{"id":37759,"date":"2022-02-09T12:26:18","date_gmt":"2022-02-09T11:26:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thebiologynotes.com\/?p=28593"},"modified":"2023-08-04T11:42:42","modified_gmt":"2023-08-04T05:57:42","slug":"fasciola-hepatica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/","title":{"rendered":"Fasciola hepatica- Common liver fluke or Sheep liver fluke"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em> is also known as a <strong>common liver fluke<\/strong> or<strong> sheep liver fluke. <\/strong>It causes hepatic fibrosis in ruminants and humans known as<strong> Fascioliasis.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#history-and-distribution-of-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"History and distribution of Fasciola hepatica\">History and distribution of Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#habitat-of-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Habitat of Fasciola hepatica\">Habitat of Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#morphology-of-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Morphology of Fasciola hepatica\">Morphology of Fasciola hepatica<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#adult-worm-of-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Adult worm of Fasciola hepatica\">Adult worm of Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#eggs-of-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Eggs of Fasciola hepatica\">Eggs of Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#larva-of-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Larva of Fasciola hepatica\">Larva of Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#life-cycle-of-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica\">Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#mode-of-transmission\" title=\"Mode of transmission\">Mode of transmission<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#development-in-man-or-sheep\" title=\"Development in Man or Sheep\">Development in Man or Sheep<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#development-in-water\" title=\"Development in Water\">Development in Water<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#development-in-snails\" title=\"Development in snails\">Development in snails<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#development-in-aquatic-plants\" title=\"Development in aquatic plants\">Development in aquatic plants<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#clinical-presentation-of-fascioliasis-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Clinical presentation of Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica)\">Clinical presentation of Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#diagnosis-of-fascioliasis-fasciola-hepatica\" title=\"Diagnosis of Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica)\">Diagnosis of Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#a-stool-microscopy\" title=\"a. Stool microscopy\">a. Stool microscopy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#b-blood-picture\" title=\"b. Blood picture\">b. Blood picture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#c-serological-test\" title=\"c. Serological test\">c. Serological test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#d-molecular-methods\" title=\"d. Molecular Methods\">d. Molecular Methods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#e-imaging\" title=\"e. Imaging\">e. Imaging<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#f-others\" title=\"f. Others\">f. Others<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#treatment-of-fascioliasis\" title=\"Treatment of Fascioliasis\">Treatment of Fascioliasis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#prophylaxis-of-fascioliasis\" title=\"Prophylaxis of Fascioliasis\">Prophylaxis of Fascioliasis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/#sources\" title=\"Sources\">Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"history-and-distribution-of-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>History and distribution <\/strong><strong>of <em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em> was the first fluke or trematode that was discovered more than 600 years ago in 1379 by Jehan de Brie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was named by Linnaeus in 1758.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is the largest and most common liver fluke found in man, however, its primary host is the sheep, and to a less extent, cattle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It causes the economically important disease, &#8220;<strong>liver rot<\/strong>&#8216;; in sheep.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is found in more than 70 countries, all continents except Antarctica emerging as a significant human parasitic disease.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its prevalence is highest in areas where extensive sheep and cattle raising occurs and where people consume raw aquatic vegetables&nbsp;contaminated with immature parasite larvae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has been estimated that up to 17 million people are infected and that another 180 million are at risk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-28810\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fasciola-hepatica-liver-fluke.jpeg\" alt=\"Fasciola hepatica- liver fluke\" class=\"wp-image-28810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fasciola-hepatica-liver-fluke.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fasciola-hepatica-liver-fluke-300x157.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em>&#8211; liver fluke.<\/strong> Image created with biorender.com. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/fascioliasis\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habitat-of-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Habitat <\/strong><strong>of <em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is endoparasite and lives in the<strong> liver<\/strong> and <strong>bile duct<\/strong> of the definitive host.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"morphology-of-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Morphology of <em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"adult-worm-of-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Adult worm of <em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is large enough to be visible to the naked eye measuring (3cm length by 1.2cm breadth), flat leaf-shaped flukes, gray or brown in color.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has a conical projection anteriorly containing an oral sucker and a ventral sucker at the base of the cone which allows it to attach to the lining of the biliary ducts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its intestine is bifurcated and incomplete and bears lateral branches.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The adult worm lives in the biliary tract of the definitive host for many years-about 5 years in sheep and 10 years in humans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Like all other trematodes, it is <strong>hermaphrodite<\/strong> with both male and female reproductive organs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"839\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Adult-Worm-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Worm- Morphology of Fasciola hepatica\" class=\"wp-image-28805\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Adult-Worm-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica.jpg 839w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Adult-Worm-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Adult-Worm-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica-768x433.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 839px) 100vw, 839px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/fascioliasis\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"eggs-of-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Eggs<\/strong><strong> of <em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The eggs are yellow-brown, large,<strong> ovoid<\/strong>, <strong>operculated<\/strong>, <strong>bile-stained,<\/strong> and measure 140 \u03bcm by 80 \u03bcm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The eggshell is smooth and fined with a double line.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eggs contain an immature larva, the miracidium.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>F<\/em>. <em>hepatica<\/em> and <em>Fasciolopsis<\/em> <em>buski<\/em> eggs cannot be differentiated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It unembryonated when freshly passed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1258\" height=\"570\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Eggs-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica.jpg\" alt=\"Eggs- Morphology of Fasciola hepatica\" class=\"wp-image-28806\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Eggs-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica.jpg 1258w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Eggs-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Eggs-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica-1024x464.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Eggs-Morphology-of-Fasciola-hepatica-768x348.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1258px) 100vw, 1258px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/fascioliasis\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"larva-of-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Larva<\/strong><strong> of <em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Metacercaria larva<\/strong> is the infective form for man and other definitive hosts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other larval forms are <strong>miracidia<\/strong>,<strong> rediae<\/strong>, and<strong> sporocysts<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"life-cycle-of-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Life cycle of <em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The life cycle of <em>F<\/em>. <em>hepatica<\/em> is complex and completed in two hosts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The primary host is <strong>sheep, goat, cattle, <\/strong>and<strong> man<\/strong> and while the intermediate host is a<strong> snail<\/strong> (<em>Lymnaea<\/em>, <em>Planorbis<\/em>, etc.,)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This type of life cycle, involving two different kinds of hosts, is called <strong>digenetic.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mode-of-transmission\"><\/span><strong>Mode of transmission<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The sheep and other definitive hosts including man get the infection by eating water plants and watercress<br>containing metacercariae.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1300\" height=\"1045\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Life-cycle-of-Fasciola-hepatica.jpg\" alt=\"Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica\" class=\"wp-image-28804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Life-cycle-of-Fasciola-hepatica.jpg 1300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Life-cycle-of-Fasciola-hepatica-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Life-cycle-of-Fasciola-hepatica-1024x823.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Life-cycle-of-Fasciola-hepatica-768x617.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/fascioliasis\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"development-in-man-or-sheep\"><\/span><strong>Development in Man or Sheep<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In the duodenum, the metacercariae excyst and the larvae emerge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The larvae travel through the lumen of the bowel, penetrate into the peritoneum, and invade the liver capsule. At this point, the larvae mature into adult worms in about 9 weeks of infection. and then they gradually migrate into the bile duct and bile passages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>After several weeks in the bile duct, they become sexually mature adults and start layings unembryonated eggs which come back to the intestine and are excreted in the feces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"development-in-water\"><\/span><strong>Development in Water<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Eggs become embryonated in freshwater over ~2 weeks to release miracidium at 22\u201326\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"development-in-snails\"><\/span><strong>Development in snails<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The miracidium infects the suitable snail in particular those of the family Lymnaeidae, which are the intermediate host.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inside the snail, the miracidium multiplies and transforms into sporocysts, which further develop into two generations of rediae. Finally, the rediae give rise to cercariae.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"development-in-aquatic-plants\"><\/span><strong>Development in aquatic plants<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The cercariae escape from the snails in water and infect the water plants where they encyst to form metacercariae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;The vegetation or water contaminated with metacercariae larvae when ingested by the definitive host causes infection and the cycle is repeated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-presentation-of-fascioliasis-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Clinical presentation of Fascioliasis (<em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em>)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The incubation period varies from days to few months.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>acute phase<\/strong> of infection is rarely seen in humans and occurs when a large number of metacercariae are ingested at once.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Diseases develop during metacercarial migration (1\u20132 weeks after infection) and include fever, right upper quadrant pain, hepatomegaly, and eosinophilia are the most frequent symptoms although vomiting, diarrhea, urticaria (hives), anemia, and may all be present.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The adult worm can cause obstruction of the bile duct and dilatation of the biliary tract.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The acute phase continues for 6-8 weeks until the larvae mature and settle in the bile ducts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In<strong> the chronic phase<\/strong>, the liver parenchyma is inflamed with the formation of multiple subcapsular abscesses (called<strong> liver rot<\/strong>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bile duct obstruction by adult worm and biliary cirrhosis are also reported but less commonly.No association to liver malignancy has been described as Fascioliasis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflammation of the bile ducts eventually leads to fibrosis and a condition called &#8220;<b>pipestem liver<\/b>&#8220;, a term describing the white appearance of the biliary ducts after fibrosis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The final outcome of severe infections is <strong>portal cirrhosis<\/strong> and even death.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cases of invasion into inguinal lymph nodes have been described. Other ectopic sites include subcutaneous skin, brain, and eyes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"diagnosis-of-fascioliasis-fasciola-hepatica\"><\/span><strong>Diagnosis of Fascioliasis (<em>Fasciola hepatica<\/em>)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Samples; stool, duodenal aspirates, or biliary aspirates<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-stool-microscopy\"><\/span><strong>a. Stool microscopy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Demonstration of typical operculated eggs in feces or aspirated bile from the duodenum is the best method of diagnosis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the case of acute conditions, stool microscopy is not useful as the worm burden is less.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concentration techniques (sedimentation methods) can be followed to increase the sensitivity. Floatation methods are not useful<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;The operculated eggs of<em> F<\/em>. <em>hepatica<\/em> are similar to that of <em>F.<\/em> <em>gigantica<\/em>, <em>F<\/em>. <em>buski<\/em>, Echinostoma, and Gastrodiscoides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-blood-picture\"><\/span><strong>b.<\/strong> B<strong>lood picture<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Reveals eosinophilia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"c-serological-test\"><\/span><strong>c. Serological test<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In the case of ectopic infections where eggs are not present in the stool, serological tests can be used, the <strong>FAST-ELISA<\/strong> being most popular for the detection of specific antibodies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ELISA becomes positive within 2 weeks of infection and is negative after treatment.&nbsp; It has a sensitivity of 95%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Others include counter electrophoresis and the western blot technique.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In chronic fascioliasis, <em>Fasciola<\/em> coproantigen may be detected in stool.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are useful for seroepidemiological study and to monitor the response to treatment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"d-molecular-methods\"><\/span><strong>d. Molecular Methods<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>DNA probes<\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-principle-steps-applications\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1182\">polymerase chain reaction (PCR)<\/a><\/strong> are available to detect <em>F<\/em>. <em>hepatica<\/em>-specific genes in stool specimens.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-imaging\"><\/span><strong>e. Imaging<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;Ultrasonography, computed tomography<strong> (CT)scan<\/strong> or magnetic resonance imaging<strong> (MRI)<\/strong> can be used to detect the lesion in the liver.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography<strong> (ERCP)<\/strong> and <strong>percutaneous cholangiography<\/strong> may be helpful in the diagnosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"f-others\"><\/span><strong>f. Others<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Elevated serum IgE and IgG4 antibodies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatment-of-fascioliasis\"><\/span><strong>Treatment of Fascioliasis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Currently, <strong>triclabendazole<\/strong> is the drug of choice selected by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The recommended dose is 10 mg\/kg as a single dose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Triclabendazole is a good drug to target both immature and mature forms of the trematode, may therefore be employed during the acute and chronic phases of the treatment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The alternative drug is <strong>bithionol<\/strong> (30\u201350 mg for 10\u201315 days), <strong>Prednisolone<\/strong> at a dose of 10\u201320 mg\/kg is used to control toxemia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prophylaxis-of-fascioliasis\"><\/span><strong>Prophylaxis of Fascioliasis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Fascioliasis can be prevented by following ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Health education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improving sanitation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Preventing pollution of watercourses with sheep, cattle, and human feces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proper disinfection of watercresses and other water vegetations before consumption.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control of snails<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Treatment of infected person.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Stephen Gillespie (Editor) and Richard D. Pearson (Editor). 2001. Principles and Practice of Clinical Parasitology.&nbsp;Wiley.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abhay R. Satoskar. 2009. Medical Parasitology. 1st edition. CRC Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sougata Ghosh. 2017. Paniker\u2019s Textbook of Medical Parasitology. 8th edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sources\"><\/span><strong>Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/parasites\/ParaSites2001\/fascioliasis\/Fasciola.htm &#8211; 17%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fasciola_hepatica &#8211; 6%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.who.int\/foodborne_trematode_infections\/fascioliasis\/fascioliasis_diagnosis\/en\/ &#8211; 2%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.coursehero.com\/file\/68414298\/15-Parasitology-Intestinal-Lung-Flukespdf\/ &#8211; 1%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/fasciola\/epi.html &#8211; 1%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2867827\/ &#8211; 1%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schistosoma &#8211; 1%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/worms-in-humans &#8211; &lt;1%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fasciola hepatica is also known as a common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke. It causes hepatic fibrosis in ruminants and humans known as Fascioliasis. History and distribution of Fasciola &#8230; <a title=\"Fasciola hepatica- Common liver fluke or Sheep liver fluke\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fasciola-hepatica\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Fasciola hepatica- Common liver fluke or Sheep liver fluke\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":28810,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1754],"tags":[6097,6098,6099,6100],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fasciola-hepatica-liver-fluke.jpeg","author":{"name":"Laxmi Neupane","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65de9275403e728cd61617e777c844ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1754,"name":"Parasitology","slug":"parasitology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1754,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Parasitology is a discipline that studies the structure and physiology of parasites, their host, and host-parasite interactions.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, parasites are not determined by the nature of the organism or the environment, but these are classified by their mode of life.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although parasitology originated in the zoologic sciences, it is today an independent, interdisciplinary field, highly influenced by microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, and other life sciences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional medical parasitological studies have included studies related to three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A large number of infections of humans are caused by parasites which range from relatively benign to fatal with some parasitic diseases being the cause for major human health problems throughout the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, parasitology has been limited to the identification of parasites, their mechanisms, and diseases caused in plants, animals, and humans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern parasitology research is more focused on the determination of signal transduction mechanisms controlling the behavior, survival, virulence, and gene expression of parasites, which have a crucial role in influencing the outcome of the interaction between host and parasite.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasitology has importance in veterinary and ecology, where the diseases caused by parasites in animals and the role of parasites in the ecosystem are the two major areas of focus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most parasites, unlike viruses, are not host-specific and can infect multiple hosts. These depend entirely on the living beings for their nutrients and survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites can be differentiated from fungi based on their host as parasites rely on living beings while fungi depend on dead particles for survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites are mostly macroscopic and belong to the invertebrate subphylum of the Animal kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diagnosis of parasitic diseases is based on the identification of the infectious agent, which is mostly made through microscopic examination.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the continuous emergence of new parasites and parasitic diseases, parasitology is considered a necessary scientific discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":25,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1754,"category_count":25,"category_description":"<strong>Parasitology is a discipline that studies the structure and physiology of parasites, their host, and host-parasite interactions.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, parasites are not determined by the nature of the organism or the environment, but these are classified by their mode of life.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although parasitology originated in the zoologic sciences, it is today an independent, interdisciplinary field, highly influenced by microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, and other life sciences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional medical parasitological studies have included studies related to three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A large number of infections of humans are caused by parasites which range from relatively benign to fatal with some parasitic diseases being the cause for major human health problems throughout the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, parasitology has been limited to the identification of parasites, their mechanisms, and diseases caused in plants, animals, and humans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern parasitology research is more focused on the determination of signal transduction mechanisms controlling the behavior, survival, virulence, and gene expression of parasites, which have a crucial role in influencing the outcome of the interaction between host and parasite.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasitology has importance in veterinary and ecology, where the diseases caused by parasites in animals and the role of parasites in the ecosystem are the two major areas of focus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most parasites, unlike viruses, are not host-specific and can infect multiple hosts. These depend entirely on the living beings for their nutrients and survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites can be differentiated from fungi based on their host as parasites rely on living beings while fungi depend on dead particles for survival.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parasites are mostly macroscopic and belong to the invertebrate subphylum of the Animal kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diagnosis of parasitic diseases is based on the identification of the infectious agent, which is mostly made through microscopic examination.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the continuous emergence of new parasites and parasitic diseases, parasitology is considered a necessary scientific discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Parasitology","category_nicename":"parasitology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37759"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37759"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37759\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28810"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37759"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37759"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}