{"id":39897,"date":"2022-12-13T16:45:40","date_gmt":"2022-12-13T11:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=39897"},"modified":"2023-01-13T23:11:36","modified_gmt":"2023-01-13T17:26:36","slug":"hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/","title":{"rendered":"Hemagglutination Assay- Principle, Types, Method, Uses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/introduction-to-antigen-antibody-reactions\/\">antigen and antibody reaction<\/a> in which the antigen-antibody complex formed is visible in the form of clumps is called <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/agglutination-introduction-and-applications\/\">agglutination<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It occurs on the surface of the cells or components involved as antigens are expressed on their surface. It occurs between insoluble antigens and soluble antibodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Agglutination reaction is of two types:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Direct agglutination: <\/strong>It includes slide agglutination, tube agglutination, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coombs-test-direct-and-indirect-coombs-test\/\">coombs\u2019 test<\/a>, and heterophile agglutination test.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Passive agglutination:<\/strong> It includes <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/latex-agglutination-test\/\">latex agglutination<\/a>, hemagglutination test and, cooaglutination test.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hemagglutination is a type of passive agglutination reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hemagglutination assay (HA) is a type of immunoassay in which erythrocytes are used as carrier particles and are commonly preferred for serological diagnosis of various infections.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>George Hirst was the person to discover hemagglutination tests. He was an American virologist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#requirements\" title=\"Requirements\">Requirements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#principle-of-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"Principle of Hemagglutination Assay\">Principle of Hemagglutination Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#types-of-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"Types of Hemagglutination Assay\">Types of Hemagglutination Assay<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#a-rapid-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"A. Rapid Hemagglutination Assay\">A. Rapid Hemagglutination Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#b-micro-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"B. Micro-hemagglutination Assay\">B. Micro-hemagglutination Assay<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#result-interpretation-of-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"Result Interpretation of Hemagglutination Assay\">Result Interpretation of Hemagglutination Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#applications-of-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"Applications of Hemagglutination Assay\">Applications of Hemagglutination Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#advantages-of-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"Advantages of Hemagglutination Assay\">Advantages of Hemagglutination Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#limitations-of-hemagglutination-assay\" title=\"Limitations of Hemagglutination Assay\">Limitations of Hemagglutination Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"requirements\"><\/span><strong>Requirements<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>RBC suspension: It is coated with antigens specific to the antibody to be detected or antibodies specific to antigens to be detected; hence called a carrier particle. RBCs can be of humans, sheep, chicks, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Serum or blood sample<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Microtitre plates such as 96 well-microtitre (V-bottomed) plate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diluent: Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative and Positive Control Samples<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RDT kits (generally with slides, reagents, and control) are available in case of Rapid Hemagglutination assay<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"principle-of-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>Principle of <strong>Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary theme of the hemagglutination test is that when any <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/antigen\/\">antigens<\/a> present on the surface of Red Blood Cells come in contact with any complementary <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/antibody\/\">antibody<\/a> and vice-versa, they combine to agglutinate and form noticeable clumps, which can be observed clearly distinguishing the positive test from the negative one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>Types of <strong>Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is of mainly two types based on the methodology:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-rapid-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>A. Rapid Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As the name suggests, in around one minute, this test can determine the presence of a haemagglutinating agent. Hence, it can also be called Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT). The negative and positive control samples must be tested only once when testing multiple samples.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Whenever a haemagglutination test is performed, the settling pattern of the red blood cell suspension must be tested. This is done by combining diluent with red blood cells and allowing them to settle.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i. The diluent should be dispensed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ii. Add red blood cells and gently shake them to combine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iii. Allow the red blood cells to settle before examining the pattern<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iv. Examine the cells to see if they are setting in a normal pattern and have no auto-agglutination. In the micro-agglutination assay, there will be a distinct button of cells and an even suspension with no signs of clumping in the rapid assay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Procedure of Rapid Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Place four separate drops of 10% chicken red blood cells on a glass slide or the provided one in the kit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add one drop of each control and test sample to each drop of blood along with PBS. To dispense each sample, use separate tips, pipettes, or a flamed loop. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At first, PBS is dropped, followed by control and unidentified samples.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It should be mixed for one minute by rotating the slide or tile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Observe the result and compare it with the positive and negative control provided in the kit to analyze the result.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-micro-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>B. Micro-hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This method is useful for testing the presence or absence of haemagglutinin in allantoic fluid from many embryonated eggs. It is a more time-consuming method than RDT. Red blood cells are dissolved in a 1% solution. Cells settle faster in V-bottom plates, and the slight difference between positive and negative results is greater than in U-bottom plates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Procedure of <strong>Micro-hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Fill out a recording sheet with information about the samples being tested. The samples and controls will be placed in the wells indicated on this sheet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Take the sample of about 50 ml with a micropipette and dispense it into a well of the microwell plate. Use a different tip for each sample to prevent contamination of samples.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Place negative and positive controls on one of the plates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pour 50 mL of PBS into each well. These wells will serve as auto-agglutination controls for red blood cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fill each well with 25 mL of 1% red blood cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gently tap the plate&#8217;s sides to mix. Cover the plate with a plate cover.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Let the plate stand for about 40 minutes, and observe\/record the data.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"result-interpretation-of-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>Result Interpretation of <strong><strong>Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The appearance of clumps in the case of agglutinated suspension can indicate a positive test in all tests. It can be compared with the positive control set to analyze properly. A positive test suggests that the respective sample is contaminated with antibodies or antigens related to a pathogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Note: The clumps can be observed at the bottom of the well in the case of Micro-well and on the surface in the case of RDT.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Hemagglutination-Assay.jpg\" alt=\"Hemagglutination Assay\" class=\"wp-image-39900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Hemagglutination-Assay.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Hemagglutination-Assay-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Hemagglutination-Assay-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Hemagglutination-Assay-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Hemagglutination Assay<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"applications-of-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>Applications of <strong><strong>Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It can be used to detect the humoral immune response of the body against any disease or infective agents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can be used for determining different blood cell types or groups.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can detect and quantify viral infections such as paramyxovirus, influenza, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Different rapid diagnosis test kits based on hemagglutination are designed. For e.g. an RDT kit for detecting HbsAg in case of Hepatitis B infection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can also detect various bacterial infections, such as syphilis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"advantages-of-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>Advantages of <strong><strong>Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Simple to perform<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not as expensive as many other tests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Types of equipment used are generally easily available.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fast interpretation of results (as in the case of RDT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"limitations-of-hemagglutination-assay\"><\/span><strong>Limitations of <strong><strong>Hemagglutination Assay<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Faults in incubation time and concentration of RBC may lead to wrong results.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Different factors considered in the reaction must be specific. Their non-specificity may result in an incorrect result.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determination of quantitative values and result interpretation require qualified individuals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Result interpretation is made manually without any digital data, so the different observers might have errors or fluctuations in analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>S. Miyaishi, F. Moriya, (2005) Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition)<br>Parija S.C., (2009), Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology, 2nd edition, Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited, pg. 108<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe and Deepak B. Rawool, Methods in Microbiology, 2020<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Townsend, A., Rijal, P., Xiao, J. et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-22045-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A haemagglutination test for rapid detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2<\/a>. Nat Commun 12, 1951 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22045-y<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thangavelu, C. P., &amp; Koshi, G. (1980). Micro-indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to the Ibc protein of group B Streptococcus. Journal of clinical microbiology, 12(1), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.12.1.1-6.1980<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The antigen and antibody reaction in which the antigen-antibody complex formed is visible in the form of clumps is called agglutination. It occurs on the surface of the cells or &#8230; <a title=\"Hemagglutination Assay- Principle, Types, Method, Uses\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/hemagglutination-assay-principle-types-method-uses\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Hemagglutination Assay- Principle, Types, Method, Uses\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":39900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1026],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Hemagglutination-Assay.jpg","author":{"name":"Bikash Dwivedi","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/550c27119b43d63c2e6c2190afd185c9?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1026,"name":"Immunology","slug":"immunology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1026,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Immunology is an emerging branch of medical science that deals with studies related to different aspects of the immune system like the cells, structure, function, response against antigens, and disorders.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals, processes, and mechanisms that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond, the structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system consists of two lines of defense; innate immunity and adaptive immunity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The innate immunity represents the first line of defense against the antigen, and it is an antigen-independent defense mechanism used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the other hand, adaptive immunity is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific and, therefore, includes a lag time between exposure to the antigen and maximal response.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies conducted in immunology are related to the measurement of physiological functioning of the immune system in both healthy and disease conditions, malfunctioning of the system in the case of disorders, and physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the cells of the immune system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is fast becoming an important branch of clinical medicine as it has a close relationship with organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, and even dermatology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is focused on certain organs of the body like the bone marrow and the lymphatic system and the white blood cells found in the blood.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells or organs producing these cells are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the defense mechanism of the body against a pathogenic agent or other antigens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells keep on circulating throughout the body via blood or lymph so that they can detect antigens entering the body from different sources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An important aspect of immunology is immunotherapy, where components of the immune system or antigens are used to treat a disease or disorder as a form of treatment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":115,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1026,"category_count":115,"category_description":"<strong>Immunology is an emerging branch of medical science that deals with studies related to different aspects of the immune system like the cells, structure, function, response against antigens, and disorders.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals, processes, and mechanisms that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond, the structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system consists of two lines of defense; innate immunity and adaptive immunity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The innate immunity represents the first line of defense against the antigen, and it is an antigen-independent defense mechanism used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the other hand, adaptive immunity is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific and, therefore, includes a lag time between exposure to the antigen and maximal response.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies conducted in immunology are related to the measurement of physiological functioning of the immune system in both healthy and disease conditions, malfunctioning of the system in the case of disorders, and physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the cells of the immune system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is fast becoming an important branch of clinical medicine as it has a close relationship with organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, and even dermatology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is focused on certain organs of the body like the bone marrow and the lymphatic system and the white blood cells found in the blood.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells or organs producing these cells are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the defense mechanism of the body against a pathogenic agent or other antigens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells keep on circulating throughout the body via blood or lymph so that they can detect antigens entering the body from different sources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An important aspect of immunology is immunotherapy, where components of the immune system or antigens are used to treat a disease or disorder as a form of treatment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Immunology","category_nicename":"immunology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39897"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39897"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39897\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39900"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}