{"id":28173,"date":"2023-09-16T13:57:06","date_gmt":"2023-09-16T08:12:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=28173"},"modified":"2023-09-18T15:41:31","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T09:56:31","slug":"krebs-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"Krebs Cycle: Location, Enzymes, Steps, Products, Diagram"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle, is a series of reactions that take place in the mitochondria, resulting in the oxidation of acetyl CoA to release carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms that later lead to the formation of water.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1050\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Krebs-Cycle-1.jpeg\" alt=\"Krebs Cycle\" class=\"wp-image-42684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Krebs-Cycle-1.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Krebs-Cycle-1-300x210.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Krebs-Cycle-1-1024x717.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Krebs-Cycle-1-768x538.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Krebs Cycle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This cycle is termed the citric acid cycle as the first metabolic intermediate formed in the cycle is citric acid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This cycle is also termed tricarboxylic acid (TCA) because it was then not certain whether citric acid or some other tricarboxylic acid (<em>g<\/em>., isocitric acid) was the first product of the cycle. However, now it has been known that the first product is indeed citric acid and thus the use of this name has since been discouraged.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This cycle only occurs under aerobic conditions as energy-rich molecules like NAD<sup>+<\/sup> and FAD can only be retrieved from their reduced form once they transfer electrons to molecular oxygen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of all biomolecules; proteins, fatty acids, carbohydrates. Molecules from other cycles and pathways enter this cycle through Acetyl CoA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The citric acid cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions formed of 8 enzyme-mediated reactions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This cycle is also particularly important as it provides electrons\/ high-energy molecules to the electron transport chain for the production of ATPs and water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pyruvate formed at the end of <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>glycolysis<\/strong><\/a> is first oxidized into Acetyl CoA which then enters the citric acid cycle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#krebs-cycle-location\" title=\"Krebs Cycle Location\">Krebs Cycle Location<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#krebs-cycle-equation-reaction\" title=\"Krebs Cycle Equation\/ Reaction\">Krebs Cycle Equation\/ Reaction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#krebs-cycle-enzymes\" title=\"Krebs Cycle Enzymes\">Krebs Cycle Enzymes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#krebs-cycle-steps\" title=\"Krebs Cycle Steps\">Krebs Cycle Steps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#oxidative-decarboxylation-of-pyruvate-to-acetyl-coa\" title=\"Oxidative Decarboxylation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA\">Oxidative Decarboxylation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-1-condensation-of-acetyl-coa-with-oxaloacetate\" title=\"Step 1: Condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate\">Step 1: Condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-2-isomerization-of-citrate-into-isocitrate\" title=\"Step 2: Isomerization of citrate into isocitrate\">Step 2: Isomerization of citrate into isocitrate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-3-oxidative-decarboxylations-of-isocitrate\" title=\"Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylations of isocitrate\">Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylations of isocitrate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-4-oxidative-decarboxylation-of-%ce%b1-ketoglutarate\" title=\"Step 4: Oxidative decarboxylation of \u03b1-ketoglutarate\">Step 4: Oxidative decarboxylation of \u03b1-ketoglutarate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-5-conversion-of-succinyl-coa-into-succinate\" title=\"Step 5: Conversion of succinyl-CoA into succinate\">Step 5: Conversion of succinyl-CoA into succinate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-6-dehydration-of-succinate-to-fumarate\" title=\"Step 6: Dehydration of succinate to fumarate\">Step 6: Dehydration of succinate to fumarate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-7-hydration-of-fumarate-to-malate\" title=\"Step 7: Hydration of fumarate to malate\">Step 7: Hydration of fumarate to malate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#step-8-dehydrogenation-of-l-malate-to-oxaloacetate\" title=\"Step 8: Dehydrogenation of L-malate to oxaloacetate\">Step 8: Dehydrogenation of L-malate to oxaloacetate<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#krebs-cycle-products\" title=\"Krebs Cycle Products\">Krebs Cycle Products<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#krebs-cycle-faqs-and-practice-questions\" title=\"Krebs Cycle FAQs and Practice Questions\">Krebs Cycle FAQs and Practice Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#what-is-the-purpose-of-the-krebs-cycle\" title=\"What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?\">What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#where-does-the-krebs-cycle-take-place\" title=\"Where does the Krebs cycle take place?\">Where does the Krebs cycle take place?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#how-many-atp-are-produced-in-the-krebs-cycle\" title=\"How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?\">How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#does-the-krebs-cycle-require-oxygen\" title=\"Does the Krebs cycle require oxygen?\">Does the Krebs cycle require oxygen?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#where-do-the-reactions-of-the-krebs-cycle-occur-in-prokaryotic-cells\" title=\"Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in prokaryotic cells?\">Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in prokaryotic cells?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#where-do-the-reactions-of-the-krebs-cycle-occur-in-eukaryotic-cells\" title=\"Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?\">Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#what-inhibits-the-krebs-cycle\" title=\"What inhibits the Krebs cycle?\">What inhibits the Krebs cycle?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#krebs-cycle-song\" title=\"Krebs Cycle Song\">Krebs Cycle Song<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"krebs-cycle-location\"><\/span><strong>Krebs Cycle Location<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The citric acid cycle in eukaryotes takes place in the mitochondria while in prokaryotes, it takes place in the cytoplasm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The pyruvate formed in the cytoplasm (from glycolysis) is brought into the mitochondria where further reactions take place.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The different enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle are located either in the inner membrane or in the matrix space of the mitochondria.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"krebs-cycle-equation-reaction\"><\/span><strong>Krebs Cycle Equation\/ Reaction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall reaction\/ equation of the citric acid cycle is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acetyl CoA + 3 NAD<sup>+<\/sup> + 1 FAD + 1 ADP + 1 P<sub>i<\/sub> &nbsp;&nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; &nbsp;2 CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 3 NADH + 3 H<sup>+<\/sup> + 1 FADH<sub>2<\/sub> + 1 ATP<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In words, the equation is written as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acetyl CoA + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Flavin adenine dinucleotide + Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate&nbsp;&nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; &nbsp;Pyruvate + Water + Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Hydrogen ions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"krebs-cycle-enzymes\"><\/span><strong>Krebs Cycle Enzymes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In eukaryotic cells, the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the citric acid cycle are present in the matrix of the mitochondria except for succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase, which are present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One common characteristic in all the enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle is that nearly all of them require Mg<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following are the enzymes that catalyze different steps throughout the process of the citric acid cycle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Citrate synthase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aconitase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Isocitrate dehydrogenase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03b1-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Succinyl-CoA synthetase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Succinate dehydrogenase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fumarase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Malate dehydrogenase<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1015\" height=\"1055\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Krebs-cycle-Citric-acid-cycle-TCA-Cycle.jpg\" alt=\"Krebs cycle-Citric acid cycle-TCA Cycle\" class=\"wp-image-28185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Krebs-cycle-Citric-acid-cycle-TCA-Cycle.jpg 1015w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Krebs-cycle-Citric-acid-cycle-TCA-Cycle-289x300.jpg 289w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Krebs-cycle-Citric-acid-cycle-TCA-Cycle-985x1024.jpg 985w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Krebs-cycle-Citric-acid-cycle-TCA-Cycle-768x798.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Krebs-cycle-Citric-acid-cycle-TCA-Cycle-24x24.jpg 24w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1015px) 100vw, 1015px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure: Reactions of the citric acid cycle. Image Source: Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Video of Krebs Cycle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"KREBS CYCLE MADE SIMPLE - TCA Cycle Carbohydrate Metabolism Made Easy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ubzw64PQPqM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"krebs-cycle-steps\"><\/span><strong>Krebs Cycle Steps<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After glycolysis, in aerobic organisms, the pyruvate molecules are carboxylated to form acetyl CoA and CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"oxidative-decarboxylation-of-pyruvate-to-acetyl-coa\"><\/span><strong>Oxidative Decarboxylation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"661\" height=\"312\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-Decarboxylation-of-pyruvate-to-Acetyl-CoA.jpg\" alt=\"Oxidative Decarboxylation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA\" class=\"wp-image-28184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-Decarboxylation-of-pyruvate-to-Acetyl-CoA.jpg 661w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-Decarboxylation-of-pyruvate-to-Acetyl-CoA-300x142.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 661px) 100vw, 661px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate forms a link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In this process, the pyruvate derived from glycolysis is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl CoA and CO<sub>2<\/sub> catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From one molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvate are formed, each of which forms one acetyl CoA along with one NADH by the end of the pyruvate oxidation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The acetyl CoA formed from pyruvate oxidation, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid pathway then enter the citric acid cycle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The following are the eight enzyme-catalyzed reactions\/ steps in the aerobic oxidation of glucose through the citric acid cycle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-1-condensation-of-acetyl-coa-with-oxaloacetate\"><\/span><strong>Step 1: Condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"571\" height=\"309\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Condensation-of-acetyl-CoA-with-oxaloacetate.jpg\" alt=\"Condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate\" class=\"wp-image-28175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Condensation-of-acetyl-CoA-with-oxaloacetate.jpg 571w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Condensation-of-acetyl-CoA-with-oxaloacetate-300x162.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The first step of the citric acid cycle is the joining of the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate (OAA) and a two-carbon compound acetyl CoA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The oxaloacetate reacts with the acetyl group of the acetyl CoA and water, resulting in the formation of a six-carbon compound citric acid, CoA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reaction is catalyzed by the <strong>enzyme citrate synthase<\/strong> that condenses the methyl group of acetyl CoA and the carbonyl group of oxaloacetate resulting in citryl-CoA which is later cleaved to free coenzyme A and to form citrate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-2-isomerization-of-citrate-into-isocitrate\"><\/span><strong>Step 2: Isomerization of citrate into isocitrate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"570\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Isomerization-of-citrate-into-isocitrate.jpg\" alt=\"Isomerization of citrate into isocitrate\" class=\"wp-image-28176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Isomerization-of-citrate-into-isocitrate.jpg 570w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Isomerization-of-citrate-into-isocitrate-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Now, for further metabolism, citrate is converted into isocitrate through the formation of intermediate cis-aconitase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction is a reversible reaction catalyzed by the enzyme <strong>aconitase.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction takes place by a two-step process where the first step involves dehydration of citrate to cis-aconitase, followed by the second step involving rehydration of cis-aconitase into isocitrate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-3-oxidative-decarboxylations-of-isocitrate\"><\/span><strong>Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylations of isocitrate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylations-of-isocitrate-1024x278.jpg\" alt=\"Oxidative decarboxylations of isocitrate\" class=\"wp-image-28177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylations-of-isocitrate-1024x278.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylations-of-isocitrate-300x81.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylations-of-isocitrate-768x208.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylations-of-isocitrate.jpg 1393w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The third step of the citric acid cycle is the first of the four oxidation-reduction reactions in this cycle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Isocitrate is oxidatively decarboxylated to form a five-carbon compound, \u03b1-ketoglutarate catalyzed by the enzyme <strong>isocitrate dehydrogenase<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction, like the second reaction, is a two-step reaction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the first step, isocitrate is dehydrogenated to oxalosuccinate while the second step involves the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate to \u03b1-ketoglutarate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both the reactions are irreversible and catalyzed by the same enzyme.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The first step, however, results in the formation of NADH while the second step involves the release of CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-4-oxidative-decarboxylation-of-%ce%b1-ketoglutarate\"><\/span><strong>Step 4: Oxidative decarboxylation of \u03b1-ketoglutarate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"589\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylation-of-\u03b1-ketoglutarate.jpg\" alt=\"Oxidative decarboxylation of \u03b1-ketoglutarate\" class=\"wp-image-28178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylation-of-\u03b1-ketoglutarate.jpg 589w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Oxidative-decarboxylation-of-\u03b1-ketoglutarate-300x121.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This step is another one of the oxidation-reduction reactions where \u03b1-ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to form a four-carbon compound, succinyl-CoA, and CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reaction irreversible and catalyzed by the enzyme complex <strong>\u03b1-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase<\/strong> found in the mitochondrial space.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction is similar to the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate involving the reduction of NAD<sup>+<\/sup> into NADH.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-5-conversion-of-succinyl-coa-into-succinate\"><\/span><strong>Step 5: Conversion of succinyl-CoA into succinate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"616\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Conversion-of-succinyl-CoA-into-succinate.jpg\" alt=\"Conversion of succinyl-CoA into succinate\" class=\"wp-image-28179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Conversion-of-succinyl-CoA-into-succinate.jpg 616w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Conversion-of-succinyl-CoA-into-succinate-300x110.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In the next step, succinyl-CoA undergoes an energy-conserving reaction in which succinyl-CoA is cleaved to form succinate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction is accompanied by phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to guanosine triphosphate (GTP).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The GTP thus formed then readily transfers its terminal phosphate group to ADP forming an ATP molecule.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme, <strong>succinyl-CoA synthase.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-6-dehydration-of-succinate-to-fumarate\"><\/span><strong>Step 6: Dehydration of succinate to fumarate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Dehydration-of-succinate-to-fumarate.jpg\" alt=\"Dehydration of succinate to fumarate\" class=\"wp-image-28180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Dehydration-of-succinate-to-fumarate.jpg 588w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Dehydration-of-succinate-to-fumarate-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Here, the succinate formed from succinyl-CoA is dehydrogenated to fumarate catalyzed by the enzyme complex <strong>succinate dehydrogenase<\/strong> found in the intramitochondrial space.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is the only dehydrogenation step in the citric acid cycle in which NAD<sup>+<\/sup> doesn\u2019t participate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instead, another high-energy electron carrier, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) acts as the hydrogen acceptor resulting in the formation of FADH<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The FADH<sub>2<\/sub> then enters the electron transport chain via the complex II transferring the electrons to ubiquinone, finally forming 2ATPs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-7-hydration-of-fumarate-to-malate\"><\/span><strong>Step 7: Hydration of fumarate to malate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"585\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Hydration-of-fumarate-to-malate.jpg\" alt=\"Hydration of fumarate to malate\" class=\"wp-image-28181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Hydration-of-fumarate-to-malate.jpg 585w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Hydration-of-fumarate-to-malate-300x255.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The fumarate is reversibly hydrated to form L-malate in the presence of the enzyme <strong>fumarate hydratase<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As it is a reversible reaction, the formation of L-malate involves hydration, whereas the formation of fumarate involves dehydration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-8-dehydrogenation-of-l-malate-to-oxaloacetate\"><\/span><strong>Step 8: Dehydrogenation of L-malate to oxaloacetate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"594\" height=\"229\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Dehydrogenation-of-L-malate-to-oxaloacetate.jpg\" alt=\"Dehydrogenation of L-malate to oxaloacetate\" class=\"wp-image-28182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Dehydrogenation-of-L-malate-to-oxaloacetate.jpg 594w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Dehydrogenation-of-L-malate-to-oxaloacetate-300x116.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The last step of the citric acid cycle is also an oxidation-reduction reaction where L-malate is dehydrogenated to oxaloacetate in the presence of <strong>L-malate dehydrogenase<\/strong>, which is present in the mitochondrial matrix.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is a reversible reaction involving oxidation of L-malate and reduction of NAD<sup>+<\/sup> into NADH.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oxaloacetate thus formed, allows the repetition of the cycle and NADH formed participates in the oxidative phosphorylation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction completes the cycle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"krebs-cycle-products\"><\/span><strong>Krebs Cycle Products<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since this is a cyclic process, the oxaloacetate is formed at the end as it condenses with acetyl CoA in the next cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Products-of-one-turn-of-the-citric-acid-cycle.jpg\" alt=\"Products of one turn of the citric acid cycle\" class=\"wp-image-28183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Products-of-one-turn-of-the-citric-acid-cycle.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Products-of-one-turn-of-the-citric-acid-cycle-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Products-of-one-turn-of-the-citric-acid-cycle-768x607.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure: Products of one turn of the citric acid cycle. Image Source:\u00a0Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At each turn of the cycle,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>3 NADH,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 FADH2,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 GTP (or ATP),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 CO2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> One NADH are formed from a molecule of pyruvate in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"krebs-cycle-faqs-and-practice-questions\"><\/span><strong>Krebs Cycle FAQs and Practice Questions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1694765000478\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-the-purpose-of-the-krebs-cycle\"><\/span><strong>What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The purpose of the Kreb\u2019s cycle is the complete oxidation of glucose, resulting in energy-rich molecules that later produce ATPs in the electron transport chain.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1694765006401\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"where-does-the-krebs-cycle-take-place\"><\/span><strong>Where does the Krebs cycle take place?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryote and in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotes.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1694765021787\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"how-many-atp-are-produced-in-the-krebs-cycle\"><\/span><strong>How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>One ATP is formed in a single Krebs cycle while two ATPs are formed from a single molecule of glucose (two molecules of pyruvate are formed from one molecule of glucose).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1694765035256\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"does-the-krebs-cycle-require-oxygen\"><\/span><strong>Does the <strong>Krebs cycle <\/strong>require oxygen?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, the Krebs cycle requires oxygen as the cycle operates only under aerobic conditions as NAD<sup>+<\/sup> and FAD can be regenerated from their reduced form in the mitochondria only by electron transfer to molecular oxygen.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1694765046242\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"where-do-the-reactions-of-the-krebs-cycle-occur-in-prokaryotic-cells\"><\/span><strong>Where do the reactions of the <strong>Krebs cycle <\/strong>occur in prokaryotic cells?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1694765055128\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"where-do-the-reactions-of-the-krebs-cycle-occur-in-eukaryotic-cells\"><\/span><strong>Where do the reactions of the <strong>Krebs cycle <\/strong>occur in eukaryotic cells?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1694765113186\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-inhibits-the-krebs-cycle\"><\/span><strong>What inhibits the <strong><strong>Krebs cycle<\/strong><\/strong>?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Various factors like the absence of oxygen, low levels of oxaloacetate or pyruvate, necessary enzymes and coenzymes, high levels of ATP and NADH, and the accumulation of ketone bodies.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"krebs-cycle-song\"><\/span><strong>Krebs Cycle Song<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Krebs! (Mr. W&#039;s Krebs Cycle Song)\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JPCs5pn7UNI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Jain JL, Jain S, and Jain N (2005). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand and Company.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Fourth Edition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Berg JM et al. (2012) Biochemistry. Seventh Edition. W. H Freeman and Company.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman; 2002. Section 17.2, Entry to the Citric Acid Cycle and Metabolism Through It Are Controlled. Available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK22347\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK22347\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle, is a series of reactions that take place in the mitochondria, resulting in the oxidation of acetyl &#8230; <a title=\"Krebs Cycle: Location, Enzymes, Steps, Products, Diagram\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/krebs-cycle\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Krebs Cycle: Location, Enzymes, Steps, Products, Diagram\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":42684,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553],"tags":[1851,1852,1850],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Krebs-Cycle-1.jpeg","author":{"name":"Anupama Sapkota","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0e9c86afc1670c49efeb260138ec905b?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28173"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28173"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28173\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/42684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}