{"id":26905,"date":"2022-08-18T12:05:10","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T06:20:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=26905"},"modified":"2022-09-05T14:10:18","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T08:25:18","slug":"candida-glabrata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/","title":{"rendered":"Candida glabrata- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#what-is-candida-glabrata\" title=\"What is Candida glabrata?\">What is Candida glabrata?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#habitat-of-candida-glabrata\" title=\"Habitat of Candida glabrata\">Habitat of Candida glabrata<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#morphology-of-candida-glabrata\" title=\"Morphology of Candida glabrata\">Morphology of Candida glabrata<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#pathogenesis-of-candida-glabrata\" title=\"Pathogenesis of Candida glabrata\">Pathogenesis of Candida glabrata<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#virulence-factors\" title=\"Virulence Factors\">Virulence Factors<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#clinical-manifestations-of-candida-glabrata\" title=\"Clinical Manifestations of Candida glabrata\">Clinical Manifestations of Candida glabrata<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#superficial-infection\" title=\"Superficial infection\">Superficial infection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#systemic-candidiasis\" title=\"Systemic Candidiasis\">Systemic Candidiasis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#laboratory-diagnosis-of-candida-glabrata\" title=\"Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida glabrata\">Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida glabrata<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#specimens\" title=\"Specimens\">Specimens<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#staining-and-microscopic-examination\" title=\"Staining and Microscopic Examination\">Staining and Microscopic Examination<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#cultural-examination\" title=\"Cultural Examination\">Cultural Examination<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#biochemical-tests\" title=\"Biochemical Tests\">Biochemical Tests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#molecular-based-tests\" title=\"Molecular Based Tests\">Molecular Based Tests<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#video-candida-glabrata-isolation-microhub-plus\" title=\"Video: Candida glabrata Isolation (Microhub Plus)\">Video: Candida glabrata Isolation (Microhub Plus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#treatment-of-candida-glabrata-infections\" title=\"Treatment of Candida glabrata infections\">Treatment of Candida glabrata infections<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#prevention-and-control-of-candida-glabrata-infections\" title=\"Prevention and Control of Candida glabrata infections\">Prevention and Control of Candida glabrata infections<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/#references-and-sources\" title=\"References and Sources\">References and Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-candida-glabrata\"><\/span>What is <em>Candida glabrata<\/em>?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>Candida glabrata<\/em> was previously known as\u00a0<i>Torulopsis glabrata,\u00a0<\/i>belongs to the class of Fungi Imperfecti, the order of Moniliaes and family of Cryptococcaceae.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>C. glabrata<\/em> is one of the most common candida species, living commensally in the human host.<\/li>\n<li>It does not cause disease in healthy individuals.<\/li>\n<li>However, it has been found to also cause candidiasis in persons with underlying conditions with suppressed immune functions including HIV\/AIDS patients, diabetic patients, chemotherapy patients, organ transplant patients, inpatient surgery patients.<\/li>\n<li>Therefore, it is a known pathogenic candidal species responsible for candidiasis infections in weakened immune hosts.<\/li>\n<li>It prevalently causes infections of the urogenital tract, systemic infections when they gain entry into the bloodstream majorly in immunocompromised patients.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0<em>C. glabrata<\/em> currently ranks second or third as the causative agent of superficial (oral, esophageal, vaginal, or urinary) or systemic candidal infections, which are often nosocomial.<\/li>\n<li>The treatment of <em>C. glabrata<\/em> infections can include azoles, amphotericin B, or flucytosine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habitat-of-candida-glabrata\"><\/span><strong>Habitat of <em>Candida glabrata<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>C. glabrata<\/em> is found in a wide range of environments but majorly in the human host.<\/li>\n<li>They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals, living as normal microflora.<\/li>\n<li>It has also been isolated from various parts of the human host body including oral cavity, genitourinary tract, alimentary tract, and respiratory tract.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"morphology-of-candida-glabrata\"><\/span><strong>Morphology of <em>Candida glabrata<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Unlike other candidal species with are dimorphic in nature, <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> in nondimorphic, existing is small blastoconidia.<\/li>\n<li>It is the only Candidal species that do not form pseudohyphae at temperatures higher than 37\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li>The blastoconidia of <em>C. glabrata<\/em> are very small, 1 to 4 \u03bcm are considerably smaller than <em>Candida albicans<\/em> blastoconidia, which are 4 to 6 \u03bcm.<\/li>\n<li>Isolation of colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar, <em>C. glabrata<\/em> shows the formation of glistening, smooth, cream-colored colonies with are relatively small in size however, similar to other Candidal species.<\/li>\n<li>Isolation on Chromagar, a differential medium for Candidal species, <em>C. glabrata<\/em> produces colonies that appear pink to purple, in contrast to <em>C. albicans<\/em>\u00a0colonies, which appear green to blue-green.<\/li>\n<li>They have a haploid genome with small RNA subunits, unlike other Candidal species that have a diploid genome.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29910\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Candida-glabrata.jpg\" alt=\"Candida glabrata\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Candida-glabrata.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Candida-glabrata-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Candida-glabrata-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Figure: Candida glabrata &#8211; 1600x (Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glabrata.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BCarver1<\/a>) and Candida glabrata yeast under an electron microscope. The figure shows two single cells and two mother-daughter pairs during the budding process. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/333093035_Genome_structure_and_dynamics_of_the_yeast_pathogen_Candida_glabrata\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Khadija Mohamed Ahmad (Researchgate)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenesis-of-candida-glabrata\"><\/span><strong>Pathogenesis of <em>Candida glabrata<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>They have\u00a0very low pathogenicity but its isolation from various patient samples is an indication that it constitutes of contributing factors to its adherence, colonization, and causing candida associated infections.<\/li>\n<li>The lack of pseudohyphae formation, adhesin receptor proteins such as fibronectin, and laminin have been associated with its low virulence and pathogenicity.<\/li>\n<li>Immune defense mechanisms against <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> are minimally documented, but the role of the polymorphonuclear cells leukocytes on candidemia and systemic candidiasis caused by this species has been noted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"virulence-factors\"><\/span><strong>Virulence Factors<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Adherence Factors to the epithelial and the endothelial cells which has been associated with the cell surface hydrophobicity of the fungi, enabling it to interact with the adhesin receptors on the host cells. However, its adherence factors are equally low as compared to other <em>Candida <\/em>species.<\/li>\n<li>Protease production &#8211; <em>Candida glabrata<\/em>\u00a0produces protease at minimal quantities as compared to <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Phenotypic switching has been detected on <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> which allows it to switch colony phenotypes without affecting the genotype of the species, which has been associated with the virulence of its virulence among other Candidal species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-manifestations-of-candida-glabrata\"><\/span><strong>Clinical Manifestations of <em>Candida glabrata<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"superficial-infection\"><\/span><strong>Superficial infection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Symptomatic mucosal infection by <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> has been detected in oropharyngeal, esophageal, and vaginal candidiasis, in HIV\/AIDS patients and other immune-compromised patients.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Oropharyngeal candidiasis<\/strong> is associated with acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, commonly known as oral thrush.<\/li>\n<li>It is the first sign of HIV infection, and progressive infection to AIDS, showing signs of asymptomatic erythematous forms.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Esophageal candidiasis\u00a0<\/strong>is associated with the disease dissemination from the oropharyngeal lining.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vulvovaginal candidiasis<\/strong> which is common in women, pregnant women, diabetic patients, associated with mild to moderately severe candidiasis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Urinary tract candidiasis<\/strong> also known as candiduria, is common in hospitalized patients with invasive catheters, diabetes mellitus patients, the elderly, and debilitated patients under antibacterial medications. However, there are no complicated hematogenous infections of the urinary tract are linked to <em>Candida glabrata.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"systemic-candidiasis\"><\/span><strong>Systemic Candidiasis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Candida glabrata<\/em> rarely causes systemic candidiasis, however, in weakened immune patients dissemination has been found in the bloodstream especially in prolonged hospitalized patients and bone marrow transplant patients. It has been linked to long-term administration of antibacterial agents and fluconazole antifungals.<\/li>\n<li>It disseminates to other organ systems and causes blood infection known as candidemia, associated with persistent fever, deteriorating conditions, and unresponsiveness to antifungal agents.<\/li>\n<li>Fungemia is commonly caused by <em>C. glabrata.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"laboratory-diagnosis-of-candida-glabrata\"><\/span><strong>Laboratory Diagnosis of <em>Candida glabrata<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"specimens\"><\/span><strong>Specimens<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Swabs, respiratory wash, vaginal swabs, blood<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"staining-and-microscopic-examination\"><\/span><strong>Staining and Microscopic Examination<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>KOH wet mount for identification and differentiation from other <em>Candida<\/em> species.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cultural-examination\"><\/span><strong>Cultural Examination<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>On <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/sabouraud-dextrose-agar-sda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sabouraud dextrose agar<\/a>, <em>C. glabrata<\/em> forms glistening, smooth, cream-colored colonies, similar to other Candidal species, except their relatively small size.<\/li>\n<li>On <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/chromagar-rambach-agar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chromagar<\/a>, a differential medium for Candidal species, <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> produces colonies that appear pink to purple, in contrast to <em>C. albicans<\/em>\u00a0colonies, which appear green to blue-green.<\/li>\n<li>They can also be grown on bacterial blood cultures for hemolytic characteristics of the fungi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29911\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Laboratory-Diagnosis-of-Candida-glabrata.jpg\" alt=\"Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida glabrata\" width=\"800\" height=\"488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Laboratory-Diagnosis-of-Candida-glabrata.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Laboratory-Diagnosis-of-Candida-glabrata-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Laboratory-Diagnosis-of-Candida-glabrata-768x468.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Figure: Morphology and color of yeast on Candida CHROM agar. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jcdr.net\/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&amp;year=2017&amp;volume=11&amp;issue=3&amp;page=DC06&amp;issn=0973-709x&amp;id=9475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DOI : 10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/23578.9475.<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"biochemical-tests\"><\/span><strong>Biochemical Tests<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><em>Candida glabrata<\/em> can only ferment and assimilates glucose and trehalose, unlike other <em>Candida<\/em> species that assimilate several sugars.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"molecular-based-tests\"><\/span><strong>Molecular Based Tests<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Comparative chromosomal DNA analysis to identify and differentiate <em>Candida<\/em> species and different strains using:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism-rflp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Restriction Fragment Length polymorphism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis-pfge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pulse-field Gel Electrophoresis<\/a> which differentiates the chromosomal molecular weight by separating the chromosomal strands into separate bands for strain identification.<\/li>\n<li>Electrophoretic Karyotypying\u00a0 (EK) patterns which produce 10-13 bands for <em>Candida glabrata<\/em>\u00a0strains.<\/li>\n<li>Random amplified polymorphism DNA and DNA probing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"video-candida-glabrata-isolation-microhub-plus\"><\/span>Video: <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> Isolation (Microhub Plus)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Candida glabrata isolation\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HcaVjhsgze8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatment-of-candida-glabrata-infections\"><\/span><strong>Treatment of <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> infections<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Oropharyngeal <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candidiasis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">candidiasis<\/a> &#8211; topical polyene agents such as nystatin, amphotericin B and Clotrimazole, triazoles, itraconazole, and fluconazole in HIV\/AIDS patients.<\/li>\n<li>Esophageal candidiasis &#8211; Oral and intravenous fluconazole, oral itraconazole, intravenous amphotericin B.<\/li>\n<li>Vulvovaginitis &#8211; Butoconazole, has excellent antifungal activity, miconazole and clotrimazole, terconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole show moderate activity. Fluconazole is poor for tretament of vulvovaginitis.<\/li>\n<li>Symptomatic candiduria is treated with Amphotericin B or fluconazole.<\/li>\n<li>Systemic Candidiasis &#8211; gold standard treatment for systemic candidiasis is the use of Amphotericin B including candidemia, minimal doses of fluconazole are also effective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prevention-and-control-of-candida-glabrata-infections\"><\/span><strong>Prevention and Control of <em>Candida glabrata<\/em> infections<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Discontinue catheterization for patients with candiduria infection<\/li>\n<li>Prophylactic treatment with antifungal agents in hospitalized patients<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references-and-sources\"><\/span><strong>References and Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8% &#8211; https:\/\/cmr.asm.org\/content\/12\/1\/80<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/immunology-and-microbiology\/prevotella<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology\/candida<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/13407454_Candida_glabrata_Review_of_Epidemiology_Pathogenesis_and_Clinical_Disease_with_Comparison_toC_albicans<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4019226\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2533538\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com\/home\/decision-support-in-medicine\/infectious-diseases\/urinary-tract-infections-uti-pyelonephritis-complicated\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/wikimili.com\/en\/Oral_microbiology<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/disseminated-infection-3132797<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25682023<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3218701\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/thehealthtalks.com\/candidiasis-types-causes-treatment\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/microbiology\/chapter\/introduction-to-urogenital-system-infections\/<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Candida glabrata? Candida glabrata was previously known as\u00a0Torulopsis glabrata,\u00a0belongs to the class of Fungi Imperfecti, the order of Moniliaes and family of Cryptococcaceae. C. glabrata is one of &#8230; <a title=\"Candida glabrata- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-glabrata\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Candida glabrata- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":29910,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[210],"tags":[211,5533,5534],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Candida-glabrata.jpg","author":{"name":"Faith Mokobi","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8b4f039c6d83a1b8509046a793299d54?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":210,"name":"Mycology","slug":"mycology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":210,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Mycology is a branch of natural science involved in studies related to fungi, their structure, genetic composition, biochemical properties, taxonomy, and their applications.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that occur as yeasts, molds, or as a combination of both forms. The characteristic features of fungi include the chitinous cell walls, plasma membranes containing ergosterol, 80S rRNA, and microtubules composed of tubulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology has become an important area of research in clinical microbiology as of the approximately 70,000 recognized species of fungi, about 300 are known to cause human infections. Some might even have economic importance as plant and animal pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungal diseases of healthy humans tend to be relatively benign, but the few life-threatening fungal diseases are critical.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology is further separated as phytopathology as many fungi are known to cause plant diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology was traditionally considered a branch of botany even though it has been observed that fungi are evolutionary more closer to animals than plants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, based on new researches, mycology is now established as a distinct discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi have been a topic of interest due to their role in the environment as decomposers with some fungi being consumed as a source of food and antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycological studies led to the discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic, which led the way for the production of more antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many fungi like bacteria might even exist in a symbiotic relationship with other living beings in the form of the normal flora.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the emergence of new fungal species causing diseases in different living beings, the focus of mycology has been shifted towards the systemic classification and identification of fungi based on various techniques.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are comparatively harder to isolate and identify in laboratories than in bacteria; however, other molecular techniques like gene sequence analysis and PCR have made it possible to identify fungal species accurately.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, fungi are mostly associated with skin or tissue-related infections. These infections can range from mild to severe depending on the pathogenic nature of the species.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology thus is closely related to other areas like clinical medicine and pathology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some fungi have found applications in food and beverage industries where fungi like yeasts are used for baking and brewing process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The industrial application of fungi gives rise to the relationship between mycology and biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":33,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":210,"category_count":33,"category_description":"<strong>Mycology is a branch of natural science involved in studies related to fungi, their structure, genetic composition, biochemical properties, taxonomy, and their applications.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that occur as yeasts, molds, or as a combination of both forms. The characteristic features of fungi include the chitinous cell walls, plasma membranes containing ergosterol, 80S rRNA, and microtubules composed of tubulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology has become an important area of research in clinical microbiology as of the approximately 70,000 recognized species of fungi, about 300 are known to cause human infections. Some might even have economic importance as plant and animal pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungal diseases of healthy humans tend to be relatively benign, but the few life-threatening fungal diseases are critical.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology is further separated as phytopathology as many fungi are known to cause plant diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology was traditionally considered a branch of botany even though it has been observed that fungi are evolutionary more closer to animals than plants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, based on new researches, mycology is now established as a distinct discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi have been a topic of interest due to their role in the environment as decomposers with some fungi being consumed as a source of food and antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycological studies led to the discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic, which led the way for the production of more antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many fungi like bacteria might even exist in a symbiotic relationship with other living beings in the form of the normal flora.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the emergence of new fungal species causing diseases in different living beings, the focus of mycology has been shifted towards the systemic classification and identification of fungi based on various techniques.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are comparatively harder to isolate and identify in laboratories than in bacteria; however, other molecular techniques like gene sequence analysis and PCR have made it possible to identify fungal species accurately.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, fungi are mostly associated with skin or tissue-related infections. These infections can range from mild to severe depending on the pathogenic nature of the species.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology thus is closely related to other areas like clinical medicine and pathology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some fungi have found applications in food and beverage industries where fungi like yeasts are used for baking and brewing process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The industrial application of fungi gives rise to the relationship between mycology and biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Mycology","category_nicename":"mycology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26905"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26905"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26905\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29910"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}