{"id":38577,"date":"2022-05-28T01:20:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-27T19:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=38577"},"modified":"2022-07-26T02:02:50","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T20:17:50","slug":"mhc-molecule-autoimmunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/","title":{"rendered":"MHC Molecule and Autoimmunity with Examples and Diagrams"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#what-is-an-mhc-molecule\" title=\"What is an MHC Molecule?\">What is an MHC Molecule?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#mhc-molecule-history\" title=\"MHC Molecule History\">MHC Molecule History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#mhc-molecule-functions\" title=\"MHC Molecule Functions\">MHC Molecule Functions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#difference-between-mhc-class-i-and-mhc-class-ii-molecules\" title=\"Difference between MHC class I and MHC class II molecules\">Difference between MHC class I and MHC class II molecules<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#process-of-thymic-selection\" title=\"Process of thymic selection\">Process of thymic selection<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#what-is-autoimmunity\" title=\"What is Autoimmunity?\">What is Autoimmunity?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#association-of-mhc-with-the-autoimmune-disorder\" title=\"Association of MHC with the autoimmune disorder\">Association of MHC with the autoimmune disorder<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#examples-of-autoimmune-disorders\" title=\"Examples of autoimmune disorders\">Examples of autoimmune disorders<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#1-multiple-sclerosis\" title=\"1. Multiple Sclerosis:\">1. Multiple Sclerosis:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#2-rheumatoid-arthritis\" title=\"2. Rheumatoid Arthritis:\">2. Rheumatoid Arthritis:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#3-type-1-diabetes\" title=\"3. Type 1 Diabetes:\">3. Type 1 Diabetes:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#4-systemic-lupus-erythematosus\" title=\"4. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:\">4. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#5-psoriasis\" title=\"5. Psoriasis\">5. Psoriasis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#6-dermatomytosis\" title=\"6. Dermatomytosis\">6. Dermatomytosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#7-celiac-disease\" title=\"7. Celiac Disease\">7. Celiac Disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#8-inflammatory-bowel-disease-ulcerative-colitis-and-crohns-disease\" title=\"8. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn&#8217;s Disease\">8. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn&#8217;s Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-an-mhc-molecule\"><\/span><strong>What is an MHC Molecule?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Human leukocyte antigen is a major histocompatibility complex present on chromosome 6 of the human genome.<\/li><li>Size: 3.6 Mb approx.<\/li><li>They are divided into 3 classes, telomeric class 1, centromeric class 2, and class 3 region.<\/li><li>They are highly polymorphic in humans means different alleles exist in the different individuals inside a population. Thus, no two individuals can have the same type of <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecules\/\">MHC molecules<\/a>, except for identical twins.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mhc-molecule-history\"><\/span><strong><strong>MHC Molecule<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>History<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>George snell identified murine MHC locus, H2.<\/li><li>Dausset identified HLA in WBC in human chromosome.<\/li><li>Baruj benacerraf identified the relevance of these molecules in the immune response.<\/li><li>Three of them were awarded a joint Nobel prize in 1980 in medicine.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mhc-molecule-functions\"><\/span><strong><strong>MHC Molecule<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>Functions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The basic function of the MHC molecule is to digest the foreign peptide and present it to T cells, known as antigen presentation. This helps T cells to specifically recognize the foreign antigen and form antibodies against it, thus neutralizing it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"difference-between-mhc-class-i-and-mhc-class-ii-molecules\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/differences-between-mhc-class-i-and-class-ii\/\">Difference between MHC class I and MHC class II molecules<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>MHC class I<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>MHC class II<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Present on the surface of all nucleated cells<\/td><td>Present on antigen-presenting cells<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Present antigen to CD8<sup>+<\/sup> cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)<\/td><td>Present antigen to CD4<sup>+<\/sup> cells (T helper cells)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bind to endogenous antigen<\/td><td>Bind to exogenous antigen<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"process-of-thymic-selection\"><\/span><strong>Process of thymic selection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Thymic selection mainly relies on the recognition of self-peptide-MHC complexes, whereby weak interactions with self-peptide-MHC allow Tcell survival (positive selection); on the other hand, strong interaction induces apoptosis (<strong>negative selection<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-autoimmunity\"><\/span><strong>What is Autoimmunity?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Autoimmune disorders are a result of the loss of the ability of the cell to discriminate between self and non-self.<\/li><li>This discrimination in the cell is mediated by the T-cell receptor, which recognizes the digested peptide fragment of antigen presented by the MHC molecule present in the antigen-presenting cell (APC), and the process is known as antigen presentation.<\/li><li>Failure in differentiating between self and non-self is due to pure thymic selection of self-peptide-MHC complex and non-self-peptide-MHC complex, which is an important selection process that takes place in the thymus during T-cell maturation.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MHC-Molecule-and-Autoimmunity-with-Examples.jpeg\" alt=\"MHC Molecule and Autoimmunity with Examples\" class=\"wp-image-38580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MHC-Molecule-and-Autoimmunity-with-Examples.jpeg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MHC-Molecule-and-Autoimmunity-with-Examples-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MHC-Molecule-and-Autoimmunity-with-Examples-1024x536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MHC-Molecule-and-Autoimmunity-with-Examples-768x402.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption>MHC Molecule and Autoimmunity with Examples<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"association-of-mhc-with-the-autoimmune-disorder\"><\/span><strong>Association of MHC with the autoimmune disorder<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>The mechanism of association between MHC and autoimmune disorder is not fully observed.<\/li><li>The main belief thus far is that it is due to the defect in immunological tolerance, which is the ability of the cell to recognize between self and nonself antigenic peptides.<\/li><li>Many diseases, including type I diabetes (TID), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, graves\u2019 disease, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc, are a result of loss of cell selection in the thymus.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"examples-of-autoimmune-disorders\"><\/span><strong>Examples of <strong>autoimmune disorder<\/strong>s<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-multiple-sclerosis\"><\/span><strong>1. Multiple Sclerosis:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>It is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease<\/li><li>Affect the central nervous system<\/li><li>At CNS, activated T cells and macrophages cross the blood-brain barrier and target the layering of nerve cells known as myelin sheath and attack it to produce inflammation, which makes it difficult for the brain to send the signals to the body.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"851\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Multiple-Sclerosis.jpeg\" alt=\"Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis\" class=\"wp-image-38582\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Multiple-Sclerosis.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Multiple-Sclerosis-300x213.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Multiple-Sclerosis-1024x726.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Multiple-Sclerosis-768x545.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption>Figure: Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Symptoms: depend on person to person<ul><li>Numbness or weakness in one side of the body, including hands, legs, etc<\/li><li>Electric shocks like sensations while bending the neck<\/li><li>Lack of coordination<\/li><li>Inability to walk properly<\/li><li>Blurry vision<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>There is no permanent cure, although temporary treatment can be taken to treat symptoms.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-rheumatoid-arthritis\"><\/span><strong>2. Rheumatoid Arthritis:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>chronic systemic autoimmune disorder<\/li><li>affects the lining of synovial joints<\/li><li>associated with progressive disability, premature death, and socioeconomic burdens<\/li><li>mainly females than males, and mainly observed in elderly people.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Rheumatoid-Arthritis.jpeg\" alt=\"Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis\" class=\"wp-image-38583\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Rheumatoid-Arthritis.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Rheumatoid-Arthritis-300x149.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Rheumatoid-Arthritis-1024x509.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Pathogenesis-of-Rheumatoid-Arthritis-768x382.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption>Figure: Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Symptoms:<ul><li>Arthralgia (pain in joints)<\/li><li>Swelling and redness in joints<\/li><li>Limiting joint motion<\/li><li>Weight loss<\/li><li>Fever<\/li><li>fatigue<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>No permanent cure, but temporary treatment can help to treat symptoms<\/li><li>Breastfeeding can decrease the rate of occurrence of RA in females.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-type-1-diabetes\"><\/span><strong>3. Type 1 Diabetes:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease.<\/li><li>destruction of pancreatic \u03b2-cells causes insulin deficiency, which leads to hyperglycemia and a tendency to ketoacidosis.<\/li><li>commonly presents in childhood or adolescence; however, the disease can appear at any age.<\/li><li>Patients with T1D constitute 5-10% of all people with diabetes, the remainder having type 2 diabetes, monogenic forms of diabetes, or diabetes associated with other sources of islet cell injury.<\/li><li>Autoimmune cells destroy the cells in the pancreas, aka beta cells, that make insulin, and since insulin helps the sugar to enter the blood, thus sugar accumulates in the body, resulting in high blood sugar levels.<\/li><li>Antibody markers of autoimmunity against \u03b2-cell include islet-cell autoantibodies, autoantibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), or tyrosine phosphates IA-2 and IA-2\u03b2, and ZnT8.<\/li><li>Studies show links the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes DQA and DQB to susceptibility to the disease.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"638\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Immune-Response-in-Type-I-Diabetes.jpeg\" alt=\"Immune Response in Type I Diabetes\" class=\"wp-image-38585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Immune-Response-in-Type-I-Diabetes.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Immune-Response-in-Type-I-Diabetes-300x160.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Immune-Response-in-Type-I-Diabetes-1024x544.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Immune-Response-in-Type-I-Diabetes-768x408.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption>Figure: Immune Response in Type I Diabetes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Symptoms:&nbsp;<ul><li>weightloss<\/li><li>Frequent urination<\/li><li>Impaired vision<\/li><li>Hunger attacks<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-systemic-lupus-erythematosus\"><\/span><strong>4. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Systemic autoimmune disease with multiorgan inflammation<\/li><li>Autoimmune antibodies form again nucleic acid and its binding proteins resulting in loss of self-tolerance.<\/li><li>Innate immunity plays a key role in the formation of inflammatory cytokines that causes tissue injury and activation of autoreactive B and T cells that leads to organ injury.<\/li><li>Symptoms:&nbsp;<ul><li>fever<\/li><li>skin rashes<\/li><li>pain or swelling in joints<\/li><li>sun sensitivity<\/li><li>oral ulcers<\/li><li>heart, kidney, lungs problems<\/li><li>psychosis<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5-psoriasis\"><\/span><strong>5. Psoriasis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Chronic inflammatory skin disease<\/li><li>Show comorbidity with another autoimmune disease such as arthritis.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"852\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/The-IL-23_IL-17-Axis-in-Psoriasis.jpeg\" alt=\"The IL-23_IL-17 Axis in Psoriasis\" class=\"wp-image-38586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/The-IL-23_IL-17-Axis-in-Psoriasis.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/The-IL-23_IL-17-Axis-in-Psoriasis-300x213.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/The-IL-23_IL-17-Axis-in-Psoriasis-1024x727.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/The-IL-23_IL-17-Axis-in-Psoriasis-768x545.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption>Figure: The IL-23\/IL-17 Axis in Psoriasis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Symptoms:<ul><li>Scaly&nbsp; red patches confined to a specific area<\/li><li>Nails with thick pitted or ridged lining<\/li><li>Stiff and swollen joints<\/li><li>Bleeding in skin due to extreme dryness<\/li><li>Itching<\/li><li>Burning<\/li><li>Painful lesions<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>There is no permanent treatment available as this disease show symptoms irregularly and sometimes remain dormant in the body for years, but few medications help treat symptoms, such as methotrexate which is an immunosuppressant.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6-dermatomytosis\"><\/span><strong>6. Dermatomytosis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Result due to bodies defect to recognize its cell as foreign, genetic factor, cancer in older people, environmental factors, infection or any medication, etc.<\/li><li>It causes muscle inflammation and rashes.<\/li><li>Symptoms:&nbsp;<ul><li>Painful sunburn rashes<\/li><li>Upper eyelid swelling<\/li><li>Spots of red and purple color on knee, elbow, toes, and knuckles<\/li><li>Stiffness and pain in joints<\/li><li>Hair thinning with dry skin<\/li><li>Red fingernails<\/li><li>Weakness in muscles around the hip, back, shoulder, and neck<\/li><li>Weightloss<\/li><li>Tiredness<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Diagnosis can be done by blood tests, electromyogram, MRI, a biopsy of skin or muscle, etc.<\/li><li>Treatment is done using immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, methotrexate, tacrolimus, etc.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7-celiac-disease\"><\/span><strong>7. Celiac Disease<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Aka celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy.<\/li><li>A chronic digestive autoimmune disorder that targets the small intestine due to the consumption of gluten which is naturally found in wheat, barley, etc.<\/li><li>Found in approx 1% of the world\u2019s population.<\/li><li>Symptoms:<ul><li>Bloating<\/li><li>Chronic diarrhea<\/li><li>Constipation<\/li><li>Gas<\/li><li>Lactose intolerance<\/li><li>Nausea and vomiting<\/li><li>Pain in abdomen<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Genetic testing and biopsies of the small intestine are usually done for diagnosis<\/li><li>No permanent cure<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8-inflammatory-bowel-disease-ulcerative-colitis-and-crohns-disease\"><\/span><strong>8. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn&#8217;s Disease<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is characterized by two diseases, i.e, Crohn&#8217;s disease and ulcerative colitis.<\/li><li>Chrohn\u2019s disease: affect any part of the GI tract, usually the small intestine, and the area of damage appears in patches. The inflammation affects all layers of the GI tract.<\/li><li>Ulcerative colitis: this occurs in the large intestine and rectum, and it doesn\u2019t appear in patches. Only affect the innermost layer of the large intestine.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1300\" height=\"935\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Immune-Response-in-IBD.jpeg\" alt=\"Inflammatory Bowel Disease\" class=\"wp-image-38526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Immune-Response-in-IBD.jpeg 1300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Immune-Response-in-IBD-300x216.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Immune-Response-in-IBD-1024x736.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Immune-Response-in-IBD-768x552.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><figcaption>Figure: Inflammatory bowel disease.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Symptoms:<ul><li>Persistent diarrhea<\/li><li>Abdominal pain<\/li><li>Rectal bleeding\/bloody stools<\/li><li>Weight loss<\/li><li>Fatigue<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>The diagnosis was done by endoscopy and colonoscopy.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A., et al. (2017) Essentials of Genetics. 7th Edition, Higher Education Press, Beijing, 446-464<\/li><li>Fernando, M. M. A., Stevens, C. R., Walsh, E. C., De Jager, P. L., Goyette, P., Plenge, R. M., \u2026 Rioux, J. D. (2008). Defining the Role of the MHC in Autoimmunity: A Review and Pooled Analysis. PLoS Genetics, 4(4), e1000024. doi:10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000024<\/li><li>Klein, L., Kyewski, B., Allen, P. et al. Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don&#8217;t see). Nat Rev Immunol 14, 377\u2013391 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3667<\/li><li>Sticherling M. Psoriasis and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2016 Dec;15(12):1167-1170. DOI: 10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.004. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27639838.<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/health-information\/digestive-diseases\/celiac-disease\/diagnosis<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lupus\/facts\/detailed.html<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/arthritis\/basics\/rheumatoid-arthritis.html<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/what-is-type-1-diabetes.html<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.nccih.nih.gov\/health\/multiple-sclerosis<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ibd\/what-is-ibd.htm<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/psoriasis\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/psoriasis\/index.htm<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is an MHC Molecule? Human leukocyte antigen is a major histocompatibility complex present on chromosome 6 of the human genome. Size: 3.6 Mb approx. They are divided into 3 &#8230; <a title=\"MHC Molecule and Autoimmunity with Examples and Diagrams\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mhc-molecule-autoimmunity\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about MHC Molecule and Autoimmunity with Examples and Diagrams\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":38580,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1026],"tags":[1073,1074,1322,1323,1327],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/MHC-Molecule-and-Autoimmunity-with-Examples.jpeg","author":{"name":"Khushi Jain","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6d8f42d1d867841d31b4bc4c09ac9935?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1026,"name":"Immunology","slug":"immunology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1026,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Immunology is an emerging branch of medical science that deals with studies related to different aspects of the immune system like the cells, structure, function, response against antigens, and disorders.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals, processes, and mechanisms that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond, the structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system consists of two lines of defense; innate immunity and adaptive immunity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The innate immunity represents the first line of defense against the antigen, and it is an antigen-independent defense mechanism used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the other hand, adaptive immunity is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific and, therefore, includes a lag time between exposure to the antigen and maximal response.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies conducted in immunology are related to the measurement of physiological functioning of the immune system in both healthy and disease conditions, malfunctioning of the system in the case of disorders, and physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the cells of the immune system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is fast becoming an important branch of clinical medicine as it has a close relationship with organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, and even dermatology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is focused on certain organs of the body like the bone marrow and the lymphatic system and the white blood cells found in the blood.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells or organs producing these cells are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the defense mechanism of the body against a pathogenic agent or other antigens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells keep on circulating throughout the body via blood or lymph so that they can detect antigens entering the body from different sources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An important aspect of immunology is immunotherapy, where components of the immune system or antigens are used to treat a disease or disorder as a form of treatment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":115,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1026,"category_count":115,"category_description":"<strong>Immunology is an emerging branch of medical science that deals with studies related to different aspects of the immune system like the cells, structure, function, response against antigens, and disorders.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals, processes, and mechanisms that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond, the structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system consists of two lines of defense; innate immunity and adaptive immunity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The innate immunity represents the first line of defense against the antigen, and it is an antigen-independent defense mechanism used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the other hand, adaptive immunity is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific and, therefore, includes a lag time between exposure to the antigen and maximal response.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies conducted in immunology are related to the measurement of physiological functioning of the immune system in both healthy and disease conditions, malfunctioning of the system in the case of disorders, and physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the cells of the immune system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is fast becoming an important branch of clinical medicine as it has a close relationship with organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, and even dermatology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunology is focused on certain organs of the body like the bone marrow and the lymphatic system and the white blood cells found in the blood.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells or organs producing these cells are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the defense mechanism of the body against a pathogenic agent or other antigens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells keep on circulating throughout the body via blood or lymph so that they can detect antigens entering the body from different sources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An important aspect of immunology is immunotherapy, where components of the immune system or antigens are used to treat a disease or disorder as a form of treatment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Immunology","category_nicename":"immunology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38577"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38577"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38577\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}