{"id":32128,"date":"2022-02-16T22:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-16T16:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=32128"},"modified":"2023-12-12T10:38:04","modified_gmt":"2023-12-12T04:53:04","slug":"cellular-respiration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/","title":{"rendered":"Cellular Respiration- Equations, Types, Steps, Products"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Cellular respiration is a metabolic process consisting of a series of steps to convert chemical energy (sugar) into a usable form of energy (ATP) in the cell.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reactions involved in cellular respiration are catabolic reactions that involve the breakdown of larger organic molecules into smaller forms.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The overall process of cellular respiration takes place in a number of steps that are specialized for the degradation of specific molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cellular respiration is a basis of life that occurs in all living forms. In most multicellular organisms, cellular respiration occurs in the form of aerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The process of cellular respiration involves the breakdown of high energy bonds, which release energy in the form of ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technically, cellular respiration is a combustion reaction, but the process in the cell occurs in a slow controlled manner to release energy via a series of reactions.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the reactions in cellular respiration are redox reactions in the presence of strong oxidizing agents like molecular oxygen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chemical energy produced during cellular respiration is stored in the form of ATP which releases energy by the breaking of the bond of the third phosphate group during processes like biosynthesis, locomotion, and <strong>active transport<\/strong> of molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different biomolecules and structures are involved during the process of cellular respiration.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, a different set of enzymes catalyze different steps of cellular respiration, all of which are found within the cell.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"472\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Cellular-Respiration.jpeg\" alt=\"Cellular Respiration\" class=\"wp-image-32132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Cellular-Respiration.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Cellular-Respiration-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Cellular-Respiration-768x403.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:CellRespiration.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RegisFrey<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#what-is-atp\" title=\"What is ATP?\">What is ATP?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#what-is-nad\" title=\"What is NAD?\">What is NAD?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#what-is-fad\" title=\"What is FAD?\">What is FAD?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#location-of-cellular-respiration\" title=\"Location of Cellular Respiration\">Location of Cellular Respiration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#cellular-respiration-equations\" title=\"Cellular Respiration Equations\">Cellular Respiration Equations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#aerobic-respiration-equation\" title=\"Aerobic respiration equation\">Aerobic respiration equation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#anaerobic-respiration-equation\" title=\"Anaerobic respiration equation\">Anaerobic respiration equation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#types-of-cellular-respiration\" title=\"Types of Cellular Respiration\">Types of Cellular Respiration<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#1-aerobic-respiration\" title=\"1. Aerobic Respiration\">1. Aerobic Respiration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#2-anaerobic-respiration\" title=\"2. Anaerobic Respiration\">2. Anaerobic Respiration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#cellular-respiration-steps\" title=\"Cellular Respiration Steps\">Cellular Respiration Steps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#1-glycolysis\" title=\"1. Glycolysis\">1. Glycolysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#read-more-glycolysis-definition-equation-enzymes-10-steps-with-diagram\" title=\"Read More:&nbsp;Glycolysis- definition, equation, enzymes, 10 Steps with diagram\">Read More:&nbsp;Glycolysis- definition, equation, enzymes, 10 Steps with diagram<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#2-pyruvate-oxidation\" title=\"2. Pyruvate Oxidation\">2. Pyruvate Oxidation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#3-citric-acid-cycle\" title=\"3. Citric Acid Cycle\">3. Citric Acid Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#read-more-krebs-cycle-citric-acid-cycle-tca-cycle-with-steps-and-diagram\" title=\"Read More:&nbsp;Krebs cycle \/ Citric acid cycle \/ TCA Cycle with steps and diagram\">Read More:&nbsp;Krebs cycle \/ Citric acid cycle \/ TCA Cycle with steps and diagram<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#4-oxidative-phosphorylation\" title=\"4. Oxidative Phosphorylation\">4. Oxidative Phosphorylation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#read-more-oxidative-phosphorylation\" title=\"Read More:&nbsp;Oxidative Phosphorylation\">Read More:&nbsp;Oxidative Phosphorylation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#what-is-fermentation\" title=\"What is Fermentation?\">What is Fermentation?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#1-lactic-acid-fermentation\" title=\"1. Lactic Acid Fermentation\">1. Lactic Acid Fermentation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#2-alcoholic-fermentation\" title=\"2. Alcoholic Fermentation\">2. Alcoholic Fermentation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#what-is-methanogenesis\" title=\"What is Methanogenesis?\">What is Methanogenesis?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#products-of-cellular-respiration\" title=\"Products of Cellular Respiration\">Products of Cellular Respiration<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#1-atp\" title=\"1. ATP\">1. ATP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#2-carbon-dioxide\" title=\"2. Carbon Dioxide\">2. Carbon Dioxide<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#3-other-products\" title=\"3. Other Products\">3. Other Products<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#purpose-of-cellular-respiration\" title=\"Purpose of Cellular Respiration\">Purpose of Cellular Respiration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/#references-and-sources\" title=\"References and Sources\">References and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-atp\"><\/span><b>What is ATP?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an inorganic compound that acts as an energy-carrying molecule by capturing energy produced from chemical reactions.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ATP is a <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nucleotide\/\">nucleotide <\/a>molecule consisting of three main structural units; nitrogenous base, adenine, sugar unit, ribose, and three phosphate groups bound to the ribose backbone.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ATP doesn\u2019t act as a storage unit for energy like carbohydrates and proteins but acts as a shuttle to release energy during energy-consuming activities.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The release of energy by ATP occurs as a result of the breaking down of the phosphate bonds to form ADP or AMP molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the ATP in the cell is synthesized in the mitochondria as it is considered the powerhouse of the cell, while some ATP might be produced in the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-32129\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"664\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/ATP-and-NAD.jpeg\" alt=\"ATP and NAD\" class=\"wp-image-32129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/ATP-and-NAD.jpeg 664w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/ATP-and-NAD-300x140.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Created with BioRender.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-nad\"><\/span><b>What is NAD?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nicotinamide Adenine Diphosphate (NAD) is a coenzyme that plays a central role in cellular respiration as it acts as a means of electron transport.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The molecule consists of two nucleotide units where one contains adenine as the nucleobase, and the other contains the nicotinamide unit. Besides, two phosphate groups are attached to the nucleotide units.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NAD exits in two different forms based on its oxidation state NAD<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the oxidized state and NADH is the reduced state.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NAD is involved in redox reactions where it becomes reduced by accepting electrons and oxidizes by donating those electrons to other molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is synthesized in the body from smaller units of amino acids like tryptophan and aspartic acid.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-fad\"><\/span><b>What is FAD?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) is a metabolic coenzyme that is involved in various enzymatic reactions in the body as an electron carrier.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FAD is similar in structure to NAD with two nucleotide units, where one consists of adenine as the nitrogen base whereas the other consists of flavin units.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FAD is synthesized in the body from riboflavin and two molecules of ATP. The phosphorylation of riboflavin by ATP results in the formation of FMN. The transfer of an AMP unit from ATP then results in the formation of FAD.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the case of cellular respiration, the FAD involved exists in two oxidation states; FADH and FADH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to their multiple oxidation states, FAD molecules are involved in the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"location-of-cellular-respiration\"><\/span><b>Location of Cellular Respiration<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cellular respiration takes place in individual cells to produce energy for the particular cell.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within the eukaryotic cell, <b>Cellular Respiration<\/b> begins in the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cytoplasm-structure-components-properties-functions\/\"><strong>cytoplasm<\/strong><\/a>. The first step of cellular respiration, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/\"><strong>glycolysis<\/strong><\/a>, takes place in the cytoplasm as the enzymes required for glycolysis are present in the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The end results of the glycolysis steps are transported into the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mitochondria-structure-and-functions\/\"><strong>mitochondria<\/strong><\/a> of the cell where the rest of the steps of cellular respiration take place.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The next steps, like the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/tca-cycle-citric-acid-cycle-or-krebs-cycle\/\"><strong>citric acid cycle<\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/oxidative-phosphorylation\/\"><strong>oxidative phosphorylation<\/strong><\/a>, occur in the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the case of prokaryotic cells, however, all the steps of cellular respiration occur in the cytoplasm as they do not have defined <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cell-organelles\/\"><strong>cell organelles<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cellular-respiration-equations\"><\/span><b>Cellular Respiration Equations<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The steps and reactions involved in cellular respiration might be different in different types of cellular respiration.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"aerobic-respiration-equation\"><\/span><b>Aerobic respiration equation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In aerobic respiration, one glucose molecule combines with an oxygen molecule and ADP to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Aerobic respiration is the most efficient pathway of cellular respiration that produces the largest number of ATPs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The overall equation of aerobic respiration is:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 6O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 36ADP + 36Pi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6CO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 6H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O + 36ATP<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"anaerobic-respiration-equation\"><\/span><b>Anaerobic respiration equation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In anaerobic respiration, the equation involved depends on the pathway utilized. Anaerobic pathways are less efficient than aerobic respiration as they produce a lesser number of ATPs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In alcoholic fermentation, one molecule of glucose degrades into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, and energy. The process takes place in the absence of oxygen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The overall equation of anaerobic respiration is:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 2ADP + 2Pi &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OH + 2CO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 2ATP<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In lactic acid fermentation, one molecule of glucose is degraded into lactic acid and energy. This respiration also occurs in the absence of oxygen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 2ADP + 2Pi &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 2ATP<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-cellular-respiration\"><\/span><b>Types of Cellular Respiration<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-aerobic-respiration\"><\/span><b>1. Aerobic Respiration<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration involving the breakdown of complex, high-energy molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aerobic respiration results in the complete oxidation of carbohydrates to produce the maximum amount of energy.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aerobic respiration is the most efficient type of cellular respiration which occurs in most eukaryotes and some prokaryotes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The oxygen molecule in aerobic respiration, acts as the final electron acceptor, resulting in the efficient production of ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The efficiency of aerobic respiration is higher than the anaerobic one because the double bond in oxygen molecule assists the process of ATP production.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aerobic respiration is a much longer process that involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aerobic respiration is different from anaerobic respiration in that the pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis enters the Kreb\u2019s cycle for further degradation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The end products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water along with ATP after the addition of phosphate group to ADP molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides, other energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are also produced during aerobic respiration, which produces ATP via the electron transport chain.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Theoretically, 36 ATPs are to be formed at the end of aerobic respiration; however, some energy is lost due to leaking of the membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1351\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cellular-Respiration.jpeg\" alt=\"Cellular Respiration\" class=\"wp-image-43294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cellular-Respiration.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cellular-Respiration-300x270.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cellular-Respiration-1024x922.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cellular-Respiration-768x692.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-anaerobic-respiration\"><\/span><b>2. Anaerobic Respiration<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen in prokaryotic organisms to produce an acid or alcohol as the end product.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In anaerobic respiration, other molecules or ions like sulfate or nitrate act as the final electron acceptor in the place of oxygen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The byproduct of anaerobic respiration depends on different forms of anaerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anaerobic respiration or fermentation is of different types based on the electron acceptors and byproducts.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alcoholic fermentation involves the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lactic acid fermentation is the fermentation of carbohydrates to form lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria in the absence of oxygen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methanogenesis is a unique type of anaerobic respiration where the byproducts are methane and carbon dioxide.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anaerobic respiration is more common in prokaryotes residing in low-oxygen environments like deep-sea surfaces.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration because the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration has a smaller reduction potential than oxygen molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, anaerobic respiration is important for biogeochemical cycles of elements like sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The process of anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell as the enzymes required for the process are present in the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cellular-respiration-steps\"><\/span><b>Cellular Respiration Steps<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-glycolysis\"><\/span><b>1. Glycolysis<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration where the glucose molecule is catabolized to form pyruvate through a series of 10 steps.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glycolysis is the initial step of glucose metabolism, which is the common pathway in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The overall sequence of reaction in glycolysis might differ from one species to another in its regulation and the fate of pyruvate.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During glycolysis, the six-carbon compound like glucose breaks down into two three-carbon compounds (pyruvate) with the release of 2 molecules of ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In aerobic respiration, glycolysis is the prelude to the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, which are responsible for the production of most of the ATPs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The product of glycolysis can proceed in one of three different pathways depending on the availability of oxygen and metabolic activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A summary of the process of glycolysis can be written as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + 2H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In words, the equation is written as:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Glucose + ADP + Pi + NAD&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Pyruvate + Water + ATP + NADH + Hydrogen ions<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"read-more-glycolysis-definition-equation-enzymes-10-steps-with-diagram\"><\/span><strong>Read More:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Glycolysis- definition, equation, enzymes, 10 Steps with diagram<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1742\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Glycolysis-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Glycolysis Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-37321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Glycolysis-Diagram.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Glycolysis-Diagram-258x300.jpeg 258w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Glycolysis-Diagram-882x1024.jpeg 882w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Glycolysis-Diagram-768x892.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Glycolysis-Diagram-1323x1536.jpeg 1323w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Glycolysis Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-pyruvate-oxidation\"><\/span><b>2. Pyruvate Oxidation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxidation of pyruvate is the second step of aerobic respiration occurring, representing one of the three possible fates of pyruvate molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pyruvate molecules are the end products of glycolysis which is a common pathway in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fate of pyruvate is determined by the availability of oxygen and metabolic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxidation of pyruvate occurs in the presence of oxygen after the pyruvate molecules are moved to the mitochondria from the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pyruvate derived from glycolysis is dehydrogenated to yield acetyl Co-A and CO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The enzyme is found in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes and the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pyruvate oxidation acts as a link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in the case of aerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During pyruvate oxidation, a total of 3 ATPs are formed (after the entry of NADH to the electron transport chain).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The overall reaction of pyruvate oxidation can be summed up as:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pyruvate Coenzyme A + NAD&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Acetyl Co-A + NADH<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-citric-acid-cycle\"><\/span><b>3. Citric Acid Cycle<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The citric acid cycle or Kreb\u2019s cycle is the process of complete oxidation of acetyl CoA to release carbon dioxide and water molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the most universal pathway for the aerobic metabolism of energy-rich molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reactions of the cycle provide electrons to the electron transport chain, which reduces oxygen while generating ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This cycle is important not only for carbohydrate metabolism but also for other biomolecules like amino acids and fatty acids.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cycle can only occur in the presence of oxygen as energy-rich molecules like NAD+ and FAD can retrieve ATP from their reduced form by the transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are two main purposes of the citric acid cycle, which include the disposition of carbon and hydrogen atoms and the conversion of potential chemical energy into metabolic energy in the form of ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A total of 12 ATPs are formed during the complete oxidation of a single molecule of acetyl Co-A.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Out of the 12 ATP molecules, only one ATP molecule is produced directly from the cycle; the rest are generated after the entry of high-energy molecules into the electron transport chain.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The overall reaction of the citric acid cycle can be summed up as:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CO-SCoA + 3NAD<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2CO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + CoA-SH+ 3NADH + FADH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + GTP + 2H<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"read-more-krebs-cycle-citric-acid-cycle-tca-cycle-with-steps-and-diagram\"><\/span><strong>Read More:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krebs cycle \/ Citric acid cycle \/ TCA Cycle with steps and diagram<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"846\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Krebs-cycle.jpeg\" alt=\"Krebs cycle\" class=\"wp-image-38714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Krebs-cycle.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Krebs-cycle-300x212.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Krebs-cycle-1024x722.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Krebs-cycle-768x541.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Krebs cycle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-oxidative-phosphorylation\"><\/span><b>4. Oxidative Phosphorylation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxidative Phosphorylation or Electron transport chain in the final step of aerobic respiration consists of a chain of redox reactions to synthesize ATP molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the process, the electrons generated in the citric acid cycle are transferred from the organic compound to oxygen while simultaneously releasing energy in the form of ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The transport of electrons occurs between four large protein complexes that are present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chain consists of a series of proteins with tightly bound prosthetic groups that are capable of accepting and donating electrons by virtue of their multiple oxidation states.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number of ATP synthesized during oxidative phosphorylation depends on the energy-rich molecule passing down the electrons. For, e.g., NADH produces 3 moles of ATP, whereas FADH produces 2 moles of ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxidative phosphorylation is essential for the metabolism of all biomolecules as all the metabolic reactions converge at this stage.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are different chemical groups that act as electron carriers during the transport of electrons through the chain. Besides, there are four important enzyme complexes that catalyze the transfer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A summary of the reactions in the electron transport chain is:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NADH + 1\/2O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + H<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + ADP + Pi &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; NAD<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + ATP + H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"read-more-oxidative-phosphorylation\"><\/span><strong>Read More:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/oxidative-phosphorylation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oxidative Phosphorylation<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-fermentation\"><\/span><b>What is Fermentation?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-lactic-acid-fermentation\"><\/span><b>1. Lactic Acid Fermentation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lactic acid fermentation is a type of fermentation (anaerobic respiration) in which complex organic compounds like glucose are converted into lactic acid while releasing some amount of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lactic acid fermentation begins with glycolysis which breaks down a single molecule of glucose into two moles of pyruvate.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvate formed undergoes pyruvate oxidation to form carbon dioxide.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of limited oxygen, the pyruvate thus, formed undergoes different forms of fermentation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lactic acid fermentation occurs in some anaerobic organisms that live in low-oxygen environments or in muscle cells during exercise.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The enzyme involved in lactic acid fermentation is lactic dehydrogenase which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid along with the oxidation of NADH into NAD<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The NAD<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> formed in lactic acid fermentation produces 2ATPs through the electron transport chain.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lactic acid produced during lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells is accumulated in the muscle. The lactic acid is then passed to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate so that it can be utilized during aerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides being a pathway for metabolism, lactic acid fermentation is also considered a desirable method of processing and preserving vegetables because the method is of low cost and yields highly accepted and diversified flavors.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lactic acid fermenting bacteria are industrially important as they are involved in the production of yogurt, cheese, and other dairy products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-alcoholic-fermentation\"><\/span><b>2. Alcoholic Fermentation<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The next common pathway of anaerobic respiration is alcoholic fermentation in which the carbohydrate molecule is partially oxidized to form alcohol as a byproduct.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The conversion of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol in alcoholic fermentation is a two-step process where one is an oxidation reaction, and the other is a reduction reaction.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The initial step of alcoholic fermentation is the same in both aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation. The substrate in alcoholic fermentation, like in lactic acid fermentation, is pyruvate.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the first step, the pyruvate molecules produced from glycolysis is decarboxylated by the catalytic action of pyruvate decarboxylase to produce acetaldehyde.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by NADH in the presence of an alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The NADH is oxidized to form NAD<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which produces ATP via an electron transport chain.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The end products of alcoholic fermentation are ethanol and carbon dioxide.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The production of alcohol from carbohydrates is industrially important for the production of alcoholic drinks like beer and wine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alcoholic fermentation is the mode of cellular respiration in yeasts and other microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the accumulation of large quantities of alcohol might be harmful to some microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-methanogenesis\"><\/span><b>What is Methanogenesis?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methanogenesis is a unique form of anaerobic respiration that involves the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules into methane carbon dioxide as byproducts.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most organisms that respire via methanogenesis belong to the domain Archea and live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methanogenesis is an essential metabolic process in such organisms as it is the final step of biomass decomposition.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is an anaerobic process, and the terminal electron acceptor in methanogenesis is a carbon compound. Common electron acceptors in methanogenesis are acetic acid or carbon dioxide.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to helping in the breakdown of large complex organic molecules, methanogenesis is also important for the decay of organic matter.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During advanced stages of bio decomposition, all other electron acceptors except carbon dioxide become depleted. In such a case, the remaining organic matter is degraded by methanogenesis where carbon dioxide acts as the electron acceptor.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methanogenesis is also performed by some symbiotic bacteria that exist in the digestive tract of ruminants. This enables the digestion of organic matter which otherwise wouldn\u2019t be degraded by the cattle.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"products-of-cellular-respiration\"><\/span><b>Products of Cellular Respiration<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-atp\"><\/span><b>1. ATP<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most important product of cellular respiration is ATP or energy.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ATPs are carrier molecules that store energy in the form of phosphate bonds which are then released after breaking of those bonds when required.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ATP is converted into ADP after the release of energy. The ADP molecules then again gain energy to form ATP molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ability of the molecule to continuously break and make phosphate bonds allows a single ATP molecule to be used multiple times to transport energy from one place to another.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The efficiency of cellular respiration is determined by the number of ATP molecules produced at the end of the process.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In aerobic respiration, a total of 36 ATPs are formed at the end of the process. The number is quite low in the case of anaerobic respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-carbon-dioxide\"><\/span><b>2. Carbon Dioxide<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbon dioxide is a universal product of all cellular respiration. It is considered a waste product and thus, is removed out of the cells by some means.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The presence of large quantities of carbon dioxide in the cell might induce toxicity as it increases the pH of the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the presence of water, carbon dioxide might form carbonic acid, which might be toxic to some cells.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The release of carbon dioxide from the cell is mostly an active process and requires some amount of energy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-other-products\"><\/span><b>3. Other Products<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides ATP and carbon dioxide, other products are also formed during cellular respiration, which depends on the type of cellular respiration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the case of fermentation or anaerobic respiration, common products include acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, methane, lactic acid, propionic acid, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water molecules are also formed during aerobic respiration after the capture of electrons by oxygen molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"purpose-of-cellular-respiration\"><\/span><b>Purpose of Cellular Respiration<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most important purpose of cellular respiration is the production of the energy required for different purposes in the cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The end and intermediate products of cellular respiration can be used for the biosynthesis of various biomolecules in the body.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cellular respiration is also an essential part of the carbon cycle which works as a natural waste management system.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The steps involved in cellular respiration are also important for the metabolism of other biomolecules like amino acids and fatty acids.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides, other products of cellular respiration have different industrial applications.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anaerobic respiration processes like alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation are industrially important to produce various commercial products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><\/span><b>References and Sources<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 10pt;\">Jain JL, Jain S, and Jain N (2005). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand and Company.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 10pt;\">Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Fourth Edition.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 10pt;\">Berg JM et al. (2012) Biochemistry. Seventh Edition. W. H Freeman and Company.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Research Council (US) Panel on the Applications of Biotechnology to Traditional Fermented Foods. Applications of Biotechnology to Fermented Foods: Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1992. 5, Lactic Acid Fermentations.&nbsp;Available from: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK234703\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK234703<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologydictionary.net Editors. \u201cCellular Respiration.\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biology Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Biologydictionary.net, 17 Nov. 2016, https:\/\/biologydictionary.net\/cellular-respiration\/.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methanogenesis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.writework.com\/essay\/aerobic-respiration-1<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; 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https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/Courses\/University_of_California_Davis\/BIS_2A%3A_Introductory_Biology_(Britt)\/Readings\/11%3A_Fermentation<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Introductory_and_General_Biology\/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)\/22%3A_Prokaryotes%3A_Bacteria_and_Archaea\/22.2%3A_Structure_of_Prokaryotes\/22.2A%3A_Basic_Structures_of_Prokaryotic_Cells<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/answers.yahoo.com\/question\/index?qid=20120804020852AAcPKJr<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/answers.yahoo.com\/question\/index?qid=20111109141253AAlbERu<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/answers.yahoo.com\/question\/index?qid=20110327115422AA8QESV<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/respirationresource.weebly.com\/acetyl-coa-formation.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/oregonstate.edu\/instruct\/bb451\/winter08\/lectures\/citricacidcycle.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Organic\/nad.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/foodscienceths.weebly.com\/uploads\/5\/8\/8\/1\/5881768\/lactic_acid_fermentation.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/db.phm.utoronto.ca\/Al%20Joudi,%20Unit%207.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/borysndmath.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/3\/4\/9\/13498595\/cellular_respiration_7.1.pptx<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cellular respiration is a metabolic process consisting of a series of steps to convert chemical energy (sugar) into a usable form of energy (ATP) in the cell. Image Source: RegisFrey. &#8230; <a title=\"Cellular Respiration- Equations, Types, Steps, Products\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cellular-respiration\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Cellular Respiration- Equations, Types, Steps, Products\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":32132,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553],"tags":[5392,1851,1825,1813,5851,2076,5850],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Cellular-Respiration.jpeg","author":{"name":"Anupama Sapkota","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0e9c86afc1670c49efeb260138ec905b?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32128"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32128"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32128\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32132"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32128"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}