{"id":27964,"date":"2022-02-05T20:02:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-05T14:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=27964"},"modified":"2023-02-04T22:58:24","modified_gmt":"2023-02-04T17:13:24","slug":"glycolysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Glycolysis- Definition, Equation, Enzymes, 10 Steps, Diagram"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose catabolism in which glucose (6-carbon compound) is converted into pyruvate (3-carbon compound) through a sequence of 10 steps.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Glycolysis takes place in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms and is the first step toward the metabolism of glucose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The glycolytic sequence of reactions differs from one species to the other in the mechanism of its regulation and the subsequent metabolic fate of the pyruvate formed at the end of the process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In aerobic organisms, glycolysis is the prelude to the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain, which together release most of the energy contained in glucose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is also referred to as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas or EMP pathway in honor of the pioneer workers in the field.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-definition-equation-enzymes-10-Steps-with-diagram.jpg\" alt=\"Glycolysis- definition, equation, enzymes, 10 Steps with diagram\" class=\"wp-image-27979\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-definition-equation-enzymes-10-Steps-with-diagram.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-definition-equation-enzymes-10-Steps-with-diagram-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-definition-equation-enzymes-10-Steps-with-diagram-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#glycolysis-equation\" title=\"Glycolysis equation\">Glycolysis equation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#glycolysis-enzymes\" title=\"Glycolysis enzymes\">Glycolysis enzymes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#glycolysis-steps\" title=\"Glycolysis steps\">Glycolysis steps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-1-phosphorylation-of-glucose\" title=\"Step 1- Phosphorylation of glucose\">Step 1- Phosphorylation of glucose<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-2-isomerization-of-glucose-6-phosphate\" title=\"Step 2- Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate\">Step 2- Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-3-phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate\" title=\"Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate\">Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-4-cleavage-of-fructose-1-6-diphosphate\" title=\"Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate\">Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-5-isomerization-of-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate\" title=\"Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate\">Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-6-oxidative-phosphorylation-of-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate\" title=\"Step 6- Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate\">Step 6- Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-7-transfer-of-phosphate-from-1-3-diphosphoglycerate-to-adp\" title=\"Step 7- Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP\">Step 7- Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-8-isomerization-of-3-phosphoglycerate\" title=\"Step 8- Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate\">Step 8- Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-9-dehydration-2-phosphoglycerate\" title=\"Step 9- Dehydration 2-phosphoglycerate\">Step 9- Dehydration 2-phosphoglycerate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#step-10-transfer-of-phosphate-from-phosphoenolpyruvate\" title=\"Step 10- Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate\">Step 10- Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#result-of-glycolysis\" title=\"Result of Glycolysis\">Result of Glycolysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#glycolysis-steps-video\" title=\"Glycolysis Steps Video\">Glycolysis Steps Video<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#fates-of-pyruvate\" title=\"Fates of Pyruvate\">Fates of Pyruvate<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#1-oxidation-of-pyruvate\" title=\"1. Oxidation of pyruvate\">1. Oxidation of pyruvate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#2-lactic-acid-fermentation\" title=\"2. Lactic acid fermentation\">2. Lactic acid fermentation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#3-alcoholic-fermentation\" title=\"3. Alcoholic Fermentation\">3. Alcoholic Fermentation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#significance-of-glycolysis-pathway\" title=\"Significance of Glycolysis Pathway\">Significance of Glycolysis Pathway<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#associated-diseases\" title=\"Associated Diseases\">Associated Diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#glycolysis-frequently-asked-questions-faqs\" title=\"Glycolysis Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Glycolysis Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/#sources\" title=\"Sources\">Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"glycolysis-equation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"glycolysis-equation\"><\/span><strong>Glycolysis equation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A summary of the process of glycolysis cab be written as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub> + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD<sup>+&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/sup>\u2192&nbsp; &nbsp;2C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H<sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In words, the equation is written as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Glucose + Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate&nbsp; +&nbsp; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pyruvate + Water + Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Hydrogen ions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"glycolysis-enzymes\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"glycolysis-enzymes\"><\/span><strong>Glycolysis enzymes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In most kinds of cells, the enzymes that catalyze glycolytic reactions are present in the extra-mitochondrial fraction of the cell in the cytosol. One common characteristic in all the enzymes involved in glycolysis is that nearly all of them require Mg<sup>2+<\/sup>. The following are the enzymes that catalyze different steps throughout the process of glycolysis:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Hexokinase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphoglucoisomerase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphofructokinase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aldolase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphotriose isomerase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphoglycerate kinase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphoglycerate mutase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enolase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pyruvate kinase<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"glycolysis-steps\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"glycolysis-steps\"><\/span><strong>Glycolysis steps<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1292\" height=\"821\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-10-steps.jpg\" alt=\"Glycolysis 10 steps\" class=\"wp-image-27981\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-10-steps.jpg 1292w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-10-steps-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-10-steps-1024x651.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-10-steps-768x488.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1292px) 100vw, 1292px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure: Glycolysis 10 steps. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/249949578\/the-10-steps-of-glycolysis-diagram\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quizlet Inc.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>During glycolysis, a single mole of 6-carbon glucose is broken down into two moles of 3-carbon pyruvate by a sequence of 10 enzyme-catalyzed sequential reactions. These reactions are grouped under 2 phases, phase I and II.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stage I comprises \u201cpreparatory\u201d reactions which are not redox reactions and do not release energy but instead lead to the production of a critical intermediate of the pathway.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stage I consists of the first five steps of the glycolysis process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Similarly, in Stage II, redox reactions occur, energy is conserved in the form of ATP, and two molecules of pyruvate are formed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The last five reactions of glycolysis constitute phase II.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The ten steps of glycolysis occur in the following sequence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-1-phosphorylation-of-glucose\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-1-phosphorylation-of-glucose\"><\/span><strong>Step 1- Phosphorylation of glucose<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"304\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-1-Phosphorylation-of-glucose.jpg\" alt=\"Step 1- Phosphorylation of glucose\" class=\"wp-image-27967\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-1-Phosphorylation-of-glucose.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-1-Phosphorylation-of-glucose-300x182.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In the first step of glycolysis, the glucose is initiated or primed for the subsequent steps by phosphorylation at the C<sub>6<\/sub> carbon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The process involves the transfer of phosphate from the ATP to glucose forming Glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of the enzyme hexokinase and glucokinase (in animals and microbes).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This step is also accompanied by considerable loss of energy as heat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-2-isomerization-of-glucose-6-phosphate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-2-isomerization-of-glucose-6-phosphate\"><\/span><strong>Step 2- Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-2-Isomerization-of-Glucose-6-phosphate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 2- Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate\" class=\"wp-image-27968\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-2-Isomerization-of-Glucose-6-phosphate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-2-Isomerization-of-Glucose-6-phosphate-300x163.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Glucose 6-phosphate is reversibly isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphohexoisomerase\/phosphoglucoisomerase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction involves a shift of the carbonyl oxygen from C1 to C2, thus converting an aldose into a ketose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-3-phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-3-phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate\"><\/span><strong>Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"239\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-3-Phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate\" class=\"wp-image-27969\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-3-Phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-3-Phosphorylation-of-fructose-6-phosphate-300x143.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This step is the second priming step of glycolysis, where fructose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the presence of the enzyme phosphofructokinase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Like in Step 1, the phosphate is transferred from ATP while some amount of energy is lost in the form of heat as well.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-4-cleavage-of-fructose-1-6-diphosphate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-4-cleavage-of-fructose-1-6-diphosphate\"><\/span><strong>Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-4-Cleavage-of-fructose-1-6-diphosphate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate\" class=\"wp-image-27970\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-4-Cleavage-of-fructose-1-6-diphosphate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-4-Cleavage-of-fructose-1-6-diphosphate-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This step involves the unique cleavage of the C-C bond in the fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The enzyme fructose diphosphate aldolase catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate between C<sub>3<\/sub> and C<sub>4<\/sub> resulting in two different triose phosphates: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (an aldose) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The remaining steps in glycolysis involve three-carbon units, rather than six carbon units.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-5-isomerization-of-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-5-isomerization-of-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate\"><\/span><strong>Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"279\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-5-Isomerization-of-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate\" class=\"wp-image-27971\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-5-Isomerization-of-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-5-Isomerization-of-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate-300x167.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate can be readily degraded in the subsequent steps of glycolysis, but dihydroxyacetone phosphate cannot be. Thus, it is isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate instead.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In this step, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the presence of the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction completes the first phase of glycolysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-6-oxidative-phosphorylation-of-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-6-oxidative-phosphorylation-of-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate\"><\/span><strong>Step 6- Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"205\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-6-Oxidative-Phosphorylation-of-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 6- Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate\" class=\"wp-image-27972\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-6-Oxidative-Phosphorylation-of-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-6-Oxidative-Phosphorylation-of-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-300x123.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Step 6 is one of the three energy-conserving or forming steps of glycolysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In this process, NAD<sup>+<\/sup> is reduced to coenzyme NADH by the H<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> from glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since two moles of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are formed from one mole of glucose, two NADH are generated in this step.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-7-transfer-of-phosphate-from-1-3-diphosphoglycerate-to-adp\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-7-transfer-of-phosphate-from-1-3-diphosphoglycerate-to-adp\"><\/span><strong>Step 7- Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"178\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-7-Transfer-of-phosphate-from-1-3-diphosphoglycerate-to-ADP.jpg\" alt=\"Step 7- Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP\" class=\"wp-image-27973\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-7-Transfer-of-phosphate-from-1-3-diphosphoglycerate-to-ADP.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-7-Transfer-of-phosphate-from-1-3-diphosphoglycerate-to-ADP-300x107.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This step is the ATP-generating step of glycolysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It involves the transfer of phosphate group from the 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, thus producing ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since two moles of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate are formed from one mole of glucose, two ATPs are generated in this step.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-8-isomerization-of-3-phosphoglycerate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-8-isomerization-of-3-phosphoglycerate\"><\/span><strong>Step 8- Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-8-Isomerization-of-3-phosphoglycerate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 8- Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate\" class=\"wp-image-27974\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-8-Isomerization-of-3-phosphoglycerate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-8-Isomerization-of-3-phosphoglycerate-300x120.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into 2-phosphoglycerate due to the shift of phosphoryl group from C3 to C2, by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is a reversible isomerization reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-9-dehydration-2-phosphoglycerate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-9-dehydration-2-phosphoglycerate\"><\/span><strong>Step 9- Dehydration 2-phosphoglycerate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-9-Dehydration-2-phosphoglycerate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 9- Dehydration 2-phosphoglycerate\" class=\"wp-image-27975\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-9-Dehydration-2-phosphoglycerate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-9-Dehydration-2-phosphoglycerate-300x130.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In this step, the 2-phosphoglycerate is dehydrated by the action of enolase (phosphopyruvate hydratase) to phosphoenolpyruvate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is also an irreversible reaction where two moles of water are lost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-10-transfer-of-phosphate-from-phosphoenolpyruvate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-10-transfer-of-phosphate-from-phosphoenolpyruvate\"><\/span><strong>Step 10- Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-10-Transfer-of-phosphate-from-phosphoenolpyruvate.jpg\" alt=\"Step 10- Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate\" class=\"wp-image-27976\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-10-Transfer-of-phosphate-from-phosphoenolpyruvate.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Step-10-Transfer-of-phosphate-from-phosphoenolpyruvate-300x109.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This is the second energy-generating step of glycolysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted into an enol form of pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The enol pyruvate, however, rearranges rapidly and non-enzymatically to yield the keto form of pyruvate (i.e. ketopyruvate). The keto form predominates at pH 7.0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, thus forming ATP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"result-of-glycolysis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"result-of-glycolysis\"><\/span><strong>Result of Glycolysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall process of glycolysis results in the following events:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Glucose is oxidized into pyruvate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NAD<sup>+ <\/sup>is reduced to NADH.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADP is phosphorylated into ATP.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"glycolysis-video-animation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"glycolysis-steps-video\"><\/span><strong>Glycolysis Steps Video<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Steps of glycolysis | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ArmlWtDnuys?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fates-of-pyruvate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"fates-of-pyruvate\"><\/span><strong>Fates of Pyruvate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Depending on the organism and the metabolic conditions, the pyruvate takes one of the following three essential routes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Fates-of-Pyruvate.jpg\" alt=\"Fates of Pyruvate\" class=\"wp-image-27978\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Fates-of-Pyruvate.jpg 668w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Fates-of-Pyruvate-296x300.jpg 296w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Fates-of-Pyruvate-24x24.jpg 24w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Fates-of-Pyruvate-48x48.jpg 48w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Fates-of-Pyruvate-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Figure:<\/strong> Three possible catabolic fates of the pyruvate formed in glycolysis. Pyruvate also serves as a precursor in many anabolic reactions,<br>not shown here. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-oxidation-of-pyruvate\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-oxidation-of-pyruvate\"><\/span><strong>1. Oxidation of pyruvate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In aerobic organisms, the pyruvate is then moved to the mitochondria where it is oxidized into the acetyl group of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl Co-A).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This process involves the release of one mole of CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Later, the acetyl CoA is completely oxidized into CO<sub>2<\/sub> and H<sub>2<\/sub>O by entering the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/tca-cycle-citric-acid-cycle-or-krebs-cycle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">citric acid cycle<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This pathway follows glycolysis in aerobic organisms and plants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-lactic-acid-fermentation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-lactic-acid-fermentation\"><\/span><strong>2. Lactic acid fermentation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In conditions where the oxygen is insufficient, like in the skeletal muscle cells, the pyruvate cannot be oxidized due to lack of oxygen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Under such conditions, the pyruvate is reduced to lactate by the process of anaerobic glycolysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lactate production from glucose also occurs in other anaerobic organisms by the process of lactic acid fermentation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-alcoholic-fermentation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-alcoholic-fermentation\"><\/span><strong>3. Alcoholic Fermentation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In some microbes like brewer\u2019s yeast, the pyruvate formed from glucose is converted anaerobically into ethanol and CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is considered the most ancient form of the metabolism of glucose, as observed in conditions where the oxygen concentration is low.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"significance-of-glycolysis-pathway\"><\/span><strong>Significance of Glycolysis Pathway<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>All tissues employ the glycolytic pathway for the breakdown of glucose to provide energy in the form of ATP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An important pathway for the production of energy, especially under anaerobic conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is crucial for the generation of energy in cells without mitochondria.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It forms products that are intermediates for other metabolic pathways.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glycolysis interfaces with glycogen metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, the formation of amino sugars, triglyceride synthesis (by means of glycerol 3-phosphate), the production of lactate (a dead-end reaction), and transamination with alanine.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"associated-diseases\"><\/span><strong>Associated Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Deficiency in any of the glycolytic enzymes leads to hemolytic anemia because RBCs depend on glycolysis for energy production and will lyse if their energy demands are not met as a result of faulty glycolysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"glycolysis-frequently-asked-questions-faqs\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"glycolysis-frequently-asked-questions-faqs\"><\/span><strong>Glycolysis Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is aerobic glycolysis?<br><\/strong>Aerobic glycolysis is the process of oxidation of glucose into pyruvate followed by the oxidation of pyruvate into CO<sub>2<\/sub> and H<sub>2<\/sub>O in the presence of a sufficient amount of oxygen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is anaerobic glycolysis?<br><\/strong>Anaerobic glycolysis is the process that takes place in the absence of enough oxygen resulting in the reduction of pyruvate into lactate and reoxidation of NADH into NAD<sup>+<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Where does glycolysis occur?<br><\/strong>Glycolysis occurs in the extramitochondrial fraction of the cell in the cytosol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What are the products of glycolysis?<br><\/strong>The products of glycolysis are two moles of pyruvate, four moles of ATPs (net gain of 2 ATPs), and one mole of NADH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?<br><\/strong>Two moles of NADH are produced by glycolysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How many ATPs are formed in glycolysis?<br><\/strong>A total of four moles of ATPs are formed in glycolysis. The net gain of ATP in glycolysis is just 2 ATPs as two ATPs are utilized during the preparatory phase of glycolysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What are the functions of glycolysis?<br><\/strong>The primary function of glycolysis is to produce energy in the form of ATP. Similarly, glycolysis also produces pyruvate, which is then oxidized further to create more ATPs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"references\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Jain JL, Jain S, and Jain N (2005). <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/304TA9m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fundamentals of Biochemistry<\/a>. S. Chand and Company.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nelson DL and Cox MM. <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3cww1ZP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry<\/a>. Fourth Edition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Berg JM et al. (2012) <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/2zVwpDO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Biochemistry<\/a>. Seventh Edition. W. H Freeman and Company.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Madigan MT et al. (2012). <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/2MoLG2y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brock Biology of Microorganisms<\/a>. Thirteenth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sources\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sources\"><\/span><strong>Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>3% &#8211; https:\/\/www.biologynotes.site\/glycolysis\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/thumz\/2-glycolysigluconeogenesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2% &#8211; http:\/\/www.biosciencenotes.com\/glycolysis\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/PrakashPokhrel1\/glycolysis-61531085<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/structure\/1J4E<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.onlinebiologynotes.com\/glycolysis-steps-diagram-and-enzymes-involved\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.differencebetween.com\/difference-between-aerobic-and-anaerobic-glycolysis\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.chegg.com\/homework-help\/questions-and-answers\/mixture-3-phosphoglycerate-2-phosphoglycerate-incubated-25-c-phosphoglycerate-mutase-equil-q17560873<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/7808037\/biochem-test-3-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/3746318\/biology-chapter-9-quiz-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/335636273\/ch-6-mastering-biology-questions-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/130067254\/glycolysis-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/121714665\/glycolysis-chapter-16-162-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/100697038\/cellular-respiration-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; https:\/\/answers.yahoo.com\/question\/index?qid=20110409100422AAJMnvZ<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1% &#8211; http:\/\/www.bioinfo.org.cn\/book\/biochemistry\/chapt14\/sim1.htm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/steps-of-glycolysis-373394<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sparknotes.com\/biology\/cellrespiration\/glycolysis\/section1\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.microbialfacts.com\/steps-of-glycolysis-process\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-guides\/biology\/biochemistry-i\/glycolysis\/glycolysis-atp-and-nadh<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.chegg.com\/homework-help\/questions-and-answers\/another-key-reaction-glycolysis-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate-dhap-isomerized-glyceraldehyde&#8211;q8268627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.answers.com\/Q\/After_ATP_is_used_what_happens_to_the_pyruvate_molecule_in_glycolysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/69012980\/glycolysis-i-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/5978396\/glycolysis-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/287288807\/biochemistry-final-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/109326725\/chapter-15-glucose-catabolism-flash-cards\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/mcb.berkeley.edu\/labs\/krantz\/mcb102\/lect_S2008\/MCB102-SPRING2008-LECTURE3-GLYCOLYSIS_2.pdf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/laboratoryinfo.com\/glycolysis-steps-diagram-energy-yield-and-significance\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lactic_acid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-biology\/chapter\/glycolysis\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Biological_Chemistry\/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)\/Metabolism\/Catabolism\/Glycolysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/laboratorytests.org\/glycolysis\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose catabolism in which glucose (6-carbon compound) is converted into pyruvate (3-carbon compound) through a sequence of 10 steps. Image Source: Lehninger Principles of &#8230; <a title=\"Glycolysis- Definition, Equation, Enzymes, 10 Steps, Diagram\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/glycolysis\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Glycolysis- Definition, Equation, Enzymes, 10 Steps, Diagram\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":27979,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553],"tags":[1813,5351,1814],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Glycolysis-definition-equation-enzymes-10-Steps-with-diagram.jpg","author":{"name":"Anupama Sapkota","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0e9c86afc1670c49efeb260138ec905b?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27964"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27964"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27964\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27979"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}