{"id":32221,"date":"2022-06-23T19:27:52","date_gmt":"2022-06-23T13:42:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=32221"},"modified":"2023-08-03T00:17:20","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T18:32:20","slug":"escherichia-coli-e-coli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/","title":{"rendered":"E. coli (Escherichia coli)- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Habitat-of-E.-coli.jpg\" alt=\"Escherichia coli (E. coli)\" class=\"wp-image-33\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#habitat-of-e-coli\" title=\"Habitat of E. coli\">Habitat of E. coli<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#morphology-of-e-coli\" title=\"Morphology of E. coli\">Morphology of E. coli<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#antigenic-structure\" title=\"Antigenic Structure\">Antigenic Structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#h-or-flagellar-antigen\" title=\"H or Flagellar Antigen\">H or Flagellar Antigen<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#o-or-somatic-antigen\" title=\"O or Somatic Antigen\">O or Somatic Antigen<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#k-or-capsular-antigen\" title=\"K or Capsular Antigen\">K or Capsular Antigen<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#f-or-fimbrial-antigen\" title=\"F or Fimbrial Antigen\">F or Fimbrial Antigen<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#cultural-characteristics-of-e-coli\" title=\"Cultural Characteristics of E. coli\">Cultural Characteristics of E. coli<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-nutrient-agar-na\" title=\"E. coli on Nutrient Agar (NA)\">E. coli on Nutrient Agar (NA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-blood-agar-ba\" title=\"E. coli on Blood Agar (BA)\">E. coli on Blood Agar (BA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-macconkey-agar-mac\" title=\"E. coli on MacConkey Agar (MAC)\">E. coli on MacConkey Agar (MAC)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-mueller-hinton-agar-mha\" title=\"E. coli on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA)\">E. coli on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-eosin-methylene-blue-emb-agar\" title=\"E. coli on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar\">E. coli on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-m-endo-agar\" title=\"E. coli on m-ENDO Agar\">E. coli on m-ENDO Agar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-violet-red-bile-agar-vrba\" title=\"E. coli on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA)\">E. coli on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient-cled-agar\" title=\"E. coli on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar\">E. coli on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#e-coli-on-liquid-media\" title=\"E. coli on Liquid Media\">E. coli on Liquid Media<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#biochemical-characteristics-of-escherichia-coli-e-coli\" title=\"Biochemical Characteristics of Escherichia coli (E. coli)\">Biochemical Characteristics of Escherichia coli (E. coli)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#pathogenicity-of-e-coli\" title=\"Pathogenicity of E. coli\">Pathogenicity of E. coli<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#virulence-factors-of-e-coli\" title=\"Virulence Factors of E. coli\">Virulence Factors of E. coli<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#clinical-feature-of-e-coli\" title=\"Clinical Feature of E. coli\">Clinical Feature of E. coli<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#gastroenteritis\" title=\"Gastroenteritis \">Gastroenteritis <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#urinary-tract-infection\" title=\"Urinary Tract Infection \">Urinary Tract Infection <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#sepsis\" title=\"Sepsis\">Sepsis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#meningitis\" title=\"Meningitis\">Meningitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#clinical-manifestations-of-e-coli\" title=\"Clinical Manifestations of E. coli\">Clinical Manifestations of E. coli<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#laboratory-diagnosis-of-e-coli\" title=\"Laboratory Diagnosis of E. coli\">Laboratory Diagnosis of E. coli<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#urinary-tract-infection-2\" title=\"Urinary Tract Infection\">Urinary Tract Infection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#test-reactions\" title=\"Test\/ Reactions\">Test\/ Reactions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#gastroenteritis-2\" title=\"Gastroenteritis \">Gastroenteritis <\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#treatment-of-e-coli-infections\" title=\"Treatment of E. coli infections\">Treatment of E. coli infections<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#prevention-and-control-of-e-coli-infections\" title=\"Prevention and Control of E. coli infections\">Prevention and Control of E. coli infections<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/#references-and-sources\" title=\"References and Sources\">References and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"habitat-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habitat-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Habitat of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> was discovered by Theodor Escherich in 1885 after isolating it from the feces of newborns.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> is the normal flora of the human body.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The niche of <em>E.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>coli<\/em> depends upon the availability of the nutrients within the intestine of host organisms.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The primary habitat of <em>E.&nbsp;<\/em><em>coli<\/em> is in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans and many other warm-blooded animals.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is found in the mucus or the epithelium on the wall of the intestine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Most commonly found in the colon of the large intestine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Most of them are harmless and opportunistic.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> form a mutual relationship with its host.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> helps with the absorption of vitamin K and other vitamins in the colon.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is the largest group of bacteria living in the intestine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> constitute about 0.1% to 1% of GI tract bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a facultative anaerobe<\/span>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> is also found in human feces.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When <em>E.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>coli<\/em> is excreted from the intestinal tract, the bacteria are able to survive only for a few hours.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> is found outside the body in faecally contaminated environments such as water or mud or sediments.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If <em>E.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>coli<\/em> comes in contact with raw vegetables, it has the potential to attach itself to the leaves of the vegetable.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> can also be found in environments at a higher temperature, such as on the edge of hot springs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> is also found on ground meats due to slaughterhouse processing.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Humans are most likely to be infected with <em>E.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>coli<\/em> O157: H7 found in cattle.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"morphology-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"morphology-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Morphology of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> is gram-negative (-ve) rod-shaped bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is 1-3 x 0.4-0.7 \u00b5m in size and 0.6 to 0.7 \u00b5m in volume.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is arranged singly or in pairs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is motile due to peritrichous <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/flagella-and-pili-fimbriae\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flagella<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some strains are non-motile.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some strains may be fimbriated. The fimbriae are of type 1 (hemagglutinating &amp; mannose-sensitive) and are present in both motile and non-motile strains.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some strains of <em>E.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>coli<\/em> isolated from extra-intestinal infections have a polysaccharide capsule.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are non-sporing.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They have a thin cell wall with only 1 or 2 layers of peptidoglycan.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are facultative anaerobes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Growth occurs over a wide range of temperatures from 15-45\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Morphology-of-E.-coli.jpg\" alt=\"Morphology of E. coli\" class=\"wp-image-74\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Morphology-of-E.-coli.jpg 650w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Morphology-of-E.-coli-300x166.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"antigenic-structure\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"antigenic-structure\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Antigenic Structure<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heat Stable Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell wall antigen of <em>E.&nbsp;coli<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> possesses 4 antigens; H, O, K and F.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-or-flagellar-antigen\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"h-or-flagellar-antigen\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H or Flagellar Antigen<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heat and alcohol labile protein<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Present on the flagella<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Genus specific<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Present as monophasic<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">75 \u2018H\u2019 antigens have been recognized<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"o-or-somatic-antigen\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"o-or-somatic-antigen\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>O or Somatic Antigen<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heat stable, resistant to boiling up to 2 hrs. 30 minutes<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Occur on the surface of the outer membrane<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An integral part of the cell wall<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">173 \u2018O\u2019 antigens have been recognized<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"k-or-capsular-antigen\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"k-or-capsular-antigen\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>K or Capsular Antigen<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heat labile<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Acidic polysaccharide antigen present in the envelope<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Boiling removes the K antigen<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Inhibit phagocytosis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">103 \u2018K\u2019 antigens have been recognized<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"f-or-fimbrial-antigen\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"f-or-fimbrial-antigen\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F or Fimbrial Antigen<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heat labile proteins<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Present in the fimbriae<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">K88, K99 antigens<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cultural-characteristics-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cultural-characteristics-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cultural Characteristics of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Cultural-Characteristics-of-E.-coli.jpg\" alt=\"Cultural Characteristics of E. coli\" class=\"wp-image-106\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. <strong><em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong> is a facultative anaerobe.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Its optimum growth temperature is 37\u00b0C and ranges from 10\u00b0C to 40\u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-nutrient-agar-na\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-nutrient-agar-na\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nutrient-agar-principle-composition-preparation-and-uses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nutrient Agar<\/a> (NA)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E-coli-on-Nutrient-Agar.jpg\" alt=\"E. coli on Nutrient Agar (NA)\" class=\"wp-image-96\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. They appear large, circular, low convex, grayish, white, moist, smooth, and opaque.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. They are of 2 forms: Smooth (S) form and Rough (R) form.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. Smooth forms are emulsifiable in saline.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. Due to repeated subculture, there is smooth to rough variation (S-R variation).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-blood-agar-ba\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-blood-agar-ba\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-agar-composition-principle-preparation-and-uses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Blood Agar<\/a> (BA)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar.jpg\" alt=\"E. coli on Blood Agar\" class=\"wp-image-1513\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-350x280.jpg 350w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-100x80.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Image Source: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microbiologyinpictures.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Microbiology In Pictures<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Colonies are big, circular, gray, and moist.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Non-hemolytic colonies (gamma-hemolysis) (Above Figure)<\/span> OR Beta (\u03b2) hemolytic (Below Figure) <span style=\"color: #000000;\">colonies are formed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-BA.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-36523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-BA.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-BA-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/E.-coli-on-Blood-Agar-BA-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure: beta-hemolytic colonies of <em>Escherichia coli<\/em>. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microbiologyinpictures.com\/bacteria%20photos\/escherichia%20coli%20photos\/escherichia%20coli%2007.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Microbiology In Pictures<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-macconkey-agar-mac\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-macconkey-agar-mac\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/macconkey-agar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MacConkey Agar<\/a> (MAC)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"288\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-MacConkey-Agar.jpg\" alt=\"E. coli on MacConkey Agar\" class=\"wp-image-1514\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Image Source:&nbsp;Dr. Gary E. Kaiser,&nbsp;Community College of Baltimore County<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Colonies are circular, moist, smooth, and of entire margin.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Colonies appear flat and pink.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. They are lactose fermenting colonies.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-mueller-hinton-agar-mha\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-mueller-hinton-agar-mha\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mueller-hinton-agar-mha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mueller Hinton Agar<\/a> (MHA)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"503\" height=\"471\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Mueller-Hinton-Agar.png\" alt=\"E. coli on Mueller Hinton Agar\" class=\"wp-image-1515\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Mueller-Hinton-Agar.png 503w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-Mueller-Hinton-Agar-300x281.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 503px) 100vw, 503px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Image Source:&nbsp;Anjan Paudel,&nbsp;DOI: 10.4172\/2327-5073.1000278<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Colonies are pale straw-colored.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-eosin-methylene-blue-emb-agar\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-eosin-methylene-blue-emb-agar\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"504\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E-coli-on-EMB-Agar.jpg\" alt=\"E coli on EMB Agar\" class=\"wp-image-1516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E-coli-on-EMB-Agar.jpg 504w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E-coli-on-EMB-Agar-300x201.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Green Metallic sheen colonies are formed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-m-endo-agar\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-m-endo-agar\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on m-ENDO Agar<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-m-ENDO-Agar.png\" alt=\"E. coli on m-ENDO Agar\" class=\"wp-image-1517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-m-ENDO-Agar.png 705w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-m-ENDO-Agar-300x223.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Image Source: Wikipedia<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Colonies are green metallic sheen.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Metabolise lactose with the production of aldehyde and acid.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-violet-red-bile-agar-vrba\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-violet-red-bile-agar-vrba\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-VRBA.jpg\" alt=\"E. coli on VRBA\" class=\"wp-image-1512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-VRBA.jpg 400w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-VRBA-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Image Source:&nbsp;Hardy Diagnostics<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Red colonies (pink to red) are formed.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Bluish fluorescence around are seen around colonies under UV.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient-cled-agar\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient-cled-agar\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-CLED-agar.jpg\" alt=\"E. coli on CLED agar\" class=\"wp-image-1511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-CLED-agar.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-CLED-agar-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-CLED-agar-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-CLED-agar-350x280.jpg 350w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/E.-coli-on-CLED-agar-100x80.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Image Source: Microbiology In Picture<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. They give lactose-positive yellow colonies.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-coli-on-liquid-media\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e-coli-on-liquid-media\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>E. coli<\/em> on Liquid Media<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-104 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Morphology-of-Liquid-Medium.jpg\" alt=\"E. coli on Liquid Media\" width=\"286\" height=\"207\"><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. They show homogenous turbid growth within 12-18 hours.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. R form agglutinate spontaneously, forming sediment on the bottom of the test tubes. <\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. After prolonged incubation (&gt;72 hrs), pellicles are formed on the surface of liquid media.<\/span><br><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. Heavy deposits are formed which disperses on shaking.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"biochemical-characteristics-of-escherichia-coli-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"biochemical-characteristics-of-escherichia-coli-e-coli\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/biochemical-test-of-escherichia-coli-e-coli\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Biochemical Characteristics of <em>Escherichia coli (E. coli)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pathogenicity-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenicity-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pathogenicity of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> is the most common and important member of the genus <em>Escherichia<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Human&nbsp;<em>Escherichia coli <\/em>strains are classified as commensal microbiota <em>E. coli<\/em>, enterovirulent&nbsp;<em>E. coli<\/em>, and extraintestinal pathogenic&nbsp;<em>E. coli<\/em>&nbsp;on the basis of their genetic features and clinical outcomes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Most infections (with the exception of neonatal meningitis and gastroenteritis) are endogenous; that is, the <em>E. coli<\/em> that are part of the patient\u2019s normal microbial flora are able to establish infection when the patient\u2019s defenses are compromised (e.g., through trauma or immune suppression).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This organism is associated with a variety of diseases, including gastroenteritis and extra-intestinal infections such as UTIs, meningitis, and sepsis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A multitude of strains are capable of causing disease, with some serotypes associated with greater virulence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/E.-coli-Pathogenicity-and-Clinical-Manifestations.gif\" alt=\"E. coli- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations\" class=\"wp-image-2902\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Image Source: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro818 and https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006238<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"virulence-factors-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"virulence-factors-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Virulence Factors of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> possesses a broad range of virulence factors.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In addition to the general factors possessed by all members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, <em>Escherichia<\/em> strains possess specialized virulence factors that can be placed into two general categories: adhesins and exotoxins.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enterotoxigenic-e-coli-etec\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ETEC (Enterotoxigenic <em>E. coli)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Colonization factor antigens (CFA\/I, CFA\/II, CFA\/III)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Heat-labile toxin (LT-1); heat-stable toxin (STa)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>EPEC (Enteropathogenic <em>E. coli<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bundle Forming Pili (BFP); intimin<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteroaggregative-e-coli-eaec\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>EAEC (Enteroaggregative <em>E. coli<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF\/I, AAF\/II, AAF\/III)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Enteroaggregative heat-stable toxin; plasmid-encoded toxin<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>STEC (Shiga toxin-producing <em>E. coli<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">BFP; intimin<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shiga toxins (Stx1, Stx2)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteroinvasive-e-coli-eiec\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>EIEC (Enteroinvasive <em>E. coli<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Invasive plasmid antigen<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hemolysin (HlyA)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Uropathogens<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">P pili<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dr fimbriae<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"clinical-feature-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-feature-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Clinical Feature of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gastroenteritis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"gastroenteritis\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Gastroenteritis <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ETEC causes traveler\u2019s diarrhea or infant diarrhea in infants. Pathogenesis involves plasmid-mediated, heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins that stimulate hypersecretion of fluids and electrolytes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EPEC causes infant diarrhea in developing countries. Pathogenesis involves plasmid-mediated A\/E histopathology, with disruption of normal microvillus structure resulting in malabsorption and diarrhea.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EAEC causes infant diarrhea in developing and probably developed countries along with traveler\u2019s diarrhea. Pathogenesis involves plasmid-mediated aggregative adherence of rods (\u201cstacked bricks\u201d) with shortening of microvilli, mononuclear infiltration, and hemorrhage; decreased fluid absorption.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">STEC causes hemorrhagic colitis. STEC evolved from EPEC; A\/E lesions with the destruction of intestinal microvilli, resulting in decreased absorption; pathology mediated by cytotoxic Shiga toxins (Stx1, Stx2), which disrupt protein synthesis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EIEC causes disease which is rare in developing and developed countries. Pathogenesis involves plasmid-mediated invasion and destruction of epithelial cells lining the colon.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"urinary-tract-infection\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"urinary-tract-infection\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/urinary-tract-infection-uti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Urinary Tract Infection <\/strong><\/a><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Most gram-negative rods that produce UTIs originate in the colon, contaminate the urethra, ascend into the bladder, and may migrate to the kidney or prostate.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Although most strains of <em>E. coli<\/em> can produce UTIs, the disease is more common with certain specific serogroups.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These bacteria are particularly virulent because of their ability to produce adhesins (primarily P pili, AAF\/I, AAF\/III, and Dr) that bind to cells lining the bladder and upper urinary tract (preventing the elimination of the bacteria in voided urine) and hemolysin HlyA that lyses erythrocytes and other cell types (leading to cytokine release and stimulation of an inflammatory response).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sepsis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sepsis\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sepsis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When normal host defenses are inadequate, <em>E coli<\/em> may reach the bloodstream and cause sepsis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Newborns may be highly susceptible to <em>E coli<\/em> sepsis because they lack IgM antibodies.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sepsis may occur secondary to urinary tract infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"meningitis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"meningitis\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Meningitis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E coli<\/em> and group B streptococci are the leading causes of meningitis in infants.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Approximately 75% of <em>E coli<\/em> from meningitis cases have the K1 antigen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This antigen cross-reacts with the group B capsular polysaccharide of <em>N meningitidis<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The mechanism of virulence-associated with the K1 antigen is not understood.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"clinical-manifestations-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-manifestations-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Clinical Manifestations <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Gastroenteritis <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">watery or bloody diarrhea<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">vomiting<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">cramps<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">nausea<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">low-grade fever<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">dehydration<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">abdominal cramps<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/urinary-tract-infection-uti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Urinary tract infection<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The most common bacteria found to cause&nbsp;UTIs&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>Escherichia coli<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>E. coli<\/em>). Other bacteria can cause&nbsp;UTI, but&nbsp;<em>E. coli<\/em>&nbsp;is the culprit about 90 percent of the time. The major manifestations of the infection include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A strong, persistent urge to urinate<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A burning sensation when urinating<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pelvic pressure<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lower abdomen discomfort<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Frequent, painful urination<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Blood in urine<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Acute bacterial meningitis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Newborns with&nbsp;<em>E. coli <\/em>meningitis present with fever and failure to thrive or abnormal neurologic signs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Other findings in neonates include&nbsp;jaundice, decreased feeding, periods of apnea, and listlessness.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Patients younger than 1 month present with irritability, lethargy, vomiting, lack of appetite, and seizures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"laboratory-diagnosis-of-e-coli\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"laboratory-diagnosis-of-e-coli\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Laboratory Diagnosis of <em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"urinary-tract-infection\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"urinary-tract-infection-2\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/urinary-tract-infection-uti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Urinary Tract Infection<\/strong><\/a><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Most urine specimens are obtained from adult patients via the clean-catch midstream technique.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bacteriuria can be detected microscopically using Gram staining of uncentrifuged urine specimens, Gram staining of centrifuged specimens, or direct observation of bacteria in urine specimens.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On staining, <em>E coli<\/em> appear as non-spore-forming, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Routine urine cultures should be plated using calibrated loops for the semi-quantitative method.<br><strong>Note:<\/strong> The most commonly used criterion for defining significant bacteriuria is the presence of \u2a7e10<sup>5<\/sup> CFU per milliliter of urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The types of media used for routine cultures should be limited to blood agar and MacConkey&#8217;s agar.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Urine cultures should be incubated overnight at 35\u00b0C\u201337\u00b0C in ambient air before being read.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"test-reactions\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"test-reactions\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Test\/ Reactions<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> typically produces positive test results for indole, lysine decarboxylase, lactose, and mannitol fermentation and produces gas from glucose. An isolate from urine can be quickly identified as <em>E. coli<\/em> by its hemolysis on blood agar, typical colonial morphology with an iridescent \u201csheen\u201d on differential media such as EMB agar, and a positive spot indole test result. More than 90% of <em>E. coli<\/em> isolates are positive for \u03b2-glucuronidase using the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-\u03b2-glucuronide (MUG).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gastroenteritis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"gastroenteritis-2\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Gastroenteritis <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ETEC: commercial immunoassays available for detecting ST in clinical specimens and cultures; PCR assays used with clinical specimens.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EPEC: Characteristic adherence to HEp-2 or HeLa cells; probes and amplification assays developed for the plasmid-encoded bundle-forming pili and gene targets on the \u201clocus of enterocyte effacement\u201d pathogenicity island.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EAEC: Characteristic adherence to HEp-2 cells; DNA probe and amplification assays developed for conserved plasmid.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">STEC: Screen for O157: H7 with sorbitol MacConkey agar; confirm by serotyping; immunoassays (ELISA, latex agglutination) for detection of the Stx toxins in stool specimens and cultured bacteria; DNA amplification assays developed for Stx genes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EIEC: Sereny (guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis) test; plaque assay in HeLa cells; probes and amplification assays for genes regulating invasion (cannot discriminate between EIEC and <em>Shigella<\/em>).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/E.-coli-Lab-Diagnosis-Treatment-Prevention-and-Control.jpg\" alt=\"E. coli- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control\" class=\"wp-image-2703\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/E.-coli-Lab-Diagnosis-Treatment-Prevention-and-Control.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/E.-coli-Lab-Diagnosis-Treatment-Prevention-and-Control-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/E.-coli-Lab-Diagnosis-Treatment-Prevention-and-Control-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"treatment-of-e-coli-infections\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatment-of-e-coli-infections\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Treatment <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>of <em>E. coli<\/em> infections<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The sulfonamides, ampicillin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides have marked antibacterial effects against the enterics, but variation in susceptibility is great, and laboratory tests for antibiotic susceptibility are essential.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli <\/em>meningitis requires antibiotics, such as third-generation cephalosporins (eg, ceftriaxone).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> pneumonia requires respiratory support, adequate oxygenation, and antibiotics, such as third-generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In most cases of diarrheal disease, antibiotics are not prescribed. The best way to treat&nbsp;<em>E coli <\/em>infection is to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration and to get as much rest as possible. However, patients should avoid dairy products because those products may induce temporary lactose intolerance, and therefore make diarrhea worse.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"prevention-and-control-of-e-coli-infections\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prevention-and-control-of-e-coli-infections\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Prevention and Control <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>of <em>E. coli<\/em> infections<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is widely recommended that caution be observed in regard to food and drink in areas where environmental sanitation is poor and that early and brief treatment (eg, with ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) be substituted for prophylaxis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Their control depends on handwashing, rigorous asepsis, sterilization of equipment, disinfection, restraint in intravenous therapy, and strict precautions in keeping the urinary tract sterile (ie, closed drainage).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References and Sources<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ananthanarayan and Paniker. Textbook of Microbiology.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Bailey and Scott\u2019s Diagnostic Microbiology. Part 3. Section 7. Chapter 22. Enterobacteriaceae, 323.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Mackie and McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology. Section B. Bacteria and Related Organisms. Chapter 20. <em>Escherichia<\/em>, 361.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., &amp;amp; Pfaller, M. A. (2013).&nbsp;Medical microbiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier\/Saunders<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Sastry A.S. &amp; Bhat S.K. (2016). Essentials of Medical Microbiology. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Scaletsky, I. C., Fabbricotti, S. H., Carvalho, R. L., Nunes, C. R., Maranh\u00e3o, H. S., Morais, M. B., &amp;amp; Fagundes-Neto, U. (2002). Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli as a cause of acute diarrhea in young children in Northeast Brazil: a case-control study.&nbsp;Journal of clinical microbiology,&nbsp;40(2), 645-8.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Subhash Chandra Parija. Textbook of Microbiology &amp; Immunology.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Topley and Wilson\u2019s Microbiology and Microbial Infection. Bacteriology Volume 2. Part VI. Organisms and their biology. Chapter 36. <em>Escherichia<\/em>, 1360.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/academic.pgcc.edu\/~kroberts\/web\/colony\/colony.htm<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/azcache.com\/post\/what-is-the-natural-habitat-of-ecoli-ehow-5710ee23db127b690d5132f7<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/bioweb.uwlax.edu\/bio203\/s2008\/moder_just\/habitat.htm<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/ecoliwiki.net\/colipedia\/index.php\/Escherichia_coli<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/hccfl.edu\/media\/870592\/bacteria%20colony%20appearance%20morphology.doc<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/mmbr.asm.org\/content\/62\/1\/110.full<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/science.jrank.org\/pages\/2571\/Escherichia-coli.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/textbookofbacteriology.net\/e.coli.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.answers.com\/Q\/What_is_the_natural_habitat_of_E._coli<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.bacteriainphotos.com\/bacteria%20under%20microscope\/staphylococcus%20and%20ecoli%20microscopy.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.ehow.com\/facts_5876351_natural-habitat-e_coli_.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Escherichia_coli.aspx<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.hi-tm.com\/1908\/SECTION-2-D-1908.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.microbiologyinpictures.com\/escherichia%20coli.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/docserver\/fulltext\/micro\/49\/1\/mic-49-1-165.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.nos.org\/media\/documents\/dmlt\/Microbiology\/Lesson-21.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/microbiologyescherichiacoli.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/lab-bio\/res\/psds-ftss\/escherichia-coli-pa-eng.php<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.questionstudy.com\/biology\/describe-the-structure-and-habitat-of-an-e-coli-bacteria.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/www.vetbact.org\/vetbact\/?artid=68<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">http:\/\/ymbiodelaramdescherichiacoli.weebly.com\/habitat.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/38\/8\/1150\/441696<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/bioweb.uwlax.edu\/bio203\/s2013\/champa_hail\/habitat.htm<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2180-13-22<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2180-13-22<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/cmr.asm.org\/content\/11\/1\/142<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/cmr.asm.org\/content\/27\/4\/823<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/217485-clinical<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escherichia_coli<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/microbewiki.kenyon.edu\/index.php\/Escherichia_coli<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/nios.ac.in\/media\/documents\/dmlt\/Microbiology\/Lesson-21.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/snowbio.wikispaces.com\/E.+coli+(bacteria)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/e-coli\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20372058<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5156508\/<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/019643999390012C<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Habitat of E. coli Morphology of E. coli Antigenic Structure H or Flagellar Antigen O or Somatic Antigen K or Capsular Antigen F or Fimbrial Antigen Cultural Characteristics of E. &#8230; <a title=\"E. coli (Escherichia coli)- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/escherichia-coli-e-coli\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about E. coli (Escherichia coli)- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":324,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[364],"tags":[230,312,313,5855],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Habitat-of-E.-coli.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":364,"name":"Bacteriology","slug":"bacteriology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":364,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Bacteriology is a branch or discipline of science that studies different characteristics of bacteria and their association with other organisms or disciplines.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over the years, the discipline of bacteriology has evolved from the microbiological tests performed only by physicians, the application of the germ theory of disease and economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine to the use of bacteria to simpler forms of laboratory tests and the production of new nutritious food and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of bacteria began with the discovery of the microscope and was mostly limited to experts and scientists of that time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology began with the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nowadays, however, bacteriology is used in various other fields like food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Significant advances made in bacteriology over the last century have resulted in the development of many useful vaccines like pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, diphtheria toxoid as well as antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At present, most bacterial diseases in humans and their infectious agents have been identified, although significant variants continue to evolve and sometimes emerge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies made in bacteriology have also allowed the use of gene recombination technology in bacteria to produce improved bacterial strains that can then be used in various areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The importance of bacteriology continues to grow throughout the years as many diseases and disorders associated with almost all living beings are caused by bacteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies of non-pathogenic bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with plants and animals are even beneficial to said organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The identification and classification of bacteria into different groups have allowed for a convenient way of studying these bacteria and the formation of a separate branch, systemic bacteriology, that deals with taxonomy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, bacteriological studies, subsequently, have also been divided into different areas like soil bacteriology, public-health bacteriology, industrial bacteriology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteriological studies have been the focal point for disease diagnosis and treatment, and their importance continues to grow with the emergence of new bacteria and associated diseases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":124,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":364,"category_count":124,"category_description":"<strong>Bacteriology is a branch or discipline of science that studies different characteristics of bacteria and their association with other organisms or disciplines.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over the years, the discipline of bacteriology has evolved from the microbiological tests performed only by physicians, the application of the germ theory of disease and economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine to the use of bacteria to simpler forms of laboratory tests and the production of new nutritious food and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of bacteria began with the discovery of the microscope and was mostly limited to experts and scientists of that time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology began with the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nowadays, however, bacteriology is used in various other fields like food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Significant advances made in bacteriology over the last century have resulted in the development of many useful vaccines like pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, diphtheria toxoid as well as antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At present, most bacterial diseases in humans and their infectious agents have been identified, although significant variants continue to evolve and sometimes emerge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies made in bacteriology have also allowed the use of gene recombination technology in bacteria to produce improved bacterial strains that can then be used in various areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The importance of bacteriology continues to grow throughout the years as many diseases and disorders associated with almost all living beings are caused by bacteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies of non-pathogenic bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with plants and animals are even beneficial to said organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The identification and classification of bacteria into different groups have allowed for a convenient way of studying these bacteria and the formation of a separate branch, systemic bacteriology, that deals with taxonomy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, bacteriological studies, subsequently, have also been divided into different areas like soil bacteriology, public-health bacteriology, industrial bacteriology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteriological studies have been the focal point for disease diagnosis and treatment, and their importance continues to grow with the emergence of new bacteria and associated diseases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Bacteriology","category_nicename":"bacteriology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32221"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32221"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32221\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32221"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32221"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32221"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}