Gram-Positive Bacteria<\/strong><\/td>Gram-Negative Bacteria<\/strong><\/td>Fungi<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>Staphylococcus spp.<\/em> Streptococcus spp.<\/em> Micrococcus spp.<\/em> Corynebacterium spp.<\/em> Propionibacterium spp.<\/em> Bacillus spp.<\/em> Aerococcus spp.<\/em><\/td>Enterobacter spp.<\/em> Klebsiella spp.<\/em> E. coli<\/em> Proteus spp.<\/em> Pseudomonas spp.<\/em> Acinetobacter spp.<\/em><\/td>Candida spp.<\/em> Epidermophyton spp.<\/em> Aspergillus spp.<\/em> Penicillium spp.<\/em> Cladosporium spp.<\/em> Mucor spp.<\/em> Rhodotorula spp.<\/em> Malassezia spp.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Gram +ve and Gram -ve<\/span> Bacteria of Skin, Hair, and Nail<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Staphylococcus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-positive<\/li>
- Catalase-positive <\/li>
- Coagulase positive and coagulase-negative<\/li>
- Aerobic<\/li>
- Cocci bacteria <\/li>
- Family – Staphylococcaceae<\/em> <\/strong><\/li>
- Seen in a grape-like cluster under a microscope <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Staphylococcus<\/em> is a dominant species in human skin. It is found in the skin of the scalp, arms, body, legs, and groin areas and even in hairs and nails. They are resident flora of human skin, and when disturbed, they quickly re-establish themselves. <\/p>\n\n\n\nS. epidermidis<\/em> is the dominant species in human skin. In some areas, it covers more than 90% of the resident flora population. <\/p>\n\n\n\nS. aureus <\/em>is another common species in the hair follicle, vulvar skin, scalp, nose, and perineum. They are present in 10 \u2013 40% of an adult human.<\/p>\n\n\n\nS. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, <\/em>and S. capitis <\/em>are other common species of Staphylococcus residing in a healthy human\u2019s skin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Streptococcus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-positive<\/li>
- Anaerobic and facultative anaerobic <\/li>
- Catalase-negative <\/li>
- Cocci bacteria <\/li>
- Family – Streptococcaceae <\/em><\/li>
- Seen in a form of a chain of spheres under a microscope <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Mostly – hemolytic streptococci are found as commensals in human skin. and \u2013 hemolytic species are found in very few people as commensals. Viridans streptococci are seen in the perineum, groin areas, and around the mouth. They are mostly transient flora. <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/span>Micrococcus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-positive <\/li>
- Mostly non-motile (few species are motile) <\/li>
- Strictly aerobic <\/li>
- Cocci in clusters <\/li>
- Family – Micrococcaceae<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Micrococcus <\/em>is also abundantly found in the skin of most people. They represent about 20% of the bacterial population on the skin of legs, arms, and scalp. M. luteus<\/em> is dominant species covering around 20 \u2013 80% of skin micrococci. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Corynebacterium spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-positive <\/li>
- Rod-shaped (club-shaped), <\/li>
- Aerobic bacteria <\/li>
- Family \u2013 Corynebacteriaceae<\/li>
- Characteristic high mesodiamonopimelic acid content and highly repeated arabinogalactan<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Corynebacterium <\/em>is found abundantly in moist skin. Areas rich in sebaceous glands contain a large number of anaerobic Corynebacteria. C. parvum, C. xerosis, C. jeikeium, <\/em>and C. minutissimum<\/em> are some predominant Corynebacteria in human skin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Propionibacterium spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-positive<\/li>
- Rod-shaped<\/li>
- Anaerobic<\/li>
- Family \u2013 Propionibacteriaceae<\/li>
- Unique ability to produce propionic acid using transcarboxylase enzymes<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Propionibacterium <\/em>is one of the most commonly isolated bacteria from the skin of an adult. These bacteria are rarely seen in children below 10 years of age. Once a person reaches puberty, they begin to colonize skin. P. granulosum, P. avidum,<\/em> and P. acne<\/em> are the most common species in human skin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Bacillus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-positive<\/li>
- Rod-shaped<\/li>
- Motile<\/li>
- Obligate aerobic and some facultative anaerobic<\/li>
- Spore forming<\/li>
- Family \u2013 Bacillaceae<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Bacillus spp. <\/em>are found in both the dry and the moist skin areas. However, they cover only a small portion of skin flora. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Aerococcus spp. <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-positive<\/li>
- Catalase-negative<\/li>
- Cocci<\/li>
- Aerobic<\/li>
- Family \u2013 Aerococcaceae<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
A. viridans<\/em> are the normal flora of the skin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Enterobacter spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-negative<\/li>
- Rod-shaped <\/li>
- Motile<\/li>
- Lactose fermenting <\/li>
- Facultatively anaerobic <\/li>
- Mesophillic coliform bacteria <\/li>
- Family – Enterobacteriaceae<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Enterobacter <\/em>spp. are found in moist areas, mostly the perianal region. E. cloacae<\/em> are the most common species. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Klebsiella spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-negative <\/li>
- Rod-shaped <\/li>
- Non-motile<\/li>
- Encapsulated<\/li>
- Lactose fermenting <\/li>
- Facultatively anaerobic <\/li>
- Mesophillic coliform bacteria <\/li>
- Family – Enterobacteriaceae<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Klebsiella spp. <\/em>are found in vaginal skin, perianal area, and groins. They are mostly transient flora migrated from the rectum. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>E. coli <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-negative <\/li>
- Rod-shaped <\/li>
- Motile<\/li>
- Lactose fermenting <\/li>
- Facultatively anaerobic <\/li>
- Mesophilic coliform bacteria <\/li>
- Family – Enterobacteriaceae<\/li>
- Genus – Escherichia<\/em> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
E. coli<\/em> are found in moist areas like the moist intertriginous areas, perineum, and the perianal region. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Proteus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-negative <\/li>
- Rod-shaped <\/li>
- Aerobic and facultative anaerobic <\/li>
- Motile bacteria <\/li>
- Family – Enterobacteriaceae<\/em> <\/li>
- Capacity to produce swarming colonies<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
As like other Gram-negative bacteria, Proteus<\/em> spp<\/em>. are transient flora found in moist skin mainly around the perineum, and the perianal region. They are also found between the fingers of the leg. P. mirabilis<\/em> is a commonly isolated species. They can occasionally cause wound infection. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Pseudomonas spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n- Gram-negative <\/li>
- Rod-shaped <\/li>
- Aerobic <\/li>
- Gammaproteobacteria <\/li>
- Family \u2013 Pseudomonadaceae<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
P. aeruginosa <\/em>is an infrequently isolated normal inhabitant of the human skin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Acinetobacter spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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