-feeding. They can live in the soil for 5\u20136 weeks, with their heads waving in the air, waiting for their hosts. They can also ascend on blades of grass or other vegetation, being carried in capillary water films on their surface. Direct sunlight, drying, or saltwater can kill the larva.<\/li>\n<li>The time taken for the development from eggs to filiform larvae is on average 8 to 10 days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"d-mode-of-infection\"><\/span><strong>d. Mode of infection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The transmission occurs when third-stage infective filariform larvae come into contact with <strong>skin.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The anterior end of larvae is equipped with oral spears which enable it to penetrate the skin of a potential human host.<\/li>\n<li>The larvae generally penetrate the <strong>cutaneous tissues<\/strong>, most often those of the hands, feet, arms, and legs due to exposure and usually through hair follicles or abraded skin. Their penetration is generally accompanied by severe dermatitis called &#8216;Ground itch&#8217; characterized by ulceration of skin about wounds.<\/li>\n<li>Rarely, an infection may take place by the oral route, the filariform larva being carried on contaminated vegetables or fruits. The larvae may penetrate the buccal mucosa to reach the venous circulation and complete their migration via the lungs.<\/li>\n<li>Transmammary and transplacental transmission has been also reported for<em> Ancylostoma<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-larval-migration\"><\/span><strong>e. Larval migration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Following skin penetration, the larvae enter subcutaneous venules and lymphatics to gain access to the host\u2019s afferent circulation.<\/li>\n<li>Ultimately, they enter the pulmonary capillaries where they penetrate into the alveolar spaces, ascend the brachial tree to the trachea,<br \/>\ntraverse the epiglottis into the pharynx, and are swallowed into the gastrointestinal tract.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0During migration or on reaching the esophagus, they undergo third<strong> molting.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0They feed, grow in size, and undergo a<strong> fourth<\/strong> and <strong>final moulting<\/strong> in the small intestine and develop the buccal capsule, by which they attach themselves to the small intestine and grow into adults.<\/li>\n<li>Adult worms exhibit considerable variation in size, and female worms are usually larger than males.<\/li>\n<li>In about 3 to 4 weeks they become sexually mature to repeat the life history again.<\/li>\n<li>The normal life span of adult worms in the human intestine has been estimated differently by different workers; generally believed to be 3 to 4 years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"read-also-plasmodium-vivax-life-cycle-in-man-and-in-mosquito\"><\/span><strong>Read Also:\u00a0Plasmodium vivax- Life Cycle in Man and in Mosquito<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenicity-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>Pathogenicity<\/strong><strong> of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Pathogenicity is fairly extensive involving the skin, lungs, and small intestine.<\/li>\n<li>Some people can develop an\u00a0<em>Ancylostoma<\/em> infection\u00a0without any symptoms, while others may have mild to severe symptoms. There are 3 phases: invasion, migration, and establishment in the intestine.<\/li>\n<li>During the invasion stage, the filariform larvae penetrate the skin results in a hypersensitivity reaction causing local irritation, intense itchiness, and vesicular rash lesions that are called <strong>ground itch.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>One to two weeks following skin invasion, hookworm larvae travel through the vasculature and enter the lungs, where they can uncommonly result in pneumonitis.<\/li>\n<li>The pulmonary symptoms that may develop are usually mild and transient, consisting of a dry cough, sore throat, wheezing and slight fever. The pulmonary symptoms are more pronounced and of longer duration<\/li>\n<li>The acute symptomatic disease may also result from oral ingestion of <em>A<\/em>.<em> duodenale<\/em> larvae, referred to as the <strong>Wakana <\/strong><strong>syndrome,<\/strong> which is characterized by nausea, vomiting, pharyngeal irritation, cough, dyspnea, and hoarseness.<\/li>\n<li>There is an appearance of eosinophilia with the development of adult hookworms in the intestine. The major pathology of infection, however, results from the intestinal blood loss that results from adult parasite invasion and attachment to the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine.<\/li>\n<li>Usually, only moderate and high-intensity infections in the gastrointestinal tract produce clinical manifestations, with the highest intensity infections occurring most often in children, although even in low-intensity infections, initial symptoms may include dyspepsia, nausea, and epigastric distress.<\/li>\n<li><em>A<\/em>.<em> duodenale<\/em> may also result in acute enteritis with uncontrollable diarrhea and foul stools that may last indefinitely.<\/li>\n<li>Chronic infection in the intestine results in iron-deficiency anemia, accompanied by the loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, and malnutrition due to protein deficiency. This can cause physical and cognitive impairment.<\/li>\n<li>Uncommonly, there may be constipation or diarrhea with occult blood in the stools or frank melena, especially in children; there may also be an urge to eat soil (pica).<\/li>\n<li>Overwhelming infection may cause listlessness, coma, and even death, especially in infants under one year of age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"diagnosis-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>Diagnosis<\/strong><strong> of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"direct-methods\"><\/span><strong>Direct methods<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Demonstration of characteristic oval segmented eggs in feces by<strong> direct wet microscopy<\/strong> or by <strong>formalin-ether<\/strong> <strong>concentration<\/strong> methods is the best method of diagnosis. In stool samples examined 24 hours or more after collection, the eggs may have hatched and rhabditiform larvae may be present. These have to be differentiated from <em>Strongyloides<\/em> larvae.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Egg counts<\/strong> give a measure of the intensity of infection<strong>. Modified Kato- Katz smear technique<\/strong> is a useful method for quantitative<br \/>\nestimation of eggs in the stool.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stool cultures<\/strong> (fecal sample smear on moistened filter paper in a closed tube for a few days)<strong>(Harada-Mori technique) <\/strong>to demonstrate third-stage filariform larvae <em>A<\/em>. <em>duodenale <\/em>larvae have long buccal cavities and smaller genital primordium, whereas <em>Strongyloides<\/em> have short buccal cavities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"indirect-methods\"><\/span><strong>Indirect methods\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Blood examination<\/strong> reveals microcytic, hypochromic anemia, and eosinophilia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stool examination<\/strong> may show occult blood and Charcot -Leyden crystals<\/li>\n<li>Chest<strong> radiography<\/strong> will usually be negative during the pulmonary phase of larval migration, although<strong> sputum examination<\/strong> may reveal erythrocytes, eosinophils, and rarely migrating larvae.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Radiographic findings<\/strong> include intestinal hypermotility, proximal jejunal dilatation, and coarsening of the mucosal folds.<\/li>\n<li>Several<strong> immunoserological tests<\/strong> have been developed to detect host antibodies against <em>A<\/em>. <em>duodenale<\/em> antigens, but they generally do not discriminate between patent or previous infections.<\/li>\n<li>Recent research has focused on the development of DNA-based tools for diagnosis of infection, specific identification of hookworm, and analysis of genetic variability within hookworm populations because hookworm eggs are often indistinguishable from other parasitic eggs, PCR assays could serve as a molecular approach for accurate diagnosis of hookworm in the feces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatments-and-prophylaxis-of-ancylostoma-duodenale\"><\/span><strong>Treatments and prophylaxis<\/strong><strong> of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Effective drugs: A single dose<\/strong> of <strong>albendazole(400mg) <\/strong>\u00a0or <strong>mebendazole(500mg)<\/strong> or a <strong>3-day dose<\/strong> of albendazole, mebendazole, or <strong>pyrantel pamoate((11 mg\/kg \u00d7 3 days).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>For kids, pregnant women, or others who develop anemia as a result of hookworm infection, health care providers will often prescribe an <strong>iron supplement<\/strong> to overcome hemoglobin due to anemia.<\/li>\n<li>Prevention of soil pollution with feces and proper use of sanitary latrines.<\/li>\n<li>Use of footwear to prevents entry of larva through the skin of the foot. Gloves give similar protection to the hands of farmworkers.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Treatment of patients and carriers, preferably all at the same time, limits the source of infection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><\/span><strong>References and Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Kotpal RL. 2017. Modern Text Book of Zoology- Invertebrates. 11th Edition. Rastogi Publications.<\/li>\n<li>Jordan EL and Verma PS. 2018. Invertebrate Zoology. 14th Edition. S Chand Publishing.<\/li>\n<li>Aziz MH, Ramphul K. Ancylostoma. [Updated 2020 May 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-.\u00a0<span class=\"bk_cite_avail\">Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507898\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/hookworm-overview-4176230<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/parasites\/ParaSites2009\/PinedaANDYang_Hookworm\/PinedaANDYang_Hookworm.htm<\/li>\n<li>3% &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/MED\/29939675\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/MED\/29939675<\/a><\/li>\n<li>3% &#8211; http:\/\/www.parasite.org.au\/para-site\/text\/ancylostoma-necator-text.html<\/li>\n<li>2% &#8211; https:\/\/otrosbichos.blogspot.com\/2012\/09\/phylum-nematoda-anquilostomiasis.html#!<\/li>\n<li>2% &#8211; http:\/\/dictionary.sensagent.com\/Hookworm\/en-en\/<\/li>\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.symptoma.com\/en\/ddx\/diarrhea+dry-cough<\/li>\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/nursing-and-health-professions\/hookworm-infection<\/li>\n<li>1% &#8211; http:\/\/jumed16.weebly.com\/uploads\/8\/8\/5\/1\/88514776\/parasitology_introduction_protozoa_helmenths_introduction___.pdf<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/103703481\/Medical-Parasitology<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/fasciolopsiasis<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3186755\/<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.healthhype.com\/human-intestinal-worms-symptoms-pictures-treatment.html<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/transmission-prevention-of-fungal-disease-infection.html<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/79512049\/laboratory-methods-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orally_transmitted_diseases<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_embryogenesis<\/li>\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/cmr.asm.org\/content\/15\/4\/595<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Ancylostoma duodenale? Ancylostoma duodenale is the most dangerous parasitic roundworm, causing serious infection in humans. It is commonly known as Old World hookworm. It is common in the &#8230; <a title=\"Ancylostoma duodenale- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ancylostoma-duodenale\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Ancylostoma duodenale- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4089,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1754],"tags":[6087,6088,6089,6090,6091],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Ancylostoma-duodenale.jpeg","author":{"name":"Laxmi Neupane","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65de9275403e728cd61617e777c844ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1754,"name":"Parasitology","slug":"parasitology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1754,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Parasitology is a discipline that studies the structure and physiology of parasites, their host, and host-parasite interactions.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, parasites are not determined by the nature of the organism or the environment, but these are classified by their mode of life.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although parasitology originated in the zoologic sciences, it is today an independent, interdisciplinary field, highly influenced by microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, and other life sciences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional medical parasitological studies have included studies related to three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A large number of infections of humans are caused by parasites which range from relatively benign to fatal with some parasitic diseases being the cause for major human health problems throughout the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, parasitology has been limited to the identification of parasites, their mechanisms, and diseases caused in plants, animals, and humans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern parasitology research is more focused on the determination of signal transduction mechanisms controlling the behavior, survival, virulence, and gene expression of parasites, which have a crucial role in influencing the outcome of the interaction between host and parasite.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasitology has importance in veterinary and ecology, where the diseases caused by parasites in animals and the role of parasites in the ecosystem are the two major areas of focus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most parasites, unlike viruses, are not host-specific and can infect multiple hosts. These depend entirely on the living beings for their nutrients and survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites can be differentiated from fungi based on their host as parasites rely on living beings while fungi depend on dead particles for survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites are mostly macroscopic and belong to the invertebrate subphylum of the Animal kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diagnosis of parasitic diseases is based on the identification of the infectious agent, which is mostly made through microscopic examination.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the continuous emergence of new parasites and parasitic diseases, parasitology is considered a necessary scientific discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":25,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1754,"category_count":25,"category_description":"<strong>Parasitology is a discipline that studies the structure and physiology of parasites, their host, and host-parasite interactions.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, parasites are not determined by the nature of the organism or the environment, but these are classified by their mode of life.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although parasitology originated in the zoologic sciences, it is today an independent, interdisciplinary field, highly influenced by microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, and other life sciences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional medical parasitological studies have included studies related to three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A large number of infections of humans are caused by parasites which range from relatively benign to fatal with some parasitic diseases being the cause for major human health problems throughout the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, parasitology has been limited to the identification of parasites, their mechanisms, and diseases caused in plants, animals, and humans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern parasitology research is more focused on the determination of signal transduction mechanisms controlling the behavior, survival, virulence, and gene expression of parasites, which have a crucial role in influencing the outcome of the interaction between host and parasite.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasitology has importance in veterinary and ecology, where the diseases caused by parasites in animals and the role of parasites in the ecosystem are the two major areas of focus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most parasites, unlike viruses, are not host-specific and can infect multiple hosts. These depend entirely on the living beings for their nutrients and survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites can be differentiated from fungi based on their host as parasites rely on living beings while fungi depend on dead particles for survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites are mostly macroscopic and belong to the invertebrate subphylum of the Animal kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diagnosis of parasitic diseases is based on the identification of the infectious agent, which is mostly made through microscopic examination.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the continuous emergence of new parasites and parasitic diseases, parasitology is considered a necessary scientific discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Parasitology","category_nicename":"parasitology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4045"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4045"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4045\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4045"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4045"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4045"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}