Gram-Positive Bacteria<\/strong><\/td>Gram-Negative Bacteria<\/strong><\/td>Others Microbes<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>Streptococcus spp.<\/em>Staphylococcus spp.<\/em>Corynebacterium spp.<\/em>Haemophilus spp.<\/em>Fusobacterium spp.<\/em>Propionibacterium spp.<\/em>Rothia spp.<\/em>Actinobacillus spp.<\/em>Eubacterium spp.<\/em>Gemella spp.<\/em>Peptostreptococcus spp. <\/em>E. coli<\/em>Proteus spp.<\/em>Neisseria spp.<\/em>Moraxella spp.<\/em>Kingella spp.<\/em>Bacteroides spp.<\/em>Porphyromonas spp.<\/em>Prevotella spp.<\/em>Selenomonas spp.<\/em>Cardiobacterium spp.<\/em>Eikenella spp.<\/em>Veillonella spp. <\/em><\/td>Candida spp.<\/em>Mycoplasma spp.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Normal Flora on Specific Location of Respiratory Tract<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nLocation of Respiratory Tract<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Normal Microflora<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>Nares <\/strong><\/td>Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Fusobacterium spp. <\/em><\/td><\/tr>Nasopharynx<\/strong><\/td>Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Neisseria spp., Moraxella spp., Kingella spp., Haemophilus spp.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>Oropharynx <\/strong><\/td>Peptostreptococcus spp., Veillonella spp., Actinomyces spp., Fusobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Neisseria spp., Staphylococcus spp., Gemella spp., Moraxella spp., Kingella spp., Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella spp., Actinobacillus spp., Propionibacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Porphyromonas spp., Rothia spp., Prevotella spp., Selenomonas spp., Eubacterium spp., Mycoplasma spp., Candida spp.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>Lower Respiratory Tract<\/strong><\/td>NONE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Gram +ve and Gram -ve Bacteria of Respiratory Microbiota<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Staphylococcus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nGram-positive<\/li> Catalase-positive <\/li> Cocci bacteria <\/li> Family- Staphylococcaceae<\/em> <\/li>Characteristic grape-like clusters under a microscope <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\nStaphylococci are<\/em> the most abundant aerobic flora of nasal passages. They are found in the nasal passage of more than 90% of people. <\/p>\n\n\n\nS. epidermidis <\/em>is a normal flora of the skin and is present abundantly in the skin of the anterior portion of the nares. It is present in the anterior nares of about 90% of the individuals. <\/p>\n\n\n\nS. aureus <\/em>is present in the nasal passages of about 30% of individuals. Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus<\/em> (MRSA) is also found as commensals in hospitals and healthcare workers. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nS. lugdunensis, S. capitis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. hominis, S. cohnii, <\/em>and S. auricularis <\/em>are other species found as commensal in anterior nares and nasal cavity of about <10% of people. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Corynebacterium spp. <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nGram-positive <\/li> Rod-shaped (club-shaped) <\/li> Aerobic bacteria <\/li> Family- Corynebacteriaceae<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\nCorynebacteria are abundantly found as aerobic bacteria in the nares and nasopharynx region. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C. accolens<\/em> and C. propinquum<\/em> are the dominant Corynebacteria present in the nares, nasopharynx, and oropharynx. They account for more than 40% of Corynebacteria in the nose. <\/p>\n\n\n\nC. pseudodiphtheriticum, C. jeikeium, C. macginleyi<\/em> are other common Corynebacteria of the nasal passage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Propionibacterium spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nGram-positive <\/li> Rod-shaped <\/li> Anaerobic bacteria <\/li> Family – Propionibacteriaceae <\/li> Characteristic ability to synthesize propionic acid <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\nPropionibacterium<\/em> spp. are the most abundant anaerobic species in adult nasal microbiota. <\/p>\n\n\n\nP. acnes<\/em> is the most abundant species in this genus covering about 50 \u2013 70% of anaerobic bacteria in the nasal passage. <\/p>\n\n\n\nP. acidifaciens <\/em>and P. propionicus<\/em> are other species of normal nasal flora in a low proportion of people. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Peptostreptococcus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nGram-positive <\/li> Spherical (cocci) <\/li> Non-motile <\/li> Anaerobic bacteria <\/li> Family – Peptostreptococcaceae<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\nP. anaerobius, P. asaccharolyticus, P. micros <\/em>are common species in the oropharynx. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Fusobacterium spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nGram-negative<\/li> Non-sporing <\/li> Rod-shaped <\/li> Anaerobic bacteria <\/li> Family – Fusobacteriaceae. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\nThey are widely present in anterior nares, nasopharynx, and oropharynx. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
F. nucleatum <\/em>subspecies, F. necrophorum, F. peridonticum<\/em> are the most prevalent species in the oropharynx and the nasopharynx. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Streptococcus spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nGram-positive <\/li> Anaerobic and facultative anaerobic <\/li> Catalase-negative <\/li> Cocci bacteria <\/li> Family – Streptococcaceae <\/em><\/li>Characteristic arrangement in the form of a chain of spheres <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\nStreptococci are widely distributed bacterial genera in the nasopharynx and the oropharynx. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. mutans, S. vestibularis, S. pneumoniae, <\/em>and S. parasanguis <\/em>are normal microbiota of the pharynx region. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Neisseria spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nGram-negative <\/li> Aerobic or facultative anaerobic <\/li> Cocci (and diplococci) <\/li> Betaproteobacteria <\/li> Family – Neisseriaceae<\/em> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\nNeisseria<\/em> is commensal to the nasopharynx and oropharynx. 12 species of Neisseria<\/em> are recovered from the nasopharynx region. <\/p>\n\n\n\nN. meningitidis<\/em> is a very common commensal in the nasopharynx region. It is also an invasive and potential pathogen that is associated with meningitis. <\/p>\n\n\n\nN. lactamica, N. subflava, N. mucosa, N. sicca<\/em> are common species in the URT. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>
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