{"id":32317,"date":"2022-06-30T19:34:58","date_gmt":"2022-06-30T13:49:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=32317"},"modified":"2022-09-05T14:17:48","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T08:32:48","slug":"staphylococcus-saprophyticus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/","title":{"rendered":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#what-is-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?\">What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#classification-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Classification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#habitat-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Habitat of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#morphology-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Morphology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#cultural-characteristics-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Cultural Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#1-nutrient-agar-na\" title=\"1. Nutrient Agar (NA)\">1. Nutrient Agar (NA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#2-mannitol-agar\" title=\"2. Mannitol Agar\">2. Mannitol Agar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#3-blood-agar-ba\" title=\"3. Blood agar (BA)\">3. Blood agar (BA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#4-p-agar\" title=\"4. P agar\">4. P agar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#5-thioglycolate-medium\" title=\"5. Thioglycolate medium\">5. Thioglycolate medium<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#biochemical-characteristics-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#fermentation\" title=\"Fermentation\">Fermentation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#enzymatic-reactions\" title=\"Enzymatic Reactions\">Enzymatic Reactions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#virulence-factors-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#1-surface-proteins\" title=\"1. Surface proteins\">1. Surface proteins<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#2-enzymes\" title=\"2. Enzymes\u00a0\">2. Enzymes\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#3-biofilm-formation\" title=\"3. Biofilm formation\">3. Biofilm formation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#pathogenesis-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#1-adhesion-attachment-colonization\" title=\"1. Adhesion\/ Attachment\/ Colonization\">1. Adhesion\/ Attachment\/ Colonization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#2-invasion\" title=\"2. Invasion\">2. Invasion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#catheters-related-infections\" title=\"Catheters-related infections\">Catheters-related infections<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#clinical-manifestations-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Clinical manifestations of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#lab-diagnosis-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\" title=\"Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\">Lab Diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#1-morphological-characteristics-and-biochemical-tests\" title=\"1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests\">1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#2-rapid-identification-kits\" title=\"2. Rapid Identification kits\">2. Rapid Identification kits<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#3-molecular-diagnosis\" title=\"3. Molecular diagnosis\">3. Molecular diagnosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#treatment-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus-infection\" title=\"Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection\">Treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#prevention-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus-infection\" title=\"Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection\">Prevention of Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/#sources\" title=\"Sources\">Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>What is <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus?<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like all Staphylococci, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and facultatively anaerobic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0is a part of the normal flora in humans that colonizes the areas like the perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This bacterium is also a common gastrointestinal flora in pigs and cows and may be transferred to humans by eating these respective foods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides humans, it can also be isolated from other environmental sources like meat and dairy products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the second most common cause of UTIs in young and middle-aged women, next to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Escherichia coli<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Less commonly, it is also responsible for complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among staphylococci<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the only species that is typically uropathogenic which is due to its ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and persistently grow in the urinary tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is different from S. aureus in that it is coagulase-negative, meaning it lacks the enzyme coagulase. It can be differentiated from other coagulase-negative staphylococci by its resistance to Novobiocin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was first isolated from humans by Shaw in 1951, and Torres Pereira first identified its connection with UTIs in 1962.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"classification-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Classification of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Classification of different species of the genus Staphylococci is based on various factors ranging from morphology, chemical properties, amino acid sequences, biochemical characteristics, and nucleotide sequences.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus spp. are primarily classified on the basis of DNA\u2013DNA hybridization where members of the same species demonstrate relative DNA-binding values of generally 70 percent or greater.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcal subspecies, in turn, have been identified on the basis of phenotypic characters and DNA relatedness, and ribotyping.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are two known subspecies of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. s. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. s. bovis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which are differentiated based on their colony diameter and nitrate reduction activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 81.3694%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Domain:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\">Bacteria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Phylum:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\">Firmicutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Class:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\">Bacilli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Order:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\">Bacillales<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Family:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\">Staphylococcaceae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Genus:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\"><em>Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Species:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Subspecies:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">subsp.<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.0226%;\"><strong>Subspecies:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.3311%;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">subsp.<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bovis<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habitat-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Habitat<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> subsp. saprophyticus is present as the normal flora in most primates and smaller terrestrial animals in the Order Scandentia. Member of Rodentia might act as a temporary host.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. s. bovis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, however, is found as the normal flora in domestic cattle like cows and pigs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. s. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is also present in humans as the normal flora of the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perineum, rectum, urethra, cervix, and gastrointestinal tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides being a part of the human\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">microbiota<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> this species is widely distributed in the environments<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and has been isolated from cheese, meat, and raw milk. Also, reports of<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0in the marine environment and food derived from fish have been made.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has also been isolated from the marine environment, either in polluted or recreational waters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In humans, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is sometimes found in the inguinal and perineal area that is characterized by high humidity, a rich supply of nutrients, near-body temperature, and a higher pH than is found on the general skin surface, factors that enhance its growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exact physiological role of the bacterium as the normal flora is not yet known; however, it is assumed that it may be involved in the lipid metabolism of the skin and that it may serve as a primary barrier against invading microbial pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"morphology-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Morphology<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32320\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Gram-Staining-of-Staphylococcus-saprophyticus.jpg\" alt=\"Gram Staining of Staphylococcus saprophyticus\" width=\"640\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Gram-Staining-of-Staphylococcus-saprophyticus.jpg 640w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Gram-Staining-of-Staphylococcus-saprophyticus-300x222.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure:<\/strong> Gram Staining of <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/em> (Gram-positive). Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staphylococcus_saprophyticus#\/media\/Datei:Staphylococcus_saprophyticus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Riraq25 (Wikipedia)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cells of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming with an average diameter of 0.8 to 1.2 \u00b5m.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These occur predominantly in pairs or as loose aggregates of single cells as a result of their division in irregular planes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cell membrane is made up of the typical lipid-protein bilayer consisting of phospholipids and different proteins that together act as a selective barrier and fulfill functions like electron transport, active transport, septum formation, and segregation of DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid that function to maintain the spherical shape of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like other coagulase-negative Staphylococci, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also has fewer cell wall adhesions and cell-wall associated proteins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have hemagglutinin <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mediated by its cell wall-anchored or associated surface proteins that help the organism anchor to the urogenital cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also has abundant transporter systems to adapt to ever-changing pH, osmolarity, and concentration of urea in human urine.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cultural-characteristics-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Cultural Characteristics<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococci produce different distinct colonies on a variety of commercial, selective, and nonselective agar media.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The commonly used selective media include mannitol\u2013salt agar, lipase\u2013salt\u2013mannitol agar, phenyl ethyl alcohol agar, Columbia colistin\u2013nalidixic acid (CNA) agar, and Tryptic soy agar supplemented with egg yolk tellurite enrichment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These media inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria, but allow the growth of staphylococci and certain other gram-positive bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The choice of media also depends on the source or sample of the infection. For food or other environmental specimens, Mannitol salt agar is used along with selective broth consisting of tryptone, nalidixic acid, and novobiocin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For human samples like urine, blood agar is used.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32321\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Staphylococcus-saprophyticus.jpeg\" alt=\"Staphylococcus saprophyticus\" width=\"900\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Staphylococcus-saprophyticus.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Staphylococcus-saprophyticus-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Staphylococcus-saprophyticus-768x403.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure:<\/strong> <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/em> on chromogenic agar (light pink) and blood agar (creamy bright). Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/richdavisphd\/status\/1245098250215940098\/photo\/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rich Davis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-nutrient-agar-na\"><\/span><b>1. Nutrient Agar (NA)<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circular, cream-colored to white colonies of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are observed on NA. The colonies are mostly 1mm in diameter with an entire margin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The colonies have raised elevation and a dense center with transparent borders.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The anaerobic species of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> grow well <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">under anaerobic conditions but grow very poorly under aerobic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-mannitol-agar\"><\/span><b>2. Mannitol Agar<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yellow-colored colonies indicating mannitol fermentation as the color of the media is converted from red to yellow.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The colonies are 1-2 mm in diameter with an entire margin.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-blood-agar-ba\"><\/span><b>3. Blood agar (BA)<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creamy Bright white non-hemolytic colonies, around 5-8 mm in diameter are seen on BA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some variants (50-60%) of the species might produce pigments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-p-agar\"><\/span><b>4. P agar<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smooth, glistening, and usually opaque colonies are seen which are raised to slightly convex, circular, usually entire, and 4.0 to 9.0 mm in diameter.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colony pigment is variable; however, most strains are not pigmented or have a slight yellow tint which increased in intensity with age.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5-thioglycolate-medium\"><\/span><b>5. Thioglycolate medium<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Growth occurs in both the aerobic and anaerobic portions of the thioglycolate medium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The growth in the anaerobic portion is usually dense or shows a gradient from dense to light growth in the deeper, more anaerobic, portion of the medium.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"biochemical-characteristics-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Biochemical characteristics<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The biochemical characteristics of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be tabulated as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 82.3248%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><b>S.N<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><b>Biochemical Characteristics\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><b><i>S. saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capsule\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the strains are capsulated.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shape\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cocci<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Catalase<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxidase\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Citrate\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methyl Red (MR)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voges Proskauer (VR)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urease\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coagulase<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gas<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemolysis<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Motility\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nitrate Reduction\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gelatin Hydrolysis<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pigment Production\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Novobiocin resistantce\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resistant\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.708%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5289%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bile esculin test<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0457%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"fermentation\"><\/span><b>Fermentation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table style=\"width: 82.6433%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><b>S.N<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><b>Substrate\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><b><i>S. saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mannitol\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glucose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It ferments glucose mainly to ethanol, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acetic acid, and CO2, and only small amounts of lactic and formic acid are produced<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fructose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Galactose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lactose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maltose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mannose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raffinose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ribose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variable<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sucrose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Starch\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trehalose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Xylose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salicin\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glycerol\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNase<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dulcitol<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cellobiose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhamnose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arabinose\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inulin\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">22.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sorbitol\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">23.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.3961%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pyruvate\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4439%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"enzymatic-reactions\"><\/span><b>Enzymatic Reactions<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table style=\"width: 82.8025%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><b>S.N<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.4237%;\"><b>Enzymes<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.549%;\"><b><i>S. saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.4237%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hyaluronidase<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.549%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variable<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.4237%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acetoin\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.549%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.4237%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phosphatase\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.549%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.4237%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ornithine Decarboxylase\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.549%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variable<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.4237%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D-serine Deaminase<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.549%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Positive (+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7744%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.4237%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arginine Dehydrolase\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.549%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative (-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Various amino acids like <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arginine, cystine, glycine, leucine, proline, and valine are essential for the growth of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"virulence-factors-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Virulence factors<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is considered responsible for about 20-40% of all UTIs observed in young and middle-aged women. <\/span>Up to date, several virulence factors have already been described in <i>S. saprophyticus<\/i>, including some surface proteins. Besides, some strains of\u00a0<i>S. saprophyticus<\/i>\u00a0have the ability to create biofilms, increasing their virulence, especially in patients with catheters.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the virulence factors associated with infections caused by <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-surface-proteins\"><\/span><b>1. Surface proteins<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Six different surface proteins are associated with the ability of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to cause infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among them, two non-covalently surface-associated proteins are characterized so far. One of which is a protein associated with the surface of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Ssp) and another is the fibronectin-binding autolysin (Aas).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides, four-cell wall-anchored proteins; the uro-adherence factor A (UafA), the collagen-binding serine-aspartate-repeat protein (SdrI), the uro-adherence factor B (UafB), and a surface protein F of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have also been identified that aid in the attachment and colonization of the urogenital epithelium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These surface proteins result in hemagglutination, causing the bacteria to bind to fibronectin and human ureters as a result of their autolytic and adhesive properties.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-enzymes\"><\/span><b>2. Enzymes\u00a0<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> possess the enzyme urease that leads to alkalization of the urine and thus may result in the formation of kidney and bladder stones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides, urease is also associated with the formation of urinary calculi that aids in the inflammation in the bladder and the dissemination of the bacteria to other organs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D-serine deaminase is another enzyme that supports the survival of the organism in the urinary tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is essential for the survival of the uropathogens in the urinary environment as it confers the tolerance of the organism to the toxic concentration of D-serine in the urine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">surface-associated lipase present on the cell wall forms fimbria-like surface appendages, helping the bacteria to maintain tight adherence to these surfaces.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-biofilm-formation\"><\/span><b>3. Biofilm formation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some strains of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are capable of forming biofilms around medical devices like catheters that might result in nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biofilm formation provides protection to the bacteria as it works as a barrier against the immune cells as well as antimicrobial agents.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The process of biofilm formation is assisted by the presence of fibrinogen-binding adhesions and several other enzymes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenesis-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Pathogenesis<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">About 20-40% of all UTIs occurring in middle-aged women are found to be caused due to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span>These infections are also common in women within a few days after having sex, which is why these infections are termed as &#8216;honeymoon cystitis&#8217;. Besides, complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis are also found to be caused by <i>S. saprophyticus<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pathogenesis of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during urinary infection can be explained as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-adhesion-attachment-colonization\"><\/span><b>1. Adhesion\/ Attachment\/ Colonization<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The gastrointestinal tract is found to be a major reservoir of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is assumed to be the route of entry to the urinary tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacterial colonization of the bladder and ureter epithelium by\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. Saphrophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0occurs via several different types of adhesions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Various virulence factors like surface-proteins act as hemagglutinin and hemolysin and bind to the fibrinogen present on the surface of the urogenital cells.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other adhesins and wall-associated autolysins along with the enzyme lipase help maintain a tight adherence to the cell walls.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The production of extracellular slime also prevents the attacks of immune cells to the colonizing bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-invasion\"><\/span><b>2. Invasion<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonization of the urinary tract is the primary mode of infection by <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but in some cases, invasive activities are seen where the infection ultimately leads to bacteremia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The enzyme urease helps to maintain the environment required for the growth of the organism while causing the formation of stones or calculi throughout the urinary tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is assumed that the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">urinary tract obstruction caused by a renal stone enables\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0to reach the renal pelvis easily, and aggravate the tissue invasiveness of bacteria from the urinary tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0bacteremia from UTI is rare, obstructive nephrolithiasis is considered to be a predisposing factor for bacteremia from UTI.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"catheters-related-infections\"><\/span><b>Catheters-related infections<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the case of catheter-related infection, the pathogenesis of the infection can be explained due to biofilm formation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The biofilm formation is supported by various cell-wall associated adhesions that adhere the bacteria to the abiotic surfaces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The accumulation of bacteria is then brought about by the production of the extracellular matrix or slime.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The biofilm provides protection against the innate immune system and the antimicrobial agents, thus promoting the growth and colonization by the organism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-manifestations-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Clinical manifestations<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most common and important clinical manifestation of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> infection is urinary tract infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common symptoms include <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">inflammation of the lower tract, such as hematuria and pyuria, are observed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides, other common symptoms include <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and suprapubic pain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even though the infections can be treated readily via drug administration, if left untreated, they may progress to pyelonephritis, and untreated pyelonephritis may lead to further complications, such as renal insufficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The patients with pyelonephritis might also experience back or flank pain, nausea, and fever or chills<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In case of severe infections, bacteremia might be seen with might even lead to sepsis. Other severe complications like acute pyelonephritis, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis are also common in some patients.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"lab-diagnosis-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus\"><\/span><b>Lab Diagnosis<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As with most bacterial infections, the collection of clinical specimens is the first step of laboratory diagnosis. <\/span>In the case of <i>S. saprophyticus<\/i>, urine is the clinical specimen. However, in some cases, stool and blood samples should also be collected. Diagnosis of the organism can be achieved via morphological and biochemical identification of the organism along with various molecular tests.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The methods of lab diagnosis for infections caused by <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-morphological-characteristics-and-biochemical-tests\"><\/span><b>1. Morphological characteristics and Biochemical tests<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct microscopic examination of these specimens may provide a rapid, presumptive report of gram-positive cocci resembling staphylococci.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct observation is followed by isolation of the organism from primary clinical specimens on selective culture media like Mannitol salt agar or blood agar supplemented with 5 per cent sheep blood), following an incubation period of 18\u201324 h in the air at 35\u201337\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initial identification can be made by observing the colonies on the culture media. The isolated colonies can then be subjected to various biochemical tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be distinguished from other staphylococci primarily on the basis of cell wall composition, carbohydrate reaction pattern, and, to a lesser extent, on low acid production under anaerobic conditions, production of acetylmethylcarbinol, the failure to reduce nitrate, and resistance to novobiocin.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-rapid-identification-kits\"><\/span><b>2. Rapid Identification kits<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several rapid identification kits and automated systems can be found that are capable of identification of most species and subspecies within a few hours to one day with an accuracy of 70\u201390 percent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These kits are based on various factors like antibiotic susceptibility, enzyme production, immunological reactions, and cellular fatty acid analysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-molecular-diagnosis\"><\/span><b>3. Molecular diagnosis<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular methods usually include tests that help in the identification of the organism at a molecular level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the essential molecular methods is <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-pcr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)<\/strong><\/a> which helps in the amplification and detection of bacterial DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides, DNA sequencing can also be done to determine the DNA sequence of the bacteria that can then be used for its identification.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another essential and successful diagnostic method is the analysis of ribosomal RNA by the application of<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism-rflp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)<\/strong><\/a> methods.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatment-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus-infection\"><\/span><b>Treatment<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i><\/b><b> infection<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment with outpatient antibiotics is indicated in symptomatic or complicated UTIs and pyelonephritis.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The specific local resistant patterns are to be considered while choosing the appropriate antibiotic drug.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The drug of choice in the case of uncomplicated\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0UTIs is nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) which is to be taken 100 mg orally twice daily for five days or seven days in complicated cases.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is another drug that is administered at a dosage of 160 mg\/800 mg by mouth twice daily for three days given alternatively in uncomplicated cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Symptomatic treatment for pain and nausea should also be addressed, and in some cases, acute uncomplicated UTIs are unlikely to cause renal injury, which should also be treated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prevention-of-staphylococcus-saprophyticus-infection\"><\/span><b>Prevention<\/b><b> of <\/b><b><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i> infection<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is mostly known to cause urinary tract infections, preventive methods for urinary tract infections can be applied to prevent the infections caused by <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Healthy sanitation practices are critical to prevent all kinds of urinary tract infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taking enough water throughout the day also helps minimize the chances of urinary tract infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is associated with infections caused soon after sexual intercourse, it is also advised to empty the bladder soon after.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><b>References<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Topley WWC (2007). Topley and Wison&#8217;s Microbiology and Microbial Interactions; Bacteriology, 2 Vol. Tenth Edition. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John Wiley and Sons Ltd.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raul Raz, Raul Colodner, Calvin M. Kunin, Who Are You\u2014<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus saprophyticus?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clinical Infectious Diseases<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Volume 40, Issue 6, 15 March 2005, Pages 896\u2013898,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/428353\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/428353<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gatermann S, John J, Marre R. Staphylococcus saprophyticus urease: characterization and contribution to uropathogenicity in unobstructed urinary tract infection of rats.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infect Immun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1989;57(1):110-116. doi:10.1128\/IAI.57.1.110-116.1989<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Makoto\u00a0Kuroda,\u00a0Atsushi\u00a0Yamashita,\u00a0Hideki\u00a0Hirakawa (2005). Whole genome sequence of\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. \u00a0National Academy of Sciences\u00a0Sep 2005,\u00a0102\u00a0(37)\u00a013272-13277;\u00a0DOI:\u00a010.1073\/pnas.0502950102<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 10pt;\">KARL H. SCHLEIFER AND WESLEY E. KLOOS (1975). Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY Jan. 1975, p. 50-61.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weslley de Paiva-Santos, Viviane Santos de Sousa, Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval, Occurrence of virulence-associated genes among Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from different sources, Microbial Pathogenesis, Volume 119, 2018, Pages 9-11, ISSN 0882-4010, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.054<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">King, N.P., Sakin\u00e7, T., Ben Zakour, N.L.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">et al.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Characterization of a cell wall-anchored protein of\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0associated with linoleic acid resistance.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BMC Microbiol<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>12,\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8 (2012). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-12-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-12-8<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hedman P, Ringertz O, Eriksson B, et al. Staphylococcus saprophyticus found to be a common contaminant of food.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J Infect<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1990;21(1):11-19. doi:10.1016\/0163-4453(90)90554-l<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hur J, Lee A, Hong J, et al. Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteremia originating from Urinary Tract Infections: A Case Report and Literature Review.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infect Chemother<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016;48(2):136-139. doi:10.3947\/ic.2016.48.2.136<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pead L, Maskell R, Morris J. Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a urinary pathogen: a six year prospective survey.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1985;291(6503):1157-1159. doi:10.1136\/bmj.291.6503.1157<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ehlers S, Merrill SA. Staphylococcus Saprophyticus. [Updated 2020 Jun 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-.\u00a0Available from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482367\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482367\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viviane Santos de Sousa, Ana Paula de Souza da-Silva, Nunes Botelho, Renata Cristina Pic\u00e3o, S\u00e9rgio Eduardo Longo Fracalanzza, Lee Woodland Riley, George Sensabaugh, Beatriz Meurer Moreira,\u00a0&#8220;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Recovered from Humans, Food, and Recreational Waters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil&#8221;,\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Journal of Microbiology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0vol.\u00a02017,\u00a0Article ID\u00a04287547,\u00a011\u00a0pages,\u00a02017.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/4287547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/4287547<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micael\u00a0Widerstr\u00f6m,\u00a0Johan\u00a0Wistr\u00f6m,\u00a0Sven\u00a0Ferry,\u00a0Carina\u00a0Karlsson,\u00a0Tor\u00a0Monsen (2007). Molecular Epidemiology of\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Isolated from Women with Uncomplicated Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology\u00a0May 2007,\u00a045\u00a0(5)\u00a01561-1564;\u00a0<\/span><b>DOI:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a010.1128\/JCM.02071-06<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 10pt;\">RUPP et al (1992). Colonization of the Female Genital Tract with Staphylococcus saprophyticus. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1992, P. 2975-2979<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 10pt;\">Tridevi et al (2015). Antimicrobial Sensitivity, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Staphylococcus saprophyticus: An Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment. J Women&#8217;s Health Care 2015, 4:6 DOI: 10.4172\/2167-0420.1000271<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sources\"><\/span><strong>Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">7% &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-epidermidis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-epidermidis\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0882401017313396<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.icjournal.org\/DOIx.php?id=10.3947\/ic.2016.48.2.136<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29493989\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-lugdunensis\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-hominis\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.theinternatwork.com\/nephrology-week\/2020\/4\/1\/day-5-uti<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.statpearls.com\/articlelibrary\/viewarticle\/29454\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/237391460_Isolation_and_Characterization_of_Staphylococci_from_Human_Skin_I_Amended_Descriptions_of_Staphylococcus_epidermidis_and_Staphylococcus_saprophyticus_and_Descriptions_of_Three_New_Species_Staphylococc<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/streptococcus-bovis\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/MED\/29493989<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; http:\/\/www.thistle.co.za\/pdf_files\/education\/microbiology\/microbiology_legends\/Cycle_40\/Cycle%2040%20Organism%201%20-%20S.%20saprophyticus.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/acute-low-back-pain-296544<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.thomassci.com\/scientific-supplies\/Mannitol-Salt-Agar<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/neuroscience\/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/immunology-and-microbiology\/pyelonephritis<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982206024912<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/7997903_Who_Are_You&#8211;Staphylococcus_saprophyticus<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/5754808_Influence_of_environmental_conditions_on_biofilm_formation_by_Hafnia_alvei_strains<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/38014194_SdrI_of_Staphylococcus_saprophyticus_is_a_multifunctional_protein_Localization_of_the_fibronectin-binding_site<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/315832556_UK_Standards_for_Microbiology_Investigations-standards-for-microbiology-investigations-smi-quality-and-consistency-in-clinical-laboratories_UK_Standards_for_Microbiology_Investigations_are_produced_in<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.neb.com\/applications\/cloning-and-synthetic-biology\/dna-analysis\/dna-sequencing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4582588\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2764210\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2620709\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1865898\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4453343<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/macrobid.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.coursehero.com\/file\/40333444\/S-saprophyticuspptx\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.cosmopolitan.com\/sex-love\/a28172266\/sore-vagina-after-sex\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com\/article\/S1198-743X(14)62792-0\/fulltext<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/stanfordhealthcare.org\/medical-conditions\/womens-health\/urinary-tract-infection\/types.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/282714399\/microbial-growth-media-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/6377440\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2475423\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/microbiologyinpictures.com\/staphylococcus%20aureus.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/iai.asm.org\/content\/iai\/57\/1\/110.full.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/europepmc.org\/articles\/PMC1201578<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/brainly.in\/question\/6245929<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/biologydictionary.net\/peptidoglycan\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/imunovet\/molecular_immunology\/cellculture.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/hs\/medical\/pathophys\/id\/2008\/utiNotes.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/www.cir-safety.org\/sites\/default\/files\/amacid092012rep.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/vanat.cvm.umn.edu\/ungDissect\/Lab15\/Lab15.html<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus? Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually &#8230; <a title=\"Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/staphylococcus-saprophyticus\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":32321,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[364],"tags":[854,242,5681,5821],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Staphylococcus-saprophyticus.jpeg","author":{"name":"Anupama Sapkota","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0e9c86afc1670c49efeb260138ec905b?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":364,"name":"Bacteriology","slug":"bacteriology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":364,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Bacteriology is a branch or discipline of science that studies different characteristics of bacteria and their association with other organisms or disciplines.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over the years, the discipline of bacteriology has evolved from the microbiological tests performed only by physicians, the application of the germ theory of disease and economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine to the use of bacteria to simpler forms of laboratory tests and the production of new nutritious food and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of bacteria began with the discovery of the microscope and was mostly limited to experts and scientists of that time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology began with the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nowadays, however, bacteriology is used in various other fields like food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Significant advances made in bacteriology over the last century have resulted in the development of many useful vaccines like pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, diphtheria toxoid as well as antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At present, most bacterial diseases in humans and their infectious agents have been identified, although significant variants continue to evolve and sometimes emerge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies made in bacteriology have also allowed the use of gene recombination technology in bacteria to produce improved bacterial strains that can then be used in various areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The importance of bacteriology continues to grow throughout the years as many diseases and disorders associated with almost all living beings are caused by bacteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies of non-pathogenic bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with plants and animals are even beneficial to said organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The identification and classification of bacteria into different groups have allowed for a convenient way of studying these bacteria and the formation of a separate branch, systemic bacteriology, that deals with taxonomy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, bacteriological studies, subsequently, have also been divided into different areas like soil bacteriology, public-health bacteriology, industrial bacteriology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteriological studies have been the focal point for disease diagnosis and treatment, and their importance continues to grow with the emergence of new bacteria and associated diseases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":124,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":364,"category_count":124,"category_description":"<strong>Bacteriology is a branch or discipline of science that studies different characteristics of bacteria and their association with other organisms or disciplines.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over the years, the discipline of bacteriology has evolved from the microbiological tests performed only by physicians, the application of the germ theory of disease and economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine to the use of bacteria to simpler forms of laboratory tests and the production of new nutritious food and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of bacteria began with the discovery of the microscope and was mostly limited to experts and scientists of that time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology began with the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nowadays, however, bacteriology is used in various other fields like food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Significant advances made in bacteriology over the last century have resulted in the development of many useful vaccines like pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, diphtheria toxoid as well as antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At present, most bacterial diseases in humans and their infectious agents have been identified, although significant variants continue to evolve and sometimes emerge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies made in bacteriology have also allowed the use of gene recombination technology in bacteria to produce improved bacterial strains that can then be used in various areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The importance of bacteriology continues to grow throughout the years as many diseases and disorders associated with almost all living beings are caused by bacteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies of non-pathogenic bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with plants and animals are even beneficial to said organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The identification and classification of bacteria into different groups have allowed for a convenient way of studying these bacteria and the formation of a separate branch, systemic bacteriology, that deals with taxonomy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, bacteriological studies, subsequently, have also been divided into different areas like soil bacteriology, public-health bacteriology, industrial bacteriology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteriological studies have been the focal point for disease diagnosis and treatment, and their importance continues to grow with the emergence of new bacteria and associated diseases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Bacteriology","category_nicename":"bacteriology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32317"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32317"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32317\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32317"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}