{"id":31510,"date":"2022-04-16T14:45:13","date_gmt":"2022-04-16T09:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=31510"},"modified":"2022-09-05T14:14:05","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T08:29:05","slug":"microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/","title":{"rendered":"Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#what-is-hemicellulose\" title=\"What is hemicellulose?\">What is hemicellulose?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#structure-of-hemicellulose\" title=\"Structure of hemicellulose\">Structure of hemicellulose<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#1-xylans\" title=\"1. Xylans\">1. Xylans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#2-mannans\" title=\"2. Mannans\">2. Mannans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#3-glucans\" title=\"3. Glucans\">3. Glucans<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#what-are-hemicellulases\" title=\"What are hemicellulases?\">What are hemicellulases?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#microorganisms-involved-in-hemicellulose-degradation\" title=\"Microorganisms involved in hemicellulose degradation\">Microorganisms involved in hemicellulose degradation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#1-hemicellulolytic-fungi\" title=\"1. Hemicellulolytic fungi\">1. Hemicellulolytic fungi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#2-hemicellulolytic-bacteria\" title=\"2. Hemicellulolytic bacteria\">2. Hemicellulolytic bacteria<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#enzymes-involved-in-the-degradation-of-hemicellulose\" title=\"Enzymes involved in the degradation of hemicellulose\">Enzymes involved in the degradation of hemicellulose<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#1-l-arabinanases\" title=\"1. L-arabinanases\">1. L-arabinanases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#2-d-galactanases\" title=\"2. D-galactanases\">2. D-galactanases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#3-d-mannanases\" title=\"3. D-Mannanases\">3. D-Mannanases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#4-%ce%b2-d-xylanases\" title=\"4. \u03b2-D-xylanases\">4. \u03b2-D-xylanases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#factors-affecting-hemicellulose-degradation\" title=\"Factors affecting hemicellulose degradation\">Factors affecting hemicellulose degradation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#1-temperature-and-ph\" title=\"1. Temperature and pH\">1. Temperature and pH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#2-organic-matter\" title=\"2. Organic matter\">2. Organic matter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#3-dosage-of-enzymes\" title=\"3. Dosage of enzymes\">3. Dosage of enzymes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#4-substrate-conversion\" title=\"4. Substrate conversion\">4. Substrate conversion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#process-simple-steps-of-hemicellulose-degradation\" title=\"Process (Simple Steps) of hemicellulose degradation\">Process (Simple Steps) of hemicellulose degradation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#read-also-microbial-degradation-of-cellulose-enzymes-steps-mechanisms\" title=\"Read Also: Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)\">Read Also: Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#mechanisms-of-microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\" title=\"Mechanisms of microbial degradation of hemicellulose\">Mechanisms of microbial degradation of hemicellulose<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#1-xylanases\" title=\"1. Xylanases\">1. Xylanases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#2-mannanases\" title=\"2. Mannanases\">2. Mannanases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#3-galactanases\" title=\"3. Galactanases\">3. Galactanases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#4-arabinanases\" title=\"4. Arabinanases\">4. Arabinanases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/#sources\" title=\"Sources\">Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-hemicellulose\"><\/span><strong>What is hemicellulose?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Hemicellulose is a group of complex polysaccharides that are found in the fibers of <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>plants<\/strong><\/a> along with other polysaccharides like <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-cellulose\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>cellulose<\/strong><\/a> and pectin.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hemicellulose consists of a heterogeneous group of <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/carbohydrates-structure-properties-classification-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>carbohydrates<\/strong><\/a> where the structures of these carbohydrates are not clearly understood.<\/li>\n<li>The structures and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides are very different from each other.<\/li>\n<li>Hemicelluloses are not structurally related to cellulose, nor do they contain the same building blocks but they are partially soluble in water or alkali.<\/li>\n<li>Hemicelluloses are mostly mixed polymers, whereas cellulose is a homopolymer of glucose.<\/li>\n<li>Apart from arabinogalactan, all other hemicelluloses have short side-chains and low molecular weights.<\/li>\n<li>The hemicelluloses consist of either pentose (xylose, arabinose) or hexoses (glucose, mannose, galactose) as well as uronic acids.<\/li>\n<li>These polysaccharides adsorb water and function as storage and supporting substances in plants.<\/li>\n<li>The term \u2018hemicelluloses\u2019 is however archaic and various researchers have suggested that it should not be used.<\/li>\n<li>Alternative terms such as cross-linking glycans have been proposed, but that has other problems since it is not apparent that cross-linking is a major and common feature of the hemicelluloses. This is why the term hemicellulose is still in use.<\/li>\n<li>Hemicelluloses are grouped into groups that include xyloglucan, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and \u03b2-(1\u21923, 1\u21924)-glucans.<\/li>\n<li>These glycans all have the same equatorial configuration at C1 and C4, and hence the backbones have significant structural similarity.<\/li>\n<li>Xylan is the representative polysaccharide of this group that is composed of a backbone of \u03b2-(1\u21924)-linked xylose residues. Xylans are also the most abundant carbohydrates after cellulose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-hemicellulose\"><\/span><strong>Structure of hemicellulose<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Hemicelluloses consist of 50\u20133000 sugar units as opposed to 7000\u201315,000 glucose molecules per polymer in cellulose. Hemicellulose is amorphous in structure, not crystalline as cellulose, and therefore more susceptible to hydrothermal extraction and hydrolysis. Hemicelluloses are classified into different groups as xylans, mannans, and glucans on the basis of the primary sugar residue in the backbone.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-31511\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose.jpg\" alt=\"Microbial degradation of hemicellulose\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemicellulose\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-xylans\"><\/span><strong>1. Xylans<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Xylans are a group of polysaccharides consisting of \u03b2-(1\u21924)-linked xylose sugar residues with side branches of \u03b1-arabinofructose and \u03b1-glucuronic acids that contribute to the cross-linking of cellulose.<\/li>\n<li>Xylans are categorized into three classes; glucoronoxylan, arabinoxylan, and glucoronoarabinoxylans.<\/li>\n<li>Xylans does not have a repeated structure, and many variations in the structure are not well known.<\/li>\n<li>A common feature of xylans is the O-2 linked xylose residues often found as substituents of feruloylarabinofuranosyl side chains.<\/li>\n<li>Most xylans are acetylated to various degrees, especially in dicot secondary walls. Acetyl groups are attached to O-3 of xylose residues and to a lesser extent to O-2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-mannans\"><\/span><strong>2. Mannans<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Mannans are a group of \u03b2-(1\u21924)-linked polysaccharides where the backbones consist entirely of mannose units.<\/li>\n<li>Mannans have been much studied as a result of their role as seed storage compounds, but they are found in variable amounts in all cell walls.<\/li>\n<li>Mannnas in yeast consists of \u03b1-(1\u21926)- linked backbone and \u03b1-(1\u21922) and \u03b1-(1\u21923) linked branches.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-glucans\"><\/span><strong>3. Glucans<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Glucans are polysaccharides composed of glucose units linked by glycosidic bonds. Glycans in hemicellulose are either xyloglucans or \u03b2-(1\u21923,1\u21924)-glucans.<\/li>\n<li>Xyloglucans are polysaccharides consisting of \u03b2-(1\u21924)-linked glucan units substituted with xylose molecules.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2-(1\u21923,1\u21924)-glucans are \u03b2-(1\u21924)-linked glucans with interspersed single\u03b2-(1\u21923)-linkages.<\/li>\n<li>These mixed linkage glucans are dominated by cellotriosyl and cellotetrasyl units linked by \u03b2-(1\u21923) linkages, but longer \u03b2-(1\u21924)-linked segments also occur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-are-hemicellulases\"><\/span><strong>What are hemicellulases?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Hemicellulases are a group of enzymes that specifically degrade only hemicelluloses which, in addition to their activity on glycosides, are also frequently capable of hydrolyzing the short-chain or monosaccharide chains from the backbone chain of hemicelluloses.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The variable structure and organization of hemicellulose require the combined action of many enzymes for its complete degradation.<\/li>\n<li>The catalytic modules of hemicellulases are either glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds, or carbohydrate esterases (CEs), which hydrolyze ester linkages of acetate or ferulic acid side groups.<\/li>\n<li>Hemicellulases are an important group of enzymes involved in the global carbon cycle where they are a part of the natural waste recycling system.<\/li>\n<li>Hemicellulases are categorized into four different groups depending on the substrate and linkages they act on; L-arabinanases, D-galactanases, D-mannanases, and D-xylanases.<\/li>\n<li>Some of these enzymes might even differ in structure and their mode of action.<\/li>\n<li>Different hemicellulases might even be produced by a different group of organisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoans, algae, and plants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"microorganisms-involved-in-hemicellulose-degradation\"><\/span><strong>Microorganisms involved in hemicellulose degradation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-hemicellulolytic-fungi\"><\/span><strong>1. Hemicellulolytic fungi<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Fungi are among the most active agents of decomposition of organic matter in general, and thus, these microorganisms are the most important group of hemicellulolytic microorganisms.<\/li>\n<li>Aerobic fungi, such as the fungi <em>Trichoderma<\/em> and <em>Aspergillus<\/em>, secrete at high concentrations a large variety of hemicellulases that work synergistically.<\/li>\n<li>The source of hemicellulases also depends on the type of hemicellulases produced by the microorganisms.<\/li>\n<li>Besides, other saprophytic fungi like <em>Alternaria solani, Botryosphaeria ribis, Botrytis allii, Corticium centrifugum, Monilia fructigena, Neurospora, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Sclerotinia fructigena<\/em>, etc. are known to produce L-arabinanases and D-mannanases.<\/li>\n<li>Similarly, fungi like <em>Gibberella saubinetti, Helminthosporium oryzae, Phytophthora infestans, Trametes gibbosa<\/em>, etc. produce D-galactanases.<\/li>\n<li>Fungal species found in the marine environments, including <em>Aspergillus sojae, Chaetomium globosum, Agaricus bisporus, Diplodia viticola, Oxiporus<\/em>, etc. are also considered important sources of hemicellulases.<\/li>\n<li>Most of the hemicellulases are extracellular with some intracellular hemicellulases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-hemicellulolytic-bacteria\"><\/span><strong>2. Hemicellulolytic bacteria<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Bacteria also produce different types of hemicellulases either as a singular enzyme or as a multi-enzyme system.<\/li>\n<li>Most of the bacterial cellulolytic enzymes are reported from <em>Clostridium felsineum, Bacillus subtilis, Acetenobacter mannanolyticus, Bacillus aroideae, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides<\/em>, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Besides, rumen bacteria found in various ruminant mammals are also known to produce hemicellulases.<\/li>\n<li>Some examples include <em>Streptococcus sp., Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteroides ruminicola<\/em>, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"enzymes-involved-in-the-degradation-of-hemicellulose\"><\/span><strong>Enzymes involved in the degradation of hemicellulose<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Hemicellulases are generally classified into four distinct groups; L-arabinanases, D-galactanases, D-mannanases, and D-xylanases.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-l-arabinanases\"><\/span><strong>1. L-arabinanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>L-Arabinanases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading L-arabinans, including both of the \u03b1-(1\u21923)-linked L-arabinofuranosyl appendages of the L-arabinan, and the \u03b1-(1\u21925)-linked L-arabinofuranosyl residues of the \u201clinear\u201d chain.<\/li>\n<li>L-Arabinanases have been reported to be produced by the bacterium <em>Clostridium felsineum<\/em> var. sikokianum, saprophytic and phytopathogenic fungi, the snail, and plants.<\/li>\n<li>Rumen bacteria and protozoa and caecal bacteria also produce enzymes capable of liberating L-arabinose from arabinoxylans and are probably a-L-arabinofuranosidases.<\/li>\n<li>Most L-arabinanases of fungal origin are usually secreted extracellularly into the medium in which the organism is grown, but intracellular L-arabinanases have also been found to exist.<\/li>\n<li>Several phytopathogenic fungi are known to produce L-arabinanases by induction when grown on media supplemented with L-arabinan, and constitutively when these organisms were grown on D-glucose as the sole carbon source.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-d-galactanases\"><\/span><strong>2. D-galactanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>D-galactanases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading D-galactans and L-arabino-D-galactans.<\/li>\n<li>Two distinct types of D-galactanases are known that are specific for (13) and (14)-\u03b2-D-galactopyranosyl linkages.<\/li>\n<li>Both enzymes are able to degrade D-galactan randomly, to afford D-galactose and D-galactooligosaccharides, and they are therefore endo-D-galactanases.<\/li>\n<li>D-Galactanases have been reported to be produced by Bacillus subtilis, by a rumen anaerobic bacterium, by fungi, and by plants.<\/li>\n<li>D-Galactanases are inductive, and those of microbial origin are usually produced extracellularly in response to the carbon source of the culture medium.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-d-mannanases\"><\/span><strong>3. D-Mannanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>D-mannanases[( 14)-\u03b2-D-mannan mannanohydrolases, endo-D mannanases) are hydrolytic enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the (14)-\u03b2-D-mannopyranosyl linkages of D-mannans and D-galacto-D-mannans.<\/li>\n<li>These enzymes are capable of degrading the D-gluco-D-mannans, D-glucose, D-mannose, and a series of manno- and glucomanno-oligosaccharides.<\/li>\n<li>D-Mannanases have been reported to be produced by various species of bacteria, including bacteria from human intestines and the rumen.<\/li>\n<li>Other sources include the rumen protozoa, various fungi (including saprophytic, phytopathogenic, and mycorrhiza fungi), marine algae, germinating terrestrial plant-seeds, and various invertebrates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-%ce%b2-d-xylanases\"><\/span><strong>4. \u03b2-D-xylanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b2-D-xylanases are hydrolyzing enzyme that degrades \u03b2-D-xylans into D-xylose or D-xylose and D-xylo-oligosaccharides.<\/li>\n<li>Xylanases are of two types that degrade either the (13) linkages and (14) linkages.<\/li>\n<li>D-Xylanases are known to occur in bacteria from marine and terrestrial environments, fungi (saprophytes, phytopathogens, and mycorrhiza), rumen bacteria and protozoa, ruminant caecal bacteria, insects, snails, crustaceans, marine algae, and germinating seeds of terrestrial plants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"factors-affecting-hemicellulose-degradation\"><\/span><strong>Factors affecting hemicellulose degradation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Degradation of hemicelluloses is affected by a number of factors, some of which are:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-temperature-and-ph\"><\/span><strong>1. Temperature and pH<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Temperature and pH both affect the rate of hydrolysis of hemicelluloses. The highest rate of hydrolysis is achieved at pH 6 and 40\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li>The increase of reaction temperature above 40\u00b0C has a negative impact on total xylose production as the temperature probably affects the stability of hemicellulolytic enzymes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-organic-matter\"><\/span><strong>2. Organic matter<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The presence of organic matter also increases the rate of hemicellulose degradation as much of the organic matter act as a substrate.<\/li>\n<li>However, if hemicellulose is the only component of the matter, the rate of hydrolysis decreases.<\/li>\n<li>The rate of degradation increases with the addition of a small amount of readily decomposable organic matter as it allows the growth of microorganisms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-dosage-of-enzymes\"><\/span><strong>3. Dosage of enzymes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The increase in enzyme concentration also increases the rate of hemicellulose degradation.<\/li>\n<li>The increase in enzyme concentration increases the number of active sites which subsequently increases the product concentration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-substrate-conversion\"><\/span><strong>4. Substrate conversion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The xylose and arabinose production rates decrease rapidly after a few hours of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction.<\/li>\n<li>The percentage of arabinose content released during hydrolysis remains significantly lower than the percentage of xylose produced at the same time.<\/li>\n<li>The sudden fall of the hydrolysis rate is attributed rather to the increasingly limited structural accessibility of the cell wall matrix to enzymes as hydrolysis proceeds than to enzymes\u2019 properties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"process-simple-steps-of-hemicellulose-degradation\"><\/span><strong>Process (Simple Steps) of hemicellulose degradation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The process of hemicellulose degradation is more or less similar to that of homopolymers like cellulose. In the case of hemicelluloses, however, one of the two pathways are followed to obtain the monomeric units.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The degradation begins with the attack by exoglycocides on the hemicelluloses in order to remove the side-chain substituents, hereby, \u2018opening up\u2019 or exposing the backbone glycan chain. This first step allows the glycan chain to be exposed so that it can be easily attacked by the hemicellulases, as a steric hindrance by the side chain residues is reduced.<\/li>\n<li>Alternatively, the degradation begins with the attack of endohemicellulases on the regions of glycan chain that are unbranched or relatively moderately branched by substituents. It is then followed by the action of endohemicellulases which yields an array of oligosaccharides of a mixed constitution. Both exoglycosidases and endohemicellulases further degrade the resulting fragments.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"read-also-microbial-degradation-of-cellulose-enzymes-steps-mechanisms\"><\/span><strong>Read Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-cellulose\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mechanisms-of-microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\"><\/span><strong>Mechanisms of microbial degradation of hemicellulose<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The mode of action or the mechanism of microbial degradation can only be explained when the enzyme preparations used are homogenous, i.e. a single protein component. The mechanism of microbial degradation is different with different hemicellulases.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-xylanases\"><\/span><strong>1. Xylanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>D-xylanases of the endo enzyme type is the only xylanases that have been properly characterized.<\/li>\n<li>These xylanases hydrolyze the 1, 4-\u03b2-D-xylopyranosyl linkages of D-glycans such as L-arabino-D-xylans, L-arabino-D-glucoro-D-xylans, and D-glucorono-D-xylans.<\/li>\n<li>Some of these enzymes might even hydrolyze the (13)-\u03b1-L-arabinofuranosyl branch points of arabinoxylan.<\/li>\n<li>Another group of endo xylanases degrades arabinoxylan and other D-xylans to D-xylose, D-xylooligosaccharides, and in some cases, oligosaccharides containing both L-arabinose and D-xylose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Example<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Bacteria xylanases<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bacterial xylanases are produced by bacteria like <em>Bacillus<\/em> and <em>Streptomyces<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The xylanase preparation from the alkalophile Bacillus degrades arabinoxylan to xylobiose and xylotriose as major end products with smaller amounts of higher xylooligosaccharides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-mannanases\"><\/span><strong>2. Mannanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Mannanases of both the exo and endotypes have been characterized that hydrolyze 1,4-\u03b2-D-mannopyranosyl linkages of branched mannans, copolymer mannans, and linear D-mannans.<\/li>\n<li>The endo-\u03b2-mannanases degrade \u03b2-D-mannans to D-mannose and a series of mannose oligosaccharides.<\/li>\n<li>On acid hydrolysis, the enzymic degradation with a \u03b2-D-mannosidase yields D-mannose as the only hydrolysis product.<\/li>\n<li>The preferential attack of endomannanases is on the D-mannose chain at the 3rd and 4th linkages from the nonreducing end of the molecule.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Example<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Fungal mannanases<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D-Mannanases of fungal origin have been known to degrade D-mannans in a random manner, and to be of the endotype.<\/li>\n<li>Mixed oligosaccharides resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis of galactoglucomannans are likely to contain D-galactose in addition to D-glucose and D-mannose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-galactanases\"><\/span><strong>3. Galactanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Galactanases are hydrolytic enzymes that degrade D-galactans and L-arabino-D-galactans.<\/li>\n<li>Two distinct types of endogalactonases are recognized with a single exo type.<\/li>\n<li>Endogalactanases degrade the 1,4-\u03b2-D-galactosyl linkages of D-galactans randomly to produce D-galactose and galactose oligosaccharides, some of which might contain L-arabinose residues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Example<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Fungal galactonases<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D-galactanases produced by Rhizopus sp. do not act on galactobiose as it is specific only to (13)-\u03b2-D-galactopyranosylinkages.<\/li>\n<li>The enzymes are also capable of removing L-arabinofuranose from arabinogalactosides but do not liberate any L-arabinose from oligosaccharides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-arabinanases\"><\/span><strong>4. Arabinanases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The action of the L-arabinanae as an endoenzyme yields L-arabinose and an L-arabinose oligosaccharide as major products of hydrolysis.<\/li>\n<li>Besides, smaller proportions of L-arabinose disaccharides may even be formed.<\/li>\n<li>L-arabinan-degrading enzymes of the exo-type degrade L-arabinan completely to L-arabinose.<\/li>\n<li>These enzymes hydrolyze both the (13) and (15)-\u03b1-L-arabinofuranosyl residues of L-arabinan.<\/li>\n<li>Arabinanases hydrolyze both types of linkage of L-arabinan at one active site, and the substrate is attacked from the nonreducing end by a multi-chain mechanism.<\/li>\n<li>In its attack on L-arabinan, it hydrolyzes the substrate rapidly to the extent of 30%; thereafter, the attack is slow.<\/li>\n<li>This initial, rapid hydrolysis of L-arabinan corresponds to the favored attack on the (\u03b1-L-(13)-linked L-arabinofuranosyl residues, leaving a mainly linear (15)-\u03b1-L-arabinan which is slowly, and eventually, completely, hydrolyzed to L-arabinose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Scheller H. V and Ulvskov P. (2010).\u00a0Hemicelluloses<em>. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61(1), 263\u2013289.<\/em>\u00a0doi:10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042809-112315<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Puls, J. (1997). Chemistry and biochemistry of hemicelluloses: Relationship between hemicellulose structure and enzymes required for hydrolysis. Macromol. Symp., 120: 183-196.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/masy.19971200119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/masy.19971200119<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Dekker, R. F. H. and Richards G. N. (1976).\u00a0Hemicellulases: Their Occurrence, Purification, Properties, and Mode of Action<em>. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. 32. 277\u2013352.<\/em>doi:10.1016\/s0065-2318(08)60339-x\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Dekker, Robert. (, 1985). Biodegradation of the Hemicelluloses. 10.13140\/2.1.2266.2081.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Dehority BA. Mechanism of isolated hemicellulose and xylan degradation by cellulolytic rumen bacteria.\u00a0<em>Appl Microbiol<\/em>. 1968;16(5):781-786.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Xiros C, Katapodis P, Christakopoulos P. Factors affecting cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis of alkali-treated brewers spent grain by Fusarium oxysporum enzyme extract. Bioresour Technol. 2011 Jan;102(2):1688-96. DOI: 10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.09.108.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Shallom D, Shoham Y. Microbial hemicellulases. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003 Jun;6(3):219-28. DOI: 10.1016\/s1369-5274(03)00056-0. PMID: 12831897.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">L\u00f3pez-Mond\u00e9jar R, Z\u00fchlke D, Becher D, Riedel K, Baldrian P. (2016). Cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition by forest soil bacteria proceeds by the action of structurally variable enzymatic systems.\u00a0<em>Sci Rep<\/em>. Published 2016 Apr 29. doi:10.1038\/srep25279<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Brunner, G. (2014).\u00a0Processing of Biomass with Hydrothermal and Supercritical Water<em>. Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology, 395\u2013509.<\/em>doi:10.1016\/b978-0-444-59413-6.00008-x.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sources\"><\/span><strong>Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">5% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S006523180860339X<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/VTTFinland\/s56<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\/heteropolymers<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/chemistry\/hemicellulose<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960852410016408<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S006523180860339X<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.deepdyve.com\/lp\/annual-reviews\/hemicelluloses-AOMyZriu45<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/patents.justia.com\/patent\/20190284075<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/shabeelpn\/fungi-3614402<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/hemicellulose<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0956053X20301641<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0079635206800421<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319133858_Purification_and_characterization_of_mejucin_a_new_bacteriocin_produced_by_Bacillus_subtilis_SN7<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/26824062_Rice_family_GH1_glycoside_hydrolases_with_b-D-glucosidase_and_b-D-mannosidase_activities<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/267626429_Hemicellulases_Their_Occurrence_Purification_Properties_and_Mode_of_Action<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/261033414_Bacillus_pumilus_S124A_carboxymethyl_cellulase_a_thermo_stable_enzyme_with_a_wide_substrate_spectrum_utility<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/230184674_Xyloglucan_structure_and_post-germinative_metabolism_in_seeds_of_Copaifera_langsdorfii_from_savanna_and_forest_populations<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.quora.com\/What-is-cellulose-and-hemicellulose-What-are-its-functions<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC516307\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/241899377\/usa-test-prep-questions-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40974-017-0064-9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/iai.asm.org\/content\/73\/6\/3197<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/projects\/SOCO\/FactSheets\/ENFactSheet-03.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article\/23\/4\/411\/610322<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/www.mycosphere.org\/pdf\/Mycosphere_SI_3b_12.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is hemicellulose? Hemicellulose is a group of complex polysaccharides that are found in the fibers of plants along with other polysaccharides like cellulose and pectin. Hemicellulose consists of a &#8230; <a title=\"Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":31511,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553,4017],"tags":[5763,5762,5761,5760],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Microbial-degradation-of-hemicellulose.jpg","author":{"name":"Anupama Sapkota","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0e9c86afc1670c49efeb260138ec905b?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0},{"term_id":4017,"name":"Agricultural Microbiology","slug":"agricultural-microbiology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4017,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Agricultural microbiology is a branch of science that studies different microorganisms that are associated with plants, soil fertility, and even animal diseases.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The microorganisms associated with plants include organisms of different groups like bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and protozoa.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Agricultural microbiology has been extensively studied for the decade as it helps to understand the importance of relevant microbial strains to agricultural applications to minimize agricultural loss, increase soil fertility, and harvest.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There is a symbiotic relationship between plants and the associated microorganisms where both benefit from each other.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, different topics within agricultural microbiology help in the diagnosis and prevention of plant diseases that might result from plant pathogens.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Agricultural microbiology helps in the understanding of the specific plant requirements that include soil texture, soil nutrients, water content, and associated microorganisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Based on the studies made in agricultural microbiology, different microorganisms can be used for different purposes, all ultimately leading to minimizing loss of plant and plant products and increasing fertility and harvest.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These studies also help reduce production costs and explore areas for the production of plants in laboratories via techniques like plant tissue culture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The dominant group of microorganisms found in the soil and plants is bacteria. These bacteria are present in a symbiotic relationship with the plants to help in processes like nitrogen fixation and mineral supply.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteria are followed by actinomycetes, as the second most dominant group. Actinomycetes are also studied in agricultural microbiology as they produce different groups of antibiotics and also help in increasing the fertility of the soil.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Well-aerated, cultivated, or acidic soils are mostly colonized by fungi which in association with plants help in increasing the harvest by providing necessary minerals and vitamins.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Agricultural microbiology allows for the exploration of new and advanced techniques that can be used in agricultural practices to make the practices safer and reliable.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":12,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":4017,"category_count":12,"category_description":"<strong>Agricultural microbiology is a branch of science that studies different microorganisms that are associated with plants, soil fertility, and even animal diseases.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The microorganisms associated with plants include organisms of different groups like bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and protozoa.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Agricultural microbiology has been extensively studied for the decade as it helps to understand the importance of relevant microbial strains to agricultural applications to minimize agricultural loss, increase soil fertility, and harvest.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There is a symbiotic relationship between plants and the associated microorganisms where both benefit from each other.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, different topics within agricultural microbiology help in the diagnosis and prevention of plant diseases that might result from plant pathogens.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Agricultural microbiology helps in the understanding of the specific plant requirements that include soil texture, soil nutrients, water content, and associated microorganisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Based on the studies made in agricultural microbiology, different microorganisms can be used for different purposes, all ultimately leading to minimizing loss of plant and plant products and increasing fertility and harvest.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These studies also help reduce production costs and explore areas for the production of plants in laboratories via techniques like plant tissue culture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The dominant group of microorganisms found in the soil and plants is bacteria. These bacteria are present in a symbiotic relationship with the plants to help in processes like nitrogen fixation and mineral supply.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteria are followed by actinomycetes, as the second most dominant group. Actinomycetes are also studied in agricultural microbiology as they produce different groups of antibiotics and also help in increasing the fertility of the soil.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Well-aerated, cultivated, or acidic soils are mostly colonized by fungi which in association with plants help in increasing the harvest by providing necessary minerals and vitamins.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Agricultural microbiology allows for the exploration of new and advanced techniques that can be used in agricultural practices to make the practices safer and reliable.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Agricultural Microbiology","category_nicename":"agricultural-microbiology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31510"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31510"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31510\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31511"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31510"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31510"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}