{"id":24910,"date":"2022-02-08T11:18:04","date_gmt":"2022-02-08T05:33:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=24910"},"modified":"2022-09-05T14:19:41","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T08:34:41","slug":"grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/","title":{"rendered":"Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver (GMS) stain is a histological stain that is used majorly for the identification of carbohydrates in fungal microorganisms. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This staining method was named after Gy\u00f6rgy G\u00f6m\u00f6ri, a physician from Hungary, who developed the staining methodology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Its initial application to assess missing tissues and diseases in the liver and the rectum (<em>Nadworny, Wang, Tredget, &amp; Robert, 2010)<\/em> and then used for\u00a0the identification of <em>Pneumocystis jiroveci<\/em>, a fungus known to cause an opportunistic infection called pneumocytosis, in immunocompromised and immunosuppressed patients.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In comparison to other stains like Periodic Acid-Schiffs stain and Gridley Stain, Goromi has a higher sensitivity to for detecting fungi and other polysaccharide-rich microorganisms in paraffin prepared sections. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gomori\u2019s methenamine-silver nitrate and chromic acid comprise the major reagents used in conventional Grocott stain<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It has also been used for the identification of fungi in tissue sections. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Its application in Histology makes it ideal for the detection and demonstration of fungi in aspirates, tissues, and smears.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_66_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#objectives\" title=\"Objectives\">Objectives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#principle-of-grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\" title=\"Principle of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining\">Principle of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#reagents\" title=\"Reagents\">Reagents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#preparation-of-solution\" title=\"Preparation of solution\">Preparation of solution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#procedure-of-grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\" title=\"Procedure of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining\">Procedure of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#conventional-procedure\" title=\"Conventional Procedure\">Conventional Procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#microwave-procedure\" title=\"Microwave Procedure\">Microwave Procedure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#results\" title=\"Results\">Results<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#interpretation\" title=\"Interpretation\">Interpretation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#applications-of-grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\" title=\"Applications of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining\">Applications of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#advantages\" title=\"Advantages\">Advantages<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#limitations\" title=\"Limitations\">Limitations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#reference\" title=\"Reference\">Reference<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/#grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\" title=\"Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining\">Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"objectives\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To demonstrate the presence of <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/characteristics-of-fungi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>fungi<\/strong><\/a> in a given sample.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To demonstrate the presence of <em>Pneumocystis jiroveci<\/em> and <em>Histoplasma<\/em> spp.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"principle-of-grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Principle of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The fungal cell wall is composed of polysaccharides which on interaction with chromatin Acid, undergo oxidation to form aldehydes. This is demonstrated by the reduction of the alkaline-hexamine-silver complex.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Grocott&#8217;s alkaline hexamine-silver solution undergoes reduction to form precipitates of silver ions making the cell wall of the fungi appear black a reaction is known as <strong>argentaffin reaction (<\/strong>the <em>ability of cells to reduce the silver solution to metallic silver forming a black tissue element<\/em>). Argentaffin cells are found of the epithelial lining of the lungs, the intestines, and melanin. This reaction drives the outcome of the result of the stain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The staining methodologies are of two types:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The conventional method at room temperature<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Microwave method<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reagents\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reagents<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chromium trioxide solution, Sodium Bisulfite solution, Silver nitrate solution, methenamine solution, Borax solution, Gold chloride solution, sodium thiosulfate solution, Light green stock solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"preparation-of-solution\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Preparation of solution<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOTE<\/strong>: These Reagents\u00a0 normally come in Kits for manual preparation and some solutions are already prepared<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chromic Acid(1.4%): Chromium trioxide 4g + 100ml Distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Silver solution: 3% Methanamine\/hexamine 23ml + 5% Silver Nitrate 1.25ml + 5% Borax(Sodium tetraborate) 3ml\u00a0 +25ml distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3.2% Sodium Chloroaurate (Yellow gold chloride): Gold chloride 1.0g + 500ml Distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4.2 % Sodium thiosulphate (Hypo): Sodium thiosulphate 2.0g + 100 ml Distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Working Light Green Stock Solution: 10ml of 1% light Green in 1% Acetic Acid + 40ml Distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Note: Prepare the solutions depending on the concentrations you need to staining.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"procedure-of-grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Procedure of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"conventional-procedure\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Conventional Procedure<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0Hydrate sections with distilled water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Then oxidize the section with 4% aqueous chromic acid at room temperature and leave for 1 hr<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wash in water for a few seconds<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treat the sections with 1% sodium metabisulphite for 1 min<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wash in smoothly running tap water for 3 mins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rinse thoroughly in distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Put the slides in pre-heated working silver solution in a water bath at 60\u00b0C for 15 to 20 mins until the section turns yellowish-brown (Check microscopically to see fungi turned dark brown).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rinse well in distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Add to the sections 0.2% gold chloride and leave for 2 mins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rinse well in distilled water<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treat the sections with 2% sodium thiosulphate for 2 mins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wash with smoothly running tap water for\u00a0 5 mins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">add the counterstain into the light green for 15 sec<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rinse the excess light green solution off the slide with alcohol<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dehydrate, clear and mount.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"microwave-procedure\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Microwave Procedure<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydrate the sections to distilled water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Place slides in 40 ml\u00a0 1. 4% aqueous chromic acid in a loosely covered plastic Coplin jar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Microwave at 150 Watt\u00a0 for 2 min 30 sec<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dip the slides up and down in the Coplin jar and let them stand for an extra 2 min<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wash in smoothly running tap water 30 sec<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Add 3.2% sodium metabisulphite to the sections and leave for 10 sec and wash with tap water for 30 sec.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Preheat the working silver solution at 450 watts for 60 sec<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">and rinse the slide thoroughly with distilled water then place the slides sections in the hot silver solution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Microwave the sections at 150watt for 30 sec<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dip slides up and down in the Coplin jar and allows to stand for another 1 minute. Rinse with distilled water and check under the microscope. <strong>Note<\/strong>: Dip back the slides in the silver solution if they are not stained sufficiently and check every 1 minute until the fungi stains dark brown.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tone the sections with 3.2% gold chloride 30 sec and rinse with distilled water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Add 4.2% of Sodium thiosulphate to the section for 1 min and wash with tap water for 15 sec.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Counterstain the section with the light green solution for 15 sec.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rinse off the light green solution with alcohol<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dry, and Cover.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"results\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Results<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25003\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Grocott-Gomoris-Methenamine-Silver-Staining.jpg\" alt=\"Grocott-Gomori's Methenamine Silver Staining\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Grocott-Gomoris-Methenamine-Silver-Staining.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Grocott-Gomoris-Methenamine-Silver-Staining-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Grocott-Gomoris-Methenamine-Silver-Staining-240x126.jpg 240w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Grocott-Gomoris-Methenamine-Silver-Staining-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Figure:<\/strong> Fungal organisms are highlighted by the Grocott methenamine silver special stain. Hyphae are 4-6 um wide; septate fungal hyphae with nonparallel walls, non-dichotomous branching, and terminal bulbous dilations. <strong>Source:<\/strong> DOI: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299442867_Systemic_Trichosporon_loubieri_infection_in_a_cat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.1177\/1040638716640313<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"\u201dproduct-page-list\u201d\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fungi, <em>Pneumocystis jirevoci<\/em>, <em>Histoplasma<\/em> spp stain <strong>black<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Inner parts of mycelia and hyphae stain <strong>pink-red\/ rose<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Leishmania spp, Toxoplasma spp &#8211; <strong>negative<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mucin stains <strong>dark grey<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The background takes up the light green and stains <strong>pale green<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"interpretation\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Interpretation<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The fungal species will stain black due to the reduction process of the silver nitrate solution. Silver Nitrate solution after reduction forms silver ions which are black in color, thus producing a black stain for fungal cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The fungal mycelium and hyphae, stain rose pink\/pink-red, while the mucin stains dark grey also due to the reduction of silver nitrate to silver ions. the background will appear pale green by taking up the light green solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>CAUTION<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wear gloves, goggles and laboratory coats. Keep hot uncapped solutions under the fume hood. Avoid contact and inhalation of dyes and chemicals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chromic acid is corrosive to skin and mucous membranes and Highly toxic affecting the Kidneys and itas also very carcinogenic<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sodium metabisulfite ais Toxic if ingested and can cause Gastrointestinal distress and irritability. It also Irritates the skin, eye and the mucous membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Silver nitrate is an irritant to the skin and eyes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The oxidizer if ingested caused production of a violent gastrointestinal discomfort and it is possibly carcinogenic since its a tumorigenic agent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sodium thiosulfate is toxic in ingestion and it causes stomach, skin, eyes and respiratory tract irritation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Light Green SF Yellowish is considered to be a possible carcinogen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"applications-of-grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Applications of Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">used to identify fungal cells in tissue sections<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">used to differentiate fungal cells from bacterial cells<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">also used to identify yeast-like fungi such as <em>Pneumocystis jiroveci<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"advantages\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Advantages<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is an aggressive stain that fixes the stained sections firmly and can be used or future reference and observation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tt can differentiate various fungal morphologies of fungi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"limitations\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Limitations<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chemical reagents can cause irritations of the skin, gastrointestinal tract if inhaled.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The reagents also have carcinogenic effects.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reference\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Grocott, R.G.\u00a0 1955 , A stain for fungi in tissue sections and smears.\u00a0<i>American Journal of Clinical Pathology<\/i>, V25, p975<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Alturkistani, Hani &amp; Tashkandi, Faris &amp; Mohammedsaleh, Zuhair. (2015). Histological Stains: A Literature Review and Case Study. Global Journal of Health Science. 8. 10.5539\/gjhs.v8n3p72.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ihcworld.com\/_protocols\/special_stains\/grocott_methenamine_ellis.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.ihcworld.com\/_protocols\/special_stains\/grocott_methenamine_ellis.htm<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.clinisciences.com\/autres-produits-186\/grocott-methenamine-silver-stain-351002431.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/webpath.med.utah.edu\/HISTHTML\/MANUALS\/GMS.PDF<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/post\/Which_stains_can_be_used_for_Staining_Fungi<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.coursehero.com\/file\/p342qaq\/Grocotts-methenamine-silver-staining-protocol-Principle-Chromic-acid-oxidation\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.reference.com\/science\/nitric-acid-stain-skin-yellow-9475502370e787b5<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/quizlet.com\/185455989\/histology-stains-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/pesticideinfo.org\/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33841<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver (GMS) stain is a histological stain that is used majorly for the identification of carbohydrates in fungal microorganisms. This staining method was named after Gy\u00f6rgy G\u00f6m\u00f6ri, a &#8230; <a title=\"Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/grocott-gomoris-methenamine-silver-staining\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Grocott-Gomori&#8217;s Methenamine Silver Staining\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":25003,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[705,210],"tags":[5163,5164],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Grocott-Gomoris-Methenamine-Silver-Staining.jpg","author":{"name":"Faith Mokobi","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8b4f039c6d83a1b8509046a793299d54?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":705,"name":"Staining","slug":"staining","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":705,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Staining is a biochemical process usually conducted to increase the contrast of a microscopic image.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining samples with different dyes is an important part of microscopy where the color contrast of a magnified is increased to differentiate the stained portion of the image from the rest.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microscopic techniques in hematology, histopathology, and clinical microbiology use staining as a method to study and diagnose diseases at the microscopic level.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dyes used in staining can be used to define the biological tissues, cell populations, or subcellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The purpose of staining might also differ as some staining procedures are used to differentiate between two groups of microorganisms (Gram Staining) while some are used to observe motility and presence of a capsule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining is a part of biochemistry where a class-specific dye is added to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a certain compound.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining, however, is not limited to biological samples, as it can be used to study the lamellar structure of polymers and the structure of block compounds.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bright field microscopes are commonly used to observe stained cells or other biological materials to provide a distinction between the sample and the background.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also difficult to observe colorless substances under a microscope, which is why the concept of staining is so popular.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining is of different types depending on their purpose; simple staining using a single stain to provide a contrast between the sample and the background; differential staining using more than one dyes in order to differentiate between cells or between organelles of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among all the staining techniques, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gram-stain-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gram staining<\/a> is the most popular technique that are used to <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/differences-between-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-bacteria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other staining techniques include <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endospore-staining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">endospore staining<\/a> for endospores, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/acid-fast-stain-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acid-fast staining<\/a> for fastidious organisms, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/periodic-acid-schiff-pas-staining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Periodic-acid Schiff (PAS)<\/a> for biomolecules, and <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/romanowsky-stains\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Romanowsky staining<\/a> to differentiate between <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-cells\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blood cells<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":29,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":705,"category_count":29,"category_description":"<strong>Staining is a biochemical process usually conducted to increase the contrast of a microscopic image.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining samples with different dyes is an important part of microscopy where the color contrast of a magnified is increased to differentiate the stained portion of the image from the rest.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microscopic techniques in hematology, histopathology, and clinical microbiology use staining as a method to study and diagnose diseases at the microscopic level.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dyes used in staining can be used to define the biological tissues, cell populations, or subcellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The purpose of staining might also differ as some staining procedures are used to differentiate between two groups of microorganisms (Gram Staining) while some are used to observe motility and presence of a capsule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining is a part of biochemistry where a class-specific dye is added to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a certain compound.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining, however, is not limited to biological samples, as it can be used to study the lamellar structure of polymers and the structure of block compounds.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bright field microscopes are commonly used to observe stained cells or other biological materials to provide a distinction between the sample and the background.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also difficult to observe colorless substances under a microscope, which is why the concept of staining is so popular.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Staining is of different types depending on their purpose; simple staining using a single stain to provide a contrast between the sample and the background; differential staining using more than one dyes in order to differentiate between cells or between organelles of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among all the staining techniques, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gram-stain-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gram staining<\/a> is the most popular technique that are used to <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/differences-between-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-bacteria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other staining techniques include <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endospore-staining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">endospore staining<\/a> for endospores, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/acid-fast-stain-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acid-fast staining<\/a> for fastidious organisms, <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/periodic-acid-schiff-pas-staining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Periodic-acid Schiff (PAS)<\/a> for biomolecules, and <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/romanowsky-stains\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Romanowsky staining<\/a> to differentiate between <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/blood-cells\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blood cells<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Staining","category_nicename":"staining","category_parent":0},{"term_id":210,"name":"Mycology","slug":"mycology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":210,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Mycology is a branch of natural science involved in studies related to fungi, their structure, genetic composition, biochemical properties, taxonomy, and their applications.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that occur as yeasts, molds, or as a combination of both forms. The characteristic features of fungi include the chitinous cell walls, plasma membranes containing ergosterol, 80S rRNA, and microtubules composed of tubulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology has become an important area of research in clinical microbiology as of the approximately 70,000 recognized species of fungi, about 300 are known to cause human infections. Some might even have economic importance as plant and animal pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungal diseases of healthy humans tend to be relatively benign, but the few life-threatening fungal diseases are critical.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology is further separated as phytopathology as many fungi are known to cause plant diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology was traditionally considered a branch of botany even though it has been observed that fungi are evolutionary more closer to animals than plants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, based on new researches, mycology is now established as a distinct discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi have been a topic of interest due to their role in the environment as decomposers with some fungi being consumed as a source of food and antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycological studies led to the discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic, which led the way for the production of more antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many fungi like bacteria might even exist in a symbiotic relationship with other living beings in the form of the normal flora.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the emergence of new fungal species causing diseases in different living beings, the focus of mycology has been shifted towards the systemic classification and identification of fungi based on various techniques.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are comparatively harder to isolate and identify in laboratories than in bacteria; however, other molecular techniques like gene sequence analysis and PCR have made it possible to identify fungal species accurately.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, fungi are mostly associated with skin or tissue-related infections. These infections can range from mild to severe depending on the pathogenic nature of the species.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology thus is closely related to other areas like clinical medicine and pathology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some fungi have found applications in food and beverage industries where fungi like yeasts are used for baking and brewing process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The industrial application of fungi gives rise to the relationship between mycology and biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":33,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":210,"category_count":33,"category_description":"<strong>Mycology is a branch of natural science involved in studies related to fungi, their structure, genetic composition, biochemical properties, taxonomy, and their applications.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that occur as yeasts, molds, or as a combination of both forms. The characteristic features of fungi include the chitinous cell walls, plasma membranes containing ergosterol, 80S rRNA, and microtubules composed of tubulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology has become an important area of research in clinical microbiology as of the approximately 70,000 recognized species of fungi, about 300 are known to cause human infections. Some might even have economic importance as plant and animal pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungal diseases of healthy humans tend to be relatively benign, but the few life-threatening fungal diseases are critical.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology is further separated as phytopathology as many fungi are known to cause plant diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology was traditionally considered a branch of botany even though it has been observed that fungi are evolutionary more closer to animals than plants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, based on new researches, mycology is now established as a distinct discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi have been a topic of interest due to their role in the environment as decomposers with some fungi being consumed as a source of food and antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycological studies led to the discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic, which led the way for the production of more antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many fungi like bacteria might even exist in a symbiotic relationship with other living beings in the form of the normal flora.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the emergence of new fungal species causing diseases in different living beings, the focus of mycology has been shifted towards the systemic classification and identification of fungi based on various techniques.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are comparatively harder to isolate and identify in laboratories than in bacteria; however, other molecular techniques like gene sequence analysis and PCR have made it possible to identify fungal species accurately.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, fungi are mostly associated with skin or tissue-related infections. These infections can range from mild to severe depending on the pathogenic nature of the species.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology thus is closely related to other areas like clinical medicine and pathology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some fungi have found applications in food and beverage industries where fungi like yeasts are used for baking and brewing process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The industrial application of fungi gives rise to the relationship between mycology and biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Mycology","category_nicename":"mycology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24910"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24910"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24910\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25003"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}