{"id":40429,"date":"2023-05-11T15:12:54","date_gmt":"2023-05-11T09:27:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=40429"},"modified":"2023-05-17T10:07:44","modified_gmt":"2023-05-17T04:22:44","slug":"carbapenems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbapenems- Definition, Mechanism, Types, Uses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Carbapenems are members of the&nbsp;\u03b2-Lactam antibiotic class.&nbsp;Molecularly defining, carbapenems are antibiotics having \u03b2\u2013 lactam ring with sulfur at the C-1 position and a double bond between C-2 and C-3 of the ring with the side chains arranged in the Trans- position.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Carbapenems.jpg\" alt=\"Carbapenems\" class=\"wp-image-40440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Carbapenems.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Carbapenems-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Carbapenems-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Carbapenems-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Carbapenems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This unique arrangement of the side chains in the trans position, unlike in the cis position like in other \u03b2-lactams, makes them resistant to several \u03b2\u2013 lactamases like Extended Spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs), Penicillinases, Cephalosporinases, AmpC \u03b2\u2013 lactamases, etc. However, they are susceptible to <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenemases\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"40433\">carbapenemases<\/a> and Metallo-beta-lactamases.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are the most potent antibiotic agents and are widely used for treating infections associated with multi-drug-resistant bacteria. They show a broader spectrum of activity and are less likely to be resisted quickly than other members of the \u03b2- Lactam antibiotic class. They are reserved antibiotics and are used only when other available antibiotics fail to cure the infection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are on the watch group of essential medicines list by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat severe Gram-negative bacterial infections.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are called \u201c<em>the antibiotics of last resort<\/em>\u201d or \u201c<em>the last line agents<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#carbapenems-history\" title=\"Carbapenems History\">Carbapenems History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#mechanism-of-action-of-carbapenems\" title=\"Mechanism of Action of Carbapenems\">Mechanism of Action of Carbapenems<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#types-of-carbapenems\" title=\"Types of Carbapenems\">Types of Carbapenems<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#imipenem\" title=\"Imipenem\">Imipenem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#meropenem\" title=\"Meropenem\">Meropenem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#ertapenem\" title=\"Ertapenem\">Ertapenem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#doripenem\" title=\"Doripenem\">Doripenem<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#carbapenem-administrative-route-and-recommended-dosage\" title=\"Carbapenem Administrative Route and Recommended Dosage\">Carbapenem Administrative Route and Recommended Dosage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#applications-of-carbapenems\" title=\"Applications of Carbapenems&nbsp;\">Applications of Carbapenems&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#risks-and-limitations-with-carbapenem-administration\" title=\"Risks and Limitations with Carbapenem Administration\">Risks and Limitations with Carbapenem Administration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"carbapenems-history\"><\/span><strong>Carbapenems<\/strong> <strong>History<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>During the search for \u03b2\u2013 lactamases inhibitors, Olivanic Acids were discovered in 1976. These were the first compound discovered to have the carbapenem backbone but were not used as antibiotics due to very low stability and poor penetration power. In a further study, in 1976, \u2018Thienamycin\u2019 was found to be produced by <em>Streptomyces cattleya<\/em>. This was a stable compound and showed good effectiveness against bacteria. It was the first naturally obtained carbapenem antibiotic.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was put in the clinical trial as named \u201cThienpenem\u201d antibiotic. Unfortunately, it was found unstable in an aqueous solution, sensitive to bases above pH 8.0, and reactive to nucleophiles, therefore, was not used as a commercially produced antibiotic.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thienpenem is the parent carbapenem antibiotic and model for all other carbapenems currently available.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mechanism-of-action-of-carbapenems\"><\/span><strong>Mechanism of Action of Carbapenems<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>As like other \u03b2- Lactam antibiotics, carbapenems affect the bacterial cell wall and prevent bacterial cell wall synthesis resulting in bacterial cell lysis. They show bactericidal properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbapenems bind to the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) (also called DD-transpeptidases) and inactivate them. This prevents the final transpeptidation step during the bacterial cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan synthesis) resulting in no elongation and crosslinking of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall. The bacteria can\u2019t develop their cell wall and ultimately die.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Similarly, the prevention of transpeptidation and crosslinking results in the accumulation of nascent peptidoglycans. They trigger the production of autolytic hydrolases which digest the existing peptidoglycan layer without the formation of a new one and further enhance the bactericidal effect.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-carbapenems\"><\/span><strong>Types of Carbapenems<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the discovery of the 1<sup>st<\/sup> carbapenem thienpenem, several carbapenems with different spectra, pharmacology, and safety profile are discovered and synthesized. Some are already in clinical use while some are still under study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1384\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Types-of-Carbapenems.jpg\" alt=\"Types of Carbapenems\" class=\"wp-image-40442\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Types-of-Carbapenems.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Types-of-Carbapenems-300x277.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Types-of-Carbapenems-1024x945.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Types-of-Carbapenems-768x709.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Types of Carbapenems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The most commonly used carbapenems are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"imipenem\"><\/span><strong>Imipenem<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the N-formimidoyl derivative of Thienamycin, also called as N-Formimidoyl thienamycin. It was It is the first carbapenem antibiotic available in the market for treatment since 1985. It was originally called MK0787 and later marketed under the name \u2018imipenem\u2019.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Molecular formula<\/strong>: C<sub>12<\/sub>H<sub>17<\/sub>N<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>S<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It can be deactivated by dehydropeptidases I (DHP-I) at the human renal brush border; hence it is always co-administrated with inhibitors like cilastatin or betamipron in a ratio of 1:1 by weight. Despite this limitation and its side effects, imipenem is still one of the widely used carbapenem antibiotics. It is mainly used in infections of <em>P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus<\/em>, septicemia, bone and joint infections, UTIs and intra-abdominal infections by Gram-negative bacteria, and pneumonia.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"meropenem\"><\/span><strong>Meropenem<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is another derivative of Thienamycin. It contains \u03b2 \u2013methyl in its side chain at the C1 position, unlike imipenem which contains H at the C1 position. This difference makes meropenem more stable and resistant to the effect of DHP-I.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It has lower activity against Gram-positive bacteria and higher activity against Gram-negative bacteria than imipenem. Hence, meropenem is a more potent carbapenem with a wider spectrum than imipenem.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is safe and well tolerated and is listed in the WHO\u2019s List of Essential Medicines. It has proven itself a very important medicine in treating infections by MDR Gram-negative bacteria since its approval and availability in 1995. It is widely used in the treatment of meningitis and CNS infections, skin infections, sepsis and bacteremia, and intra-abdominal infections.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Molecular formula: C<sub>17<\/sub>H<sub>25<\/sub>N<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub>S<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ertapenem\"><\/span><strong>Ertapenem<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is another approved carbapenem with completely different properties than imipenem and meropenem. It was first approved in 2001 and still, it remains as the least prescribed carbapenem. It is generally used in treating Gastrointestinal infections, lung (pleural) infections, female reproductive tract infections, and UTIs. Although it shows higher activity against Gram-negative bacteria than imipenem, it is not effective against <em>Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., <\/em>and<em> Enterococcus spp<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Molecular formula: C<sub>22<\/sub>H<sub>25<\/sub>N<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub>S<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"doripenem\"><\/span><strong>Doripenem<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a newer carbapenem antibiotic that was approved only in 2007 and still, and it is under study and its availability is limited in comparison to other above-mentioned carbapenems. It is generally used against infections of <em>Pseudomonas spp<\/em>., severe bacterial gastrointestinal infections, nosocomial pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and complicated UTIs. It has higher activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria than imipenem and meropenem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Molecular formula: C<sub>15<\/sub>H<sub>24<\/sub>N<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub>S<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other carbapenems that are under several stages of study and trials are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Tebipenem<\/strong>: It is the first oral carbapenem. It is currently approved in 2009 and is available only in Japan. Recently in July 2022, FDA approved its use for review under the phase III clinical trial stage in the USA in case of complicated UTIs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biapenem<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tomopenem<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Panipenem&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sanfetrinem<\/strong> and other <strong>trinem<\/strong> carbapenems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Anti-MRSA Carbapenems<\/strong> (15i and CP5484)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"carbapenem-administrative-route-and-recommended-dosage\"><\/span><strong><strong>Carbapenem<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>Administrative Route and Recommended Dosage<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Carbapenem Antibiotics<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Administrative Route<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Dosage (for adult)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Imipenem<\/td><td>Intravenous route (IV route)<br>(20 to 60 minutes IV infusion)<\/td><td>250 to 1000 mg <br>(based on patients age, weight, and renal condition)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Meropenem<\/td><td>Intravenous route (IV route)<br>(15 to 30 minutes IV infusion)<\/td><td>50 to 2000 mg per 8 hours <br>(based on patients age, weight, site of infection, and renal condition)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ertapenem&nbsp;<\/td><td>Intramuscular (IM) or Intravenous route (IV route)<\/td><td>Up to 1000 mg per day\/once daily for an adult15 mg\/kg or a maximum of up to 1000 mg for pediatric <br>(based on age, site of infection, and renal and hepatic condition)&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Doripenem&nbsp;<\/td><td>Intravenous route (IV route)<br>(60 minutes IV infusion)<\/td><td>250 to 500 mg every 8 hours max up to 14 days <br>(based on patients age, weight, site of infection, and renal condition)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"applications-of-carbapenems\"><\/span><strong>Applications of Carbapenems&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbapenems have a broad spectrum of activity and are used to treat severe infections, mostly those caused by multi-drug resistant species (MDR <em>Enterobacteriaceae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Haemophilus influenzae,<\/em> <em>MRSA<\/em>, <em>Salmonella<\/em> serovars, etc.). It is mainly used in the following clinical conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTIs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intra-abdominal Infections&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pneumonia and Pleural Infections and Severe lower Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Endocarditis and bloodstream infections (septicemia and bacteremia)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skin and soft tissue infections&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meningitis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bone and joint infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As it is the last line of antibiotics, it is recommended to administer only when other antibiotics fail to show any activity.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"risks-and-limitations-with-carbapenem-administration\"><\/span><strong>Risks and Limitations with Carbapenem Administration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Patients with an allergic reaction to \u03b2\u2013 lactams and patients taking valproic acid for seizure must not use carbapenems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patients with neural and hepatic disorders must be reported and dosage must be considered accordingly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Might show adverse side effects like: hypersensitivity, seizures, diarrhea, low platelet count, anemia, leukopenia, brain damage and dysfunction, liver and renal toxicity, pustules and epidermal necrolysis, increase in heart rate and blood pressure. <br>Some common side effects include: gastrointestinal disorder, headache, pain in the site of administration, rashes and itchiness, insomnia, altered blood pressure, fever, swelling, shortness of breath.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imipenem must be administered along with cilastatin and panipenem along with betamipron&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbapenemases and Metallo-beta-lactamases can hydrolyze them reducing their potency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Expensive and difficult to find in comparison to other beta-lactam antibiotics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Available only in form of IV and IM, hence difficult to self-administer and use outside hospital settings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Nicolau DP. Carbapenems: a potent class of antibiotics. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Jan;9(1):23-37. doi: 10.1517\/14656566.9.1.23. PMID: 18076336.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thienamycin (chemeurope.com)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Francis P. Tally, Nilda V. Jacobus and Sherwood L. Gorbach. In Vitro Activity of Thienamycin. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.14.3.436<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Papp-Wallace, K. M., Endimiani, A., Taracila, M. A., &amp; Bonomo, R. A. (2011). Carbapenems: Past, Present, and Future. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 55(11), 4943-4960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00296-11<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 104838, Imipenem. Retrieved December 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Imipenem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Imipenem<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imipenem Vs Meropenem: The Ultimate Guide | OCTAGONCHEM<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ertapenem Uses, Side Effects &amp; Warnings &#8211; Drugs.com<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ertapenem dosage and administration &#8211; wikidoc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Doripenem dosage and administration &#8211; wikidoc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jain A, Utley L, Parr TR, Zabawa T, Pucci MJ. Tebipenem, the first oral carbapenem antibiotic. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018 Jul;16(7):513-522. doi: 10.1080\/14787210.2018.1496821. Epub 2018 Jul 27. PMID: 30014729.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Perry CM, Ibbotson T. Biapenem. Drugs. 2002;62(15):2221-34; discussion 2235. doi: 10.2165\/00003495-200262150-00005. PMID: 12381221.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>List of carbapenems uses, common brands, and safety information &#8211; Desinflamar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shah PM. Parenteral carbapenems. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Jan;14 Suppl 1:175-80. doi: 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01868.x. Erratum in: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 May;14 Suppl 5:21-4. PMID: 18154543.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbapenems &#8211; Bronchitis &#8211; AntiinfectiveMeds.com<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liakopoulos, A., Mevius, D., &amp; Ceccarelli, D. (2016). A Review of SHV Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases: Neglected Yet Ubiquitous. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01374<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Christopeit, T., Yang, W., Yang, K., &amp; Leiros, K. S. (2016). The structure of the metallo-\u03b2-lactamase VIM-2 in complex with a triazolylthioacetamide inhibitor. Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications, 72(Pt 11), 813-819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S2053230X16016113<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shakil S, Azhar EI, Tabrez S, Kamal MA, Jabir NR, Abuzenadah AM, Damanhouri GA, Alam Q. New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase (NDM-1): an update. J Chemother. 2011 Oct;23(5):263-5. doi: 10.1179\/joc.2011.23.5.263. PMID: 22005056.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carbapenems are members of the&nbsp;\u03b2-Lactam antibiotic class.&nbsp;Molecularly defining, carbapenems are antibiotics having \u03b2\u2013 lactam ring with sulfur at the C-1 position and a double bond between C-2 and C-3 of &#8230; <a title=\"Carbapenems- Definition, Mechanism, Types, Uses\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbapenems\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Carbapenems- Definition, Mechanism, Types, Uses\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":40440,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6167],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Carbapenems.jpg","author":{"name":"Prashant Dahal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073138ccb44be2c7f33850b8ad66e8a0?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":6167,"name":"Pharmacology","slug":"pharmacology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":6167,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Pharmacology is a discipline that deals with the effects of pharmaceuticals or drugs on living systems, their manufacture, and their chemical properties.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology is mostly related to studies involving the interactions between the chemicals and living organisms that affect the biochemical functioning of living beings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chemicals with medicinal properties are then termed pharmaceuticals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The concept of medicines has been around for a long time with ancient people using specific plants and species as a form of medicine.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern-day pharmacology is involved in the efficient method of drug manufacturing by the use of natural sources and modern technology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology might be confused with pharmacy, but it should be understood that pharmacology deals with the research, discovery, and manufacturing of chemicals with biological effects that affect the cellular and systemic function of the organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The field also deals with drug composition and properties, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, signal transductions, molecular diagnostic, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biochemistry, in particular, is particularly important in pharmacology as the knowledge of the biochemical composition of a living organism is essential in order to assign an appropriate drug for treatment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology focuses on the determination of the mechanism of actions of different groups of drugs which provides a better understanding of the molecular functioning of the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drugs or pharmaceuticals produced from various industrial might be either acquired from natural sources or produced by chemical means.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most important group of organisms that produce antimicrobials include the actinomycetes, followed by fungi.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This represents a close relationship between pharmacology studies and mycology and bacteriological studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, different technical advances made throughout the years have made it possible for the production of new and improved drugs via biotechnological means.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology is further related to other disciplines like clinical medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other therapeutic agents might also help in decreasing the harmful effects of some diseases like diabetes, HIV, and cancer.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":14,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":6167,"category_count":14,"category_description":"<strong>Pharmacology is a discipline that deals with the effects of pharmaceuticals or drugs on living systems, their manufacture, and their chemical properties.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology is mostly related to studies involving the interactions between the chemicals and living organisms that affect the biochemical functioning of living beings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chemicals with medicinal properties are then termed pharmaceuticals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The concept of medicines has been around for a long time with ancient people using specific plants and species as a form of medicine.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern-day pharmacology is involved in the efficient method of drug manufacturing by the use of natural sources and modern technology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology might be confused with pharmacy, but it should be understood that pharmacology deals with the research, discovery, and manufacturing of chemicals with biological effects that affect the cellular and systemic function of the organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The field also deals with drug composition and properties, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, signal transductions, molecular diagnostic, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biochemistry, in particular, is particularly important in pharmacology as the knowledge of the biochemical composition of a living organism is essential in order to assign an appropriate drug for treatment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology focuses on the determination of the mechanism of actions of different groups of drugs which provides a better understanding of the molecular functioning of the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drugs or pharmaceuticals produced from various industrial might be either acquired from natural sources or produced by chemical means.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most important group of organisms that produce antimicrobials include the actinomycetes, followed by fungi.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This represents a close relationship between pharmacology studies and mycology and bacteriological studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, different technical advances made throughout the years have made it possible for the production of new and improved drugs via biotechnological means.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacology is further related to other disciplines like clinical medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other therapeutic agents might also help in decreasing the harmful effects of some diseases like diabetes, HIV, and cancer.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Pharmacology","category_nicename":"pharmacology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40429"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40429"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40429\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40440"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}