{"id":25209,"date":"2023-09-16T16:41:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-16T10:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=25209"},"modified":"2023-10-12T00:38:02","modified_gmt":"2023-10-11T18:53:02","slug":"plant-cell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/","title":{"rendered":"Plant Cell: Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Plant cells\u00a0are eukaryotic cells, that are found in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae which means they have a membrane-bound nucleus.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They have a variety of membrane-bound cell organelles that perform various specific functions to maintain the normal functioning of the plant cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_66_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-plant-cell\" title=\"Structure of Plant cell\">Structure of Plant cell<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#plant-cell-free-worksheet\" title=\"Plant Cell Free Worksheet\">Plant Cell Free Worksheet<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#list-of-14-plant-cell-organelles\" title=\"List of 14 Plant Cell Organelles\">List of 14 Plant Cell Organelles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#plant-cell-wall\" title=\"Plant Cell Wall\">Plant Cell Wall<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-plant-cell-wall\" title=\"Structure of plant cell wall\">Structure of plant cell wall<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#the-function-of-the-plant-cell-wall\" title=\"The function of the plant cell wall\">The function of the plant cell wall<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#plant-cytoskeleton\" title=\"Plant\u00a0cytoskeleton\">Plant\u00a0cytoskeleton<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-the-plant-cytoskeleton\" title=\"Structure of the plant cytoskeleton\">Structure of the plant cytoskeleton<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-plant-cytoskeleton\" title=\"Functions of the plant cytoskeleton\">Functions of the plant cytoskeleton<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#microfilaments\" title=\"Microfilaments\">Microfilaments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#intermediate-filaments\" title=\"Intermediate Filaments\">Intermediate Filaments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#microtubules\" title=\"Microtubules\">Microtubules<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#other-functions-of-the-cytoskeleton-in-plants-include\" title=\"Other functions of the cytoskeleton in plants\u00a0include:\">Other functions of the cytoskeleton in plants\u00a0include:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#plant-cell-plasma-membrane\" title=\"Plant\u00a0Cell (Plasma) membrane\">Plant\u00a0Cell (Plasma) membrane<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-the-plant-cell-plasma-membrane\" title=\"Structure of the plant cell (plasma) membrane\">Structure of the plant cell (plasma) membrane<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-plant-cell-plasma-membrane\" title=\"Functions of the&nbsp;plant cell (plasma) membrane\">Functions of the&nbsp;plant cell (plasma) membrane<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#plasmodesmata\" title=\"Plasmodesmata\">Plasmodesmata<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-plasmodesmata-of-plant-cells\" title=\"Structure of plasmodesmata of plant cells\">Structure of plasmodesmata of plant cells<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-plasmodesmata\" title=\"Functions of the plasmodesmata\">Functions of the plasmodesmata<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#cytoplasm\" title=\"Cytoplasm\">Cytoplasm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#plastids\" title=\"Plastids\">Plastids<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#development-of-plastids\" title=\"Development of plastids\">Development of plastids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#general-functions-of-plastids\" title=\"General functions of plastids\">General functions of plastids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#types-of-plastids\" title=\"Types of Plastids\">Types of Plastids<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#chloroplast\" title=\"Chloroplast\">Chloroplast<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-the-plant-cell-chloroplast\" title=\"Structure of the plant cell chloroplast\">Structure of the plant cell chloroplast<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-plant-cell-chloroplast\" title=\"Functions of the plant cell chloroplast\">Functions of the plant cell chloroplast<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#chromoplast-plastid\" title=\"Chromoplast plastid\">Chromoplast plastid<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-plant-chromoplast\" title=\"Structure of plant chromoplast\">Structure of plant chromoplast<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-plant-chromoplast\" title=\"Functions of plant chromoplast\">Functions of plant chromoplast<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#gerontoplast-plastids-of-the-plant-cell\" title=\"Gerontoplast plastids of the plant cell\">Gerontoplast plastids of the plant cell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#leucoplast-plastids-of-the-plant-cell\" title=\"Leucoplast plastids of the plant cell\">Leucoplast plastids of the plant cell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#plant-vacuoles\" title=\"Plant Vacuoles\">Plant Vacuoles<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-plant-cell-vacuoles\" title=\"Structure of plant cell vacuoles\">Structure of plant cell vacuoles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-central-vacuole\" title=\"Functions of the central vacuole\">Functions of the central vacuole<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#mitochondria\" title=\"Mitochondria\">Mitochondria<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-plant-mitochondria\" title=\"Structure of plant mitochondria\">Structure of plant mitochondria<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-mitochondria-in-plants\" title=\"Functions of mitochondria in plants\">Functions of mitochondria in plants<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#endoplasmic-reticulum-er\" title=\"Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)\">Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-plant-cell-endoplasmic-reticulum\" title=\"Structure of plant cell endoplasmic reticulum\">Structure of plant cell endoplasmic reticulum<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-endoplasmic-reticulum\" title=\"Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum\">Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#ribosomes\" title=\"Ribosomes\">Ribosomes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-ribosomes-of-the-plant-cell\" title=\"Structure of ribosomes of the plant cell\">Structure of ribosomes of the plant cell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-ribosomes-in-plant-cells\" title=\"Functions of ribosomes in plant cells\">Functions of ribosomes in plant cells<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#storage-granules-of-plant-cell\" title=\"Storage granules&nbsp;of plant cell\">Storage granules&nbsp;of plant cell<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-storage-granules-in-plant-cell\" title=\"Functions of storage granules in plant cell\">Functions of storage granules in plant cell<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#golgi-bodies\" title=\"Golgi bodies\">Golgi bodies<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-the-golgi-bodies-in-a-plant-cell\" title=\"Structure of the Golgi bodies in a plant cell\">Structure of the Golgi bodies in a plant cell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-golgi-bodies-in-a-plant-cell\" title=\"Functions of the Golgi bodies in a plant cell\">Functions of the Golgi bodies in a plant cell<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#nucleus\" title=\"Nucleus\">Nucleus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-the-nucleus-of-the-plant-cell\" title=\"Structure of the nucleus of the plant cell\">Structure of the nucleus of the plant cell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-nucleus-of-the-plant-cell\" title=\"Functions of the nucleus of the plant cell\">Functions of the nucleus of the plant cell<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#peroxisomes\" title=\"Peroxisomes\">Peroxisomes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#structure-of-the-peroxisomes\" title=\"Structure of the peroxisomes\">Structure of the peroxisomes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#functions-of-the-peroxisomes\" title=\"Functions of the peroxisomes\">Functions of the peroxisomes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#lysosomes-in-plant-cells\" title=\"Lysosomes\u00a0in plant cells?\">Lysosomes\u00a0in plant cells?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong>Structure of Plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally, plant cells are a lot bigger than animal cells, coming in more similar sizes and they are typically cubed or rectangular in shape.\u00a0 Plant cells also have structural organelles that are not found in the animals\u2019 cells including the cell wall, vacuoles, plastids e. g Chloroplast. Animal cells also contain structures that are not found in the plant cells such as, cilia and flagella, lysosomes, and centrioles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2027\" height=\"1417\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell.jpeg\" alt=\"Structure of Plant cell\" class=\"wp-image-25484\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell.jpeg 2027w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-300x210.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-1024x716.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-145x100.jpeg 145w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-768x537.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-1536x1074.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2027px) 100vw, 2027px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Labeled diagram of plant cell.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The typical characteristics that define the plant cell include cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, plastids which play a major role in photosynthesis and storage of starch, large vacuoles responsible for regulating the cell turgor pressure. They also have a very unique cell division process whereby there is the formation of a phragmoplast (a complex made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and the endoplasmic reticulum) all assembling during cytokinesis, to separate the daughter cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These organelles most of them are similar to the animal organelles performing the same functions as those of the animal cell.&nbsp;<strong>Organelles<\/strong>&nbsp;have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for a plant cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plants cells have DNA that helps in making new cells, hence enhancing the growth of the plant. the DNA is enclosed within the nucleus, an enveloped membrane structure at the center of the cell. The plant cell also has several cell organelle structures performing a variety of functions to maintain cellular metabolisms, growth, and development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plant-cell-free-worksheet\"><\/span><strong>Plant Cell Free Worksheet<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-1536x1074.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Answer key<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-Worksheet-1024x900.jpeg\" alt=\"Plant Cell Worksheet\" class=\"wp-image-32738\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-Worksheet-1024x900.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-Worksheet-300x264.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-Worksheet-768x675.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-Worksheet-1536x1350.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-Cell-Worksheet.jpeg 1951w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Plant Cell Worksheet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"list-of-14-plant-cell-organelles\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>List of 14 Plant Cell Organelles<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Cell Wall<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cytoskeleton<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cell (Plasma) membrane<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plasmodesmata<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cytoplasm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plastids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plant Vacuoles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mitochondria<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ribosomes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Storage granules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Golgi bodies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nucleus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peroxisomes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plant-cell-wall\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Plant <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cell-wall-plant-fungal-bacterial-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cell Wall<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-cell-wall-diagram.png\" alt=\"Plant cell wall diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-cell-wall-diagram.png 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-cell-wall-diagram-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plant-cell-wall-diagram-768x445.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure: Diagram of Plant cell wall. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Plant Cell Wall<\/span> is the rigid outer cover of the plant cell with a major role of protecting the plant cell, giving it, its shape.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-plant-cell-wall\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of plant cell wall<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a specialized matrix that covers the surface of the plant cell. Every plant cell has a cell wall layer which is a major distinguishing factor between a plant cell and an animal cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The cell wall is made up of two layers, a middle lamella, and a primary cell wall and sometimes a secondary cell wall.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The middle lamella acts as the strengthening layer between the primary walls of the neighboring cells.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The primary wall is made up of cellulose underlying the cells that are dividing and maturing. The primary wall is a lot thinner and less rigid as compared to those of the cells that have reached complete maturation. The thinness allows the cell wall to expand.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">After full cell growth, some plants get rid of the primary wall but most, they thicken the primary wall or it makes another layer with rigidity but a different arrangement, known as the secondary wall.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The secondary wall offers permanent stiff mechanical support to the plant cell especially the support found in wood.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In contrast to the permanent stiffness and load-bearing capacity of thick secondary walls.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-function-of-the-plant-cell-wall\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The function of the plant cell wall<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The primary role of the cell wall is defined to be a mechanical and structural function, that is highly effective in serving the plant cell. These functions include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Providing the cell with mechanical protection and shielding the cell from the chemically harsh environment, provided by the secondary wall layer.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is semipermeable hence it allows in and out, the circulation of materials such as water, molecular nutrients, and minerals.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It also forms provides a rigid building block to stabilize the plant to produce some of its structures, for example, the stem and leaves of the plants.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It also provided a site for the storage of some elements such as the regulatory molecules that detect pathogens in the plant, hindering the development of diseased tissue.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The thin primary walls serve as structural and supportive functional layers when the cell vacuoles are filled with water, exerting turgor pressure on the cell wall, thus maintaining the plants&#8217; stiffness and preventing plants from losing water and withering.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The basic building block is made of cellulose fibers, of both the primary and secondary walls, despite having different compositions and structures. Cellulose is a polysaccharide matrix that offers tensile strength to the cells. This strength is entrenched within the highly concentrated matrix of water and glycoproteins.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plant-cytoskeleton\"><\/span><strong>Plant\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cytoskeleton\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cytoskeleton<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a network of microtubules and filaments that plays a primary role in maintaining the plant cell shape and giving the cell cytoplasm support and maintaining its structural organization. These filaments and tubules normally extend all over the cell, through the cell cytoplasm. Besides giving support and maintaining the cell and the cell cytoplasm, its also involved in the transportation of cellular molecules, cell division, and cell signaling activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1643\" height=\"1291\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Cytoskeleton-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Plant\u00a0cytoskeleton\" class=\"wp-image-25281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Cytoskeleton-Diagram.jpeg 1643w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Cytoskeleton-Diagram-300x236.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Cytoskeleton-Diagram-1024x805.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Cytoskeleton-Diagram-768x603.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Cytoskeleton-Diagram-1536x1207.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1643px) 100vw, 1643px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Plant\u00a0cytoskeleton<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-the-plant-cytoskeleton\"><\/span><strong>Structure of the plant cytoskeleton<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The cytoskeleton has an essential definition of the structure of eukaryotic cells, describing the support system of these cells, the maintenance factors and transport involvements within the cell. These functions are defined by the structure of the cytoskeleton which is made up of three filaments i. e actin filament (microfilaments), microtubules and intermediate filaments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Microfilaments, also known as actin filaments, are a meshwork of fibers running parallel to each other. They are made up of the thin strands of actin proteins hence the name actin filaments. They are the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton with a thickness of 7 nanometers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intermediate filaments have a diameter of about 8-12 nm; They lie between the actin filaments and the microtubules. Its function in plant cells is not clearly understood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Microtubules are hollow tubes made up of tubulins, with a diameter of 23nm. They are the largest filament compared to the other two filaments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-plant-cytoskeleton\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the plant cytoskeleton<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"microfilaments\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microfilaments-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Microfilaments<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They play a primary role is a division of the cell cytoplasm by a mechanism known as cytokinesis, forming two daughter cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They also participate in cytoplasmic streaming, a process of cytosol flow all over the cell, transporting nutrients and cell organelles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"intermediate-filaments\"><\/span><strong>Intermediate Filaments<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The intermediate filaments\u2019 role in the plant cells is not clearly understood but has a role to play in maintaining the cell shape, structural support and retain tension within the cell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"microtubules\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/microtubules-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Microtubules<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Unlike the role of the microtubule in cell division in the animal cell, the plant cell uses the microtubules to transport materials within the vell and they are also used in forming the plant cell, cell wall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1907\" height=\"1215\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Microtubules-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Microtubules Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Microtubules-Diagram.jpeg 1907w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Microtubules-Diagram-300x191.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Microtubules-Diagram-1024x652.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Microtubules-Diagram-768x489.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Microtubules-Diagram-1536x979.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1907px) 100vw, 1907px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Microtubules Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"other-functions-of-the-cytoskeleton-in-plants-include\"><\/span><strong>Other functions of the cytoskeleton in plants\u00a0include:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Giving the plant cell shape, maintaining the cell shape and transportation of some cell organelles throughout the cell, molecules, and nutrients across the cell cytoplasm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It also plays a role in mitotic cell division.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In summary, the cytoskeleton is the frame of building the cell, hence it maintains the cell structure, provides cell structural support and defines the cell structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plant-cell-plasma-membrane\"><\/span><strong>Plant\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cell-plasma-membrane-structure-composition-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cell (Plasma) membrane<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-the-plant-cell-plasma-membrane\"><\/span><strong>Structure of the plant cell (plasma) membrane<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This is a bilipid membrane that is made up of protein subunits and carbohydrates, with a characteristic semi permeability factor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It surrounds the cell cytoplasm, thus enclosing its content.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/cell-plasma-membrane-diagram.png\" alt=\"cell (plasma) membrane diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/cell-plasma-membrane-diagram.png 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/cell-plasma-membrane-diagram-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/cell-plasma-membrane-diagram-768x316.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cell (plasma) membrane diagram. Source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/9\/9c\/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_edit2.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-plant-cell-plasma-membrane\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>plant cell (plasma) membrane<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>In-plant cells the cell membrane separated the cytoplasm from the cell wall.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has a selective permeability hence it regulates the contents that move in and out of the cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It also protects the cell from external damage and provides support and stability to the cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has embedded proteins which are conjugated with lipids and carbohydrates, along the membrane, used to transport cellular molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plasmodesmata\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plasmodesmata-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Plasmodesmata<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels that assist in communicating and transporting materials across plant cells.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They connect the cellular plant spaces allowing intracellular movement of cellular nutrients, water, minerals, and other molecules. They also allow signaling of cellular molecules. There are two types of plasmodesmata<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Primary plasmodesmata<\/strong>, formed during cell division.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secondary plasmodesmata<\/strong>, formed between mature plant cells.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Primary plasmodesmata are formed when part of the endoplasmic reticulum is caught in the middle lamella as the new cell wall is processed during cell division. As they form, they create a connection between each adjacent, and at the connection site, they form thin spaces known as pits on the walls. The plasmodesmata may get inserted to already mature cells just between their cell wall and these are termed as the secondary plasmodesmata. These are found in plant cells and algal cells, evolving independently. Plasmodesmata structure is regulated by callose polymer formed during cell cytokinesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plasmodesmata-diagram-1024x401.png\" alt=\"Plasmodesmata diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plasmodesmata-diagram-1024x401.png 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plasmodesmata-diagram-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plasmodesmata-diagram-768x300.png 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plasmodesmata-diagram-1536x601.png 1536w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plasmodesmata-diagram.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Plasmodesmata diagram. Source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasmodesma#\/media\/File:Plasmodesmata_en.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-plasmodesmata-of-plant-cells\"><\/span><strong>Structure of plasmodesmata of plant cells<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Plasmodesmata have a diameter of 50\u201360 nm in diameter. They have three layers i.e. plasma membrane, cytoplasmic sleeve, and the desmotubules. these layers can thicken the cell wall up to about 90nm.<sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Plasma membrane \u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;it is a continuous extension on the plasmalemma that is made up of phospholipids layered structure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cytoplasmic sleeves \u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;are fluid-filled spaces enclosed by the plasmalemma forming an endless pouch of the cytosol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Desmotubules \u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;this is a flat tube originating from the endoplasmic reticulum, running between two adjacent cells.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-plasmodesmata\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the plasmodesmata<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Transportation of transcription proteins, short units of RNA, mRNA, viral genomes and viral particles from one cell to another. Such as the movement of MP-30 proteins of the Tobacco mosaic virus, which binds to the viral genome moving it from infected cell to non-infected cell, through the plasmodesmata.MP-30 is thought to bind to the virus\u2019s own genome and shuttle it from infected cells to uninfected cells through plasmodesmata.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are used to regulate the sieve tube cells with the help of the companion cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are also used by the phloem cells to facilitate the transportation of nutrients.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cytoplasm\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/cytoplasm-structure-components-properties-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cytoplasm<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This is a gel-like matrix lying just below the cell membrane, housing most of the cell organelles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its made up of water, enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is not classified as one of the cell\u2019s organelles because it doesn\u2019t possess major roles except being a physical medium for holding and housing most of the complex cell\u2019s interior organelles and being a medium for transporting and processing cell molecules for maintaining cell life.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is because some of these organelles have their own membranes that protect them, for example, the mitochondria and the Golgi bodies have at least 2 layers offering several functions to the organelles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The nucleus is not classified as part of the cytoplasm because of its double-layered centrally placed features and it has its own organelles and sub-organelles enclosed within it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cytoplasm of the plant houses several organelles including Plastids, Mitochondria, Central vacuoles, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Storage granules, lysosomes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plastids\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plastids-types-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Plastids<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Plastids are specialized organelles found specifically in plant and algal cells. They have a double-layered membrane.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They have characteristic pigments that aid their mechanisms majorly in food processing and storage. these pigments also determine the color of the plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generally, plastids are used to manufacture and store food for plants double-membrane organelle which is found in the cells of plants and algae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plastids have the ability to differentiate in between there forms and they can multiply rapidly by binary fission, depending on the cell, forming over 1000 plastid copies. In mature cells, plastids reduce in number to about 100 per mature cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plastids are derivates of proplastids (undifferentiated plastids), found in the meristematic tissues of the plant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"850\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plastids-Diagram.png\" alt=\"Plastids Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plastids-Diagram.png 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plastids-Diagram-300x249.png 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Plastids-Diagram-768x638.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Plastids Diagram. Source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plastid#\/media\/File:Plastids_types_en.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"development-of-plastids\"><\/span><strong>Development of plastids<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastids associated with the inner membrane of the cell, existing as large protein-DNA complexes known as plastid nucleoids. The nucleoids have at least 10 copies of plastid DNA. Undifferentiated plastids are known as proplastids, and each proplastid has one nucleoid. These differentiate into the plastid which has more nucleoids found at the edges of the membranes bound to the inner envelope membrane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During differentiation and development, the proplastid nucleoid undergoes remodeling, changing its shape, size and moves to a different location within the organelle. This mechanism of remodeling is mediated by the nucleoid proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"general-functions-of-plastids\"><\/span><strong>General functions of plastids<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They are actively involved in manufacturing food for the plant by photosynthesis due to the presence of chlorophyll pigment in the chloroplast.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They also store food in the form of starch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They have the ability to synthesize fatty acids and terpenes that produces energy for the cell\u2019s mechanisms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Palmitic acid, a component synthesized by chloroplasts is used in manufacturing the plant cuticle and waxy materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-plastids\"><\/span><strong>Types of Plastids<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastids are classified based on their functions and the presence of the characteristic pigments. They include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chloroplasts<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 green plastids used in photosynthesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromoplasts<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 colored plastids used to synthesize and store plant pigments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gerontoplasts<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 they dismantle photosynthetic apparatus during aging of plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leucoplasts<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 they are colorless plastids used to manufacture terpene substance that protects the plants. they can differentiate, forming specialized plastids performing a variety of functions. i. e amyloplast. elaioplasts. proteinoplast, tannosomes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"chloroplast\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/chloroplasts-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chloroplast<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-the-plant-cell-chloroplast\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of the plant cell chloroplast<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These are organelles found in plant cells and algal cells.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are oval-shaped.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are made up of two surface membranes, i.e outer and inner membrane and an inner layer known as the thylakoid layer has two membranes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The outer membrane forms the external lining of the chloroplast while the inner membrane is below the outer layer.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The membranes are separated by thin membranous space and within the membrane, there is also a space known as the stroma. The stroma houses the chloroplast.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The third layer known as the thylakoid layer is extensively folded making the appearance of a flattened disk known as thylakoids which have large numbers of chlorophyll and carotenoids and the electron transport chain, defined as the l<strong>ight-harvesting complex, <\/strong>used during photosynthesis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thylakoids are piled on top of each other in stacks known as grana.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chloroplast-1024x535.jpeg\" alt=\"Chloroplast diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chloroplast-1024x535.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chloroplast-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chloroplast-768x401.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chloroplast-1536x803.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chloroplast-2048x1070.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Diagram of chloroplast<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-plant-cell-chloroplast\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Functions of the plant cell chloroplast<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chloroplast is the site of food synthesis for plant cells, by a mechanism known as <strong>photosynthesis<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun for photosynthesis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The photosynthesis process converts water, carbon dioxide, and light energy into nutrients for utilization by the plants<strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thylakoids contain chlorophyll pigments and carotenoids for trapping light energy for use in photosynthesis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">the chlorophyll pigment gives plants their green color.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"chromoplast-plastid\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Chromoplast plastid<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Chromoplasts define all the plant pigments stored and synthesized in plants. They are found in a variety of plants of all kinds of ages.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are normally formed from the chloroplasts is the name given to an area for all the pigments to be kept and synthesized in the plant.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The have carotenoid pigments that allow the differentiation in color seen in flowers and fruits. Its color attracts pollination mechanisms by pollinators.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chromoplast-diagram-1024x646.jpeg\" alt=\"Chromoplast diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chromoplast-diagram-1024x646.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chromoplast-diagram-300x189.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chromoplast-diagram-768x485.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chromoplast-diagram-1536x970.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chromoplast-diagram.jpeg 1947w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Diagram of chromoplast<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-plant-chromoplast\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of plant chromoplast<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Microscopic observation indicates that chromoplast has at least four types:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Proteic stroma which contains granules<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Amorphous pigment with granules<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Protein and pigment crystals<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crystalised chromoplast<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Although, the more specialized feature has been observed classifying it further into 5 types:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Globular chromoplasts which appear as globules<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crystalline chromoplast which appears crystalized<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fibrillar chromoplast which appears like fibers<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tubular chromoplast which looks like tubes<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Membranous chromoplast<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These chromoplasts live amongst each other though some plants have specific types such as mangoes have the globular chromoplast while carrots have crystallized chromoplast, tomatoes have both crystalline and membranous chromoplast because they accumulate carotenoids.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-plant-chromoplast\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Functions of plant chromoplast<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They give distinctive colors to plant parts such as flowers, fruits, roots, and leaves. Differentiation of chloroplast to chromoplast makes the fruits of plant ripen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They synthesize and store plant pigments such as yellow pigments for xanthophylls, orange for carotenes. This gives the plant and its parts the color.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They attract pollinators by the colors they produce, which helps in the reproduction of the plant seed.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chromoplats found in roots enable the accumulation of water-insoluble elements especially in tubers such as carrots and potatoes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They contribute to color change during plant aging, for flowers, fruits, and leaves.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"gerontoplast-plastids-of-the-plant-cell\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Gerontoplast plastids of the plant cell<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These plastids found in plant leaves are the organelles responsible for cell aging. They differentiate from chloroplast when the plants start to age, and they can not perform photosynthesis anymore.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They appear as unstacked chloroplasts without a thylakoid membrane and accumulation of plastoglobuli that is used in producing energy for the cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The primary function of Gerontoplast is to aid the aging of the plant parts giving them a distinct color to indicate a lack of photosynthesis process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"leucoplast-plastids-of-the-plant-cell\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Leucoplast plastids of the plant cell<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These are the non-pigmented plastids. Since they lack the chloroplast pigments, they are found in non-photosynthetic parts of the plants like the roots and seeds.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are smaller than the chloroplasts, which varying morphologies others appearing ameboid shaped.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are interconnected with a network of stromules in roots, flower petals.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They can be specialized to store starch, lipids, and proteins in large quantities hence named as amyloplasts, elaioplast, and proteinoplast, depending on what they store respectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The main function of the leucoplast includes:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Storage of starch, lipids, and proteins.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are also used to convert amino acids and fatty acids.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vacuoles\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"plant-vacuoles\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Plant <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vacuoles-structure-types-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vacuoles<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Plant cells have large vacuoles as compared to animal cells.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The central vacuoles are found in the cytoplasmic layer of cells of a variety of different organisms, but larger in the plant cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1835\" height=\"1357\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Vacuoles-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Vacuoles Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Vacuoles-Diagram.jpeg 1835w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Vacuoles-Diagram-300x222.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Vacuoles-Diagram-1024x757.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Vacuoles-Diagram-768x568.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Vacuoles-Diagram-1536x1136.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1835px) 100vw, 1835px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Plant <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vacuoles-structure-types-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vacuoles<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-plant-cell-vacuoles\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of plant cell vacuoles<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These are large, vesicles filled with fluid, within the cytoplasm of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is made up of 30% fluid of the cell volume but can fill up to 90% of the cell&#8217;s intracellular space.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-central-vacuole\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Functions of the central vacuole<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The central vacuoles are used to adjusted the size of the cell and to maintains the turgor pressure of the plant cells, preventing wilting and withering of plants especially the leaves.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When the cytoplasmic volume is constant, the vacuoles account majorly for the size of the plant cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Turgor pressure is maintained when the vacuoles are full of water. When there is no turgor pressure, it is an indication of the plant losing water, hence the plant leaves and stems wither.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Plant cells thrive in high water levels (Hypotonic solutions), taking up water by osmosis from the environment, thus maintaining turgidity.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A plant cell can have more than one type of vacuole. some specialized vacuoles especially those structurally related to lysosomes contain degradative enzymes used to break down macromolecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vacuoles are also responsible for the storage of cellular nutrients including sugars, organic salts, inorganic salts, proteins, cellular pigments, lipids. these elements are stored until when the cell requires them for cellular metabolisms. For example, vacuoles store proteins for seeds and opium metabolites.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mitochondria\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mitochondria-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mitochondria<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Mitochondria are also known as chondriosomes, are the power generating organelles of a cell, hence they are commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The mitochondria convert stored nutrients by the help of oxygen to produce energy in for of (ATP )Adenosine TriPhosphate, hence they are the site for non-photosynthetic energy transduction.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are hundreds of mitochondria within a single plant cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mitochondria are found in high numbers within the phloem pigment of the plant cell, and the neighboring cells have high metabolism rates. This is to supply energies that support various needing mechanisms, like the transportation of food through the sieve tubes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As they perform their mechanisms, mitochondria continuously move and change their shapes, depending on its interactions with light trapped for photosynthesis, level of cytosolic sugars and the endoplasmic reticulum mediated interactions.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The animal and plant mitochondria are very similar except for a few notable differences e.g. mitochondria in plants have reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehyg=drogenase used for oxidation of exogenous NADH which animal cell lack.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mitochondria from many plant sources are relatively insensitive to cyanide inhibition, a feature not found in animal mitochondria. On the other hand, the b -oxidation pathway of fatty acids is located in animal mitochondria, whereas in plants, the enzymes of fatty acid oxidation occur in the glyoxysomes.<em> (https:\/\/publishing.cdlib.org\/ucpressebooks\/view?docId=ft796nb4n2&amp;chunk.id=d0e6787&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=d0e6787&amp;brand=ucpress)<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2069\" height=\"1249\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mitochondria-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Mitochondria Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mitochondria-Diagram.jpeg 2069w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mitochondria-Diagram-300x181.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mitochondria-Diagram-1024x618.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mitochondria-Diagram-768x464.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mitochondria-Diagram-1536x927.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mitochondria-Diagram-2048x1236.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2069px) 100vw, 2069px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mitochondria Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-plant-mitochondria\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of plant mitochondria<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Plant cell mitochondria have high pleomorphism.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mitochondria&nbsp;in green plants are discrete, spherical-oval shaped organelles of diameter ranging from 0.2to1.5\u03bcm<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The mitochondria have a double-layered system i. e a smooth outer membrane and an inner complex membrane that encloses the organelle matrix.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The two layers are lipid bilayers complexed with a hydrophobic fatty acid chain. These lipids are a class of phospholipids that are highly dynamic with a strong attraction to the fatty acid regions.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They have a mitochondrial gel-matrix in the central mass.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The mitochondria also possess all the enzymes for the Tricarboxylic cycle (TCA) including citrate synthetase, Pyruvate oxidase, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Malate Dehydrogenase, Malic Enzyme.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-mitochondria-in-plants\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Functions of mitochondria in plants<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, hence their major function is generating energy for use by the cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To have a high rate of metabolism because they supply energy for the unknown mechanism by which foods, mainly sucrose, are transported in the sieve tubes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Within the mitochondria, the potential energy in food that is manufactured by photosynthesis is what is used for the metabolisms of the cells. For example, energy used for the formation of new cell content, enzyme production and moving of sugar molecules are produced by the mitochondria.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is the cite for the Tricarboxylic cycle (TCA), also known as the Krebs cycle. The TCA cycle uses the cell&#8217;s nutrients, converting them into by-products that the mitochondria use for producing energy. These processes take place in the inner membrane because the membrane bends into folds called the <strong>cristae<\/strong>, where the protein components used for the main energy production system cells, known as the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). ETC is the main source of ATP production in the body.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"endoplasmic-reticulum-er\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The ER is a continuous network of folded membranous sacs housed in the cell cytosol. It is a complex organelle taking up a sizable part of the cell\u2019s cytosol<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is made up of two regions known as the rough endoplasmic reticulum (they have ribosomes attached to their surface membrane) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (they lack ribosomal attachment).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The endoplasmic reticulum known for its high dynamics functions in eukaryotic cells, play major roles in synthesizing, processing, transporting and storing proteins, lipids, and chemical elements. These elements are used by the plant cell and other organelles such as the vacuoles and the apoplast (Plasma membrane).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The inner space of the ER is known as the lumen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is attached to the nuclear envelope, providing a link between the nucleus and the cell cytosol, and also giving a link between the cell to the plasmodesmata tubes, which connect to the plant cells. It accounts for 10% of the volume of the cytosol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On the other hand, rough ER almost always appears as stacks of double membranes that are heavily dotted with ribosomes. Based on the consistent appearance of rough ER, it most likely consists of parallel sheets of membrane, rather than the tubular sheets that characterize smooth ER.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These flattened, interconnected sacs are called cisternae, or cisternal cells. The cisternal cells of rough ER are also referred to as luminal cells. Rough ER and the Golgi complex are both composed of cisternal cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1801\" height=\"1211\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Diagram.jpeg 1801w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Diagram-300x202.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Diagram-1024x689.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Diagram-768x516.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Diagram-1536x1033.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1801px) 100vw, 1801px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-plant-cell-endoplasmic-reticulum\"><\/span><strong>Structure of plant cell endoplasmic reticulum<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This is a consistently folded membranous organelle found in the cytoplasm of the cell, that is made up of a thin network of flattened interconnected compartments (sacs) that connects from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Within its membranes, there are membranous spaces called the&nbsp;<strong>cristae spaces<\/strong>&nbsp;and the membrane folding are called&nbsp;<strong>cristae<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are two types of ER based on their structure and the function they perform including&nbsp;<strong>Rough Endoplasmic reticulum<\/strong>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<strong>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-endoplasmic-reticulum\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions of the Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The Rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered by ribosomes around its surface membrane, making a rough bumpy appearance. the primary role of the Rough ER in synthesizing proteins, which are transported from the cell to the Golgi bodies, which carry them to other parts of the plant to help in its growth. These proteins are an assembly of amino acid sequences that combine to form antibodies, hormones, digestive enzymes. the assembling is accomplished by the ribosomes attached to the rough ER.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some proteins are processed outside the cell, they can also be transported into the Rough ER where they undergo assembling into the right shape and dimensions for cell utilization and conjugated with sugar elements to form a complete protein. these complexes are then transported and distributed to parts of the ER known as the transitional ER, for packaging in cell vesicles and passed to the Golgi bodies which export them to other parts of the plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The smooth ER is smooth due to a lack of attached surface ribosomes. They look as though they are budding off from the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Its role is synthesizing, secreting and storing lipids, metabolizing carbohydrates and manufacturing of new membranes. This is enhanced by the presence of several enzymes bound to its surface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When a plant has enough energy for utilization for photosynthesis and still possess excess lipids manufactured by the cell, these lipids are stored in the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum in the form of triglycerides. And when the cell needs more energy, the triglycerides are broken down to produce the energy required by the plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Minimally,&nbsp; the smooth endoplasmic reticulum has also been linked to the formation of the cellulose on the cell wall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Other functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the plant cell<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Calcium is used in the growth and development of plant cells which enhances plant growth but in some cases, calcium may be produced in excessive quantities that harm the plant cell by causing cell death. Therefore the Endoplasmic reticulum has been linked to regulating the excess calcium by converting it to calcium oxalate crystals.&nbsp; Specialized cells in the endoplasmic reticulum known as crystal idioblast play a major role in this conversion and also in storing these crystals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ER also act as plant sensors. Plants have the ability to make rapid movements in response to certain external stimuli e. g light intensity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure. In such mechanisms, the ER mediates for the plant to respond accordingly. For example, in Venus flytrap plant, react sensitively to touch, this is due to the presence of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum\u00a0 (Cortex cells) that instantly respond to touch.\n<ul>\n<li>In the event of sensitivity, the sensory ER move and collect at the top and the bottom of the cell, making them be squeezed together thus causing a constraint on them. This leads to the release of accumulated calcium, which in turn produces the sense of touch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cortical ER is highly linked with the plasmodesmata (a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them). The Plasmodesmata acts as a channel of communication among the cells thus linking to the motor cells triggering the cells and the plant to respond accordingly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ribosomes\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ribosomes-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ribosomes<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>This is the organelle responsible for protein synthesis of the cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its found in the cell cytoplasm in large numbers and a few of them called functional ribosomes can be found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and the cell chloroplast.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its made up of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cell proteins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The process of protein synthesis by the ribosomes is known as translation, by using the messenger RNA, which delivers the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nucleotide\/\">nucleotides<\/a>&nbsp;to the ribosomes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ribosomes then guide and translate the message in the form of nucleotides, contained by the mRNA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1933\" height=\"1129\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Ribosomes-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Ribosomes Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Ribosomes-Diagram.jpeg 1933w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Ribosomes-Diagram-300x175.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Ribosomes-Diagram-1024x598.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Ribosomes-Diagram-768x449.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Ribosomes-Diagram-1536x897.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1933px) 100vw, 1933px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ribosomes Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-ribosomes-of-the-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong>Structure of ribosomes of the plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The ribosomes\u2019 structure is the same in all cells but smaller in prokaryotic cells. Generally, ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are large and they can only be measured in Svedberg units (S). S unit is a measure of aggregation of large molecules to sediments on centrifugation. High S value means fast sedimentation rate hence greater mass.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eukaryotic cell sediment in the 90s while prokaryotic cell sediment in the 70s.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ribosomes found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts are as small as the prokaryotic ribosomes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Naturally, ribosomes are made up of two subunits i. e small and large subunits, both classified according to their sedimentation rates by the S unit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The plant cell, being a eukaryotic cell, has large complex ribosomes with higher S units, with four rRNAs with over 80 proteins. The large subunit has the S unit of the 60s (28s rRNA, 5.8s rRNA, and 5s rRNA) with 42 proteins. The small subunit has a sedimentation rate of the 40s, made up one rRNA and 33 proteins.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ribosomal subunits combine in the nucleolus of the cell, which is then transported into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. The cytoplasm is the primary site for protein synthesis (translation).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-ribosomes-in-plant-cells\"><\/span><strong>Functions of ribosomes in plant cells<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Containing a subunit of RNA, ribosomes major functions is to synthesize proteins for the cellular functions such as cell repair mechanism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ribosomes act as catalysts in producing strong binding for portion extension using peptidyl transfer and peptidyl hydrolysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ribosomes found in the cell cytoplasm are responsible for the conversion of genetic codes to amino acid sequences and building protein polymers from amino acid monomers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>they are also used in protein assembling and folding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"storage-granules-of-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/storage-granules-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Storage granules<\/a>&nbsp;of plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>These are aggregates found within the cytoplasmic membrane and the plant cell plastids.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are inert organelles found in plants whose primary function is to store starch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-storage-granules-in-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong>Functions of storage granules in plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They are used as food reservoirs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They store carbohydrates for the cell in the form of glycogen or carbohydrate polymers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They naturally store starch granules for the plant cell<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They also fuel metabolisms in the cell that involved chemical reactions thus producing energy for the production of new cellular materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"golgi-bodies\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/golgi-apparatus-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Golgi bodies<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Golgi bodies are complex membrane-bound cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, which is also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus. They lie just next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the nucleus.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2135\" height=\"1241\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Golgi-apparatus-Golgi-bodies-or-Golgi-complex-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies or Golgi complex) Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Golgi-apparatus-Golgi-bodies-or-Golgi-complex-Diagram.jpeg 2135w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Golgi-apparatus-Golgi-bodies-or-Golgi-complex-Diagram-300x174.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Golgi-apparatus-Golgi-bodies-or-Golgi-complex-Diagram-1024x595.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Golgi-apparatus-Golgi-bodies-or-Golgi-complex-Diagram-768x446.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Golgi-apparatus-Golgi-bodies-or-Golgi-complex-Diagram-1536x893.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Golgi-apparatus-Golgi-bodies-or-Golgi-complex-Diagram-2048x1190.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2135px) 100vw, 2135px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies or Golgi complex) Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-the-golgi-bodies-in-a-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong>Structure of the Golgi bodies in a plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Golgi bodies are maintained together by cytoplasmic microtubules and clasped by a protein matrix<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are made up of flattened stacked pouches known as&nbsp;<strong>cisternae.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plant cells have a few hundreds of the Golgi bodies moving along the cell\u2019s cytoskeleton, over the endoplasmic reticulum as compared to the very few found in animal cells (1-2).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Golgi bodies have three primary compartments:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cis Golgi network&nbsp;<\/strong>is also known<strong>&nbsp;as Goods inwards,&nbsp;<\/strong>are the cisternae the is closest to the endoplasmic reticulum. Also called the cis Golgi reticulum it is the entry area to the Golgi apparatus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The medial or the Golgi stack-&nbsp;<\/strong>this is the Main processing area, placed at the central layer of the cisternae<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Trans Golgi network&nbsp;<\/strong>is also known as&nbsp;<strong>the Goods outwards cisternae.&nbsp;<\/strong>This is the farthest cisternae endoplasmic reticulum from the endoplasmic reticulum.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-golgi-bodies-in-a-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the Golgi bodies in a plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The Golgi bodies have several functions linked to them, from being an adjacent organelle to the endoplasmic reticulum to where they deliver the cell products to. They&nbsp;are found in the middle of the cells\u2019 secretory pathway, as a membranous complex that primarily functions to process, distribute and store proteins for use by the plant during stress responses and others in leguminous plants such as cereals and grains.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The presence of the membranous sac compartments, perform various chemically related functions. As new proteins are transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi bodies, they pass through the three compartments each compartment producing a different reaction to the molecules, modifying them in various ways i.e.\n<ul>\n<li>Cleaving the protein molecules to oligosaccharides chains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attaching of sugar moieties of different side chains to the protein elements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Addition of fatty acids and phosphate groups to the elements and removal of monosaccharides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cell vesicles carrying protein molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cis compartment, where the product is modified, and then packaged into other vesicles which then transports it to the next compartment. The transportation is enhanced by marking the vesicle with a tag like a phosphate group or special protein molecules, leading it to its next endpoint.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Finally, when the vesicles have transported the proteins and lipid molecules, the Golgi bodies are responsible for assembling the product and transporting it to the final destination. This is enhanced by the presence of enzymes in the plants\u2019 Golgi bodies, which attache to the sugar moieties to the proteins, packing them and transporting them to the cell wall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"nucleus\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nucleus-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nucleus<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The nucleus is the information center of a cell. It is a specialized complex organelle whose primary function is to store the cell\u2019s genetic information.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is also responsible for coordinating the cell\u2019s activities including cell metabolism, cell growth, synthesis of proteins and lipids and generally the cell reproduction by cell division mechanisms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The nucleus contains the cells\u2019 genetic information known as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), on the Chromosomes (special thread-like strands of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus, carrying genetic information).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1645\" height=\"1331\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nucleus-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Nucleus Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nucleus-Diagram.jpeg 1645w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nucleus-Diagram-300x243.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nucleus-Diagram-1024x829.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nucleus-Diagram-768x621.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nucleus-Diagram-1536x1243.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1645px) 100vw, 1645px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nucleus Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-the-nucleus-of-the-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong>Structure of the nucleus of the plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The nucleus is spherically shaped, centrally placed in the cell. It occupies about 10% of the cell volume content.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It as a double-layered membrane known as the nuclear envelope which separates the contents in the nucleus from those in the cell cytoplasm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The nuclear materials included chromatins, DNA which forms the cell chromosomes during cell division, the nucleolus which is responsible for synthesizing the cell ribosomes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-nucleus-of-the-plant-cell\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the nucleus of the plant cell<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The Primary role of the cell nucleus is, it functions as the cell\u2019s control center.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The presence of the nuclear membrane, it encloses the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasmic organelles. This nuclear membrane has the nuclear envelope, which has several nuclear pores, which offers selective permeability to and from the nucleus and the cytoplasm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The nucleus is also linked to the site for protein synthesis, i.e the endoplasmic reticulum by a network of microfilaments and microtubules. These tubules extend all over the cell manufacturing elements and molecules depending on the specificity of the cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromosomes:<\/strong>&nbsp;they are also known as the chromatids. They are found in the cell nucleus of almost all cells. They have 6 long strands of DNA which divide into 46 separate molecules which pair up into two, made of 23 molecules per chromosome. To form a functional DNA unit, it is combined with cel proteins to form a compact structure of dense fiber-like strands known as the&nbsp;<strong>chromatins.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The 6 DNA strands, each wraps around small protein molecules produced by the ER known as Histones. These form the beadlike structures known as nucleosomes. DNA strands have a negative charge which is neutralized by the histones\u2019 positive charge. Unused DNA is folded and stored for future use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Chromatins are classified into two types:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Euchromatin<\/strong>: It is the active part of the DNA that is used for RNA transcription producing cellular protein for cell growth and functioning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Heterochromatin<\/strong>: it is the inactive part of DNA that has the compressed and condensed DNA that is not in use.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>During Chromatin formation, the chromatins change into other forms of the nucleus during cell division. Throughout the life of a cell, chromatin fibers take on different forms inside the nucleus. During the interphase stage of cell division, the euchromatin is expressed to start transcription. Into the metaphase stage, the chromatins divide making its own copies during replication exposing the chromatins more to form more specialized structures known as c<strong>hromosomes<\/strong>. These chromosomes then divide and separate, forming two new complete cells, with their own genetic information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nucleolus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is a sub-organelle in the cell nucleus, which lacks a membrane.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its primary function is to synthesize the cell ribosomes, the organelles used to produce cellular proteins.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cell has about 4 nucleoli.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The nucleolus is formed when chromosomes are brought together, just before cell division is initiated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The nucleolus disappears from during cell division.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The nucleolus is linked to cell aging which affects the aging of living things.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nuclear Envelope<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Its made up of two membranes separated from each other by perinuclear space. the space links into the endoplasmic reticulum.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With its perforated wall, it regulates the molecules that enter and leave the nucleus into and out of the cytoplasm respectively.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The inner membrane has a lining of proteins known as nuclear lamina, binding chromatins, and other nuclear elements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The envelope disintegrates and disappears during cell division.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nuclear Pores<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They are perforate the cell envelope and their function is to regulate the passage of cellular molecules such as proteins, histones through into and out of the nucleus and the cytoplasm respectively.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They also allow DNA and RNA into the nucleus, providing energy for making up the genetic materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"peroxisomes\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/peroxisomes-structure-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Peroxisomes<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Peroxisomes are highly dynamic tiny structures that have a single membrane containing enzymes responsible for the production of hydrogen peroxide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They play major roles in primary and secondary metabolisms, responding to abiotic and biotic stress in regulating photorespiration and cell development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1709\" height=\"1267\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Peroxisomes-Diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Peroxisomes Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Peroxisomes-Diagram.jpeg 1709w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Peroxisomes-Diagram-300x222.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Peroxisomes-Diagram-1024x759.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Peroxisomes-Diagram-768x569.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Peroxisomes-Diagram-1536x1139.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1709px) 100vw, 1709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Peroxisomes Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"abstract-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-the-peroxisomes\"><\/span><strong>Structure of the peroxisomes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Peroxisomes are small with a diameter of 0.1-1 \u00b5m diameter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is made up of compartments having a granulated matrix.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They also have a single membrane layer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are found in the cytoplasm of a cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The compartments assist in various metabolic processes of the cell to help sustain the cellular activities within the cell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-peroxisomes\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the peroxisomes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Production and degradation of hydrogen peroxide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>oxidation and metabolism of fatty acids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Metabolizing carbon elements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Photorespiration and absorption of Nitrogen for specific functions of the plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Providing defense mechanisms against pathogens.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"lysosomes-in-plant-cells\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/lysosomes-structure-enzymes-types-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lysosomes<\/a>\u00a0in plant cells?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Lysosomes-Diagram-e1586376325209-1024x524.jpeg\" alt=\"Lysosomes Diagram\" class=\"wp-image-25280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Lysosomes-Diagram-e1586376325209-1024x524.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Lysosomes-Diagram-e1586376325209-300x154.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Lysosomes-Diagram-e1586376325209-768x393.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Lysosomes-Diagram-e1586376325209-1536x787.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Lysosomes-Diagram-e1586376325209-2048x1049.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lysosomes Diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The presence of lysosomes in plants has been long debated over with little evidence on their structural presence. In plants, Its believed that lysosomes partially differentiate into vacuoles and partially into the Golgi bodies, which perform the functions stipulated for lysosomes in plants. Unlike in animals where lysosomes distinctively posses hydrolytic enzymes and digestive enzymes, for breaking down toxic materials and removing them from the cell and digestion of proteins respectively, in plants these enzymes combined are found in the vacuoles and the Golgi bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The partial differentiation has been liked to the multiprocess that contribute to the formation of Golgi bodies from the endoplasmic reticulum, whereby, there is a short phase of lysosomal exudation just before Golgi bodies are fully formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Plant peroxisomes by Mano S., Nishimura M.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Do-plant-cells-have-lysosomes-Why-or-why-not<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4556774\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK9930\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK9927\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK9845\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK26928\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK26857\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128132784000117<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/51769784_Crystal_Structure_of_the_Eukaryotic_60S_Ribosomal_Subunit_in_Complex_with_Initiation_Factor_6<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/11624368_Primary_and_secondary_plasmodesmata_Structure_origin_and_functioning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/sciencing.com\/type-energy-produced-photosynthesis-5558184.html<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/knoblauch\/sieve-element-plasids\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plant cells\u00a0are eukaryotic cells, that are found in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae which means they have a membrane-bound nucleus. They have a variety of membrane-bound cell &#8230; <a title=\"Plant Cell: Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/plant-cell\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Plant Cell: Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":25489,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3177],"tags":[386,3004,5186,3224,3293,5188,3405,5187,3003,3339,3334,3495,2253,3944],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/plant-cell-labeled-diagram.jpg","author":{"name":"Faith Mokobi","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8b4f039c6d83a1b8509046a793299d54?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":3177,"name":"Cell Biology","slug":"cell-biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3177,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":107,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3177,"category_count":107,"category_description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Cell Biology","category_nicename":"cell-biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25209"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25209"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25209\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25209"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25209"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25209"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}