{"id":1775,"date":"2022-01-25T20:01:28","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T14:16:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=1775"},"modified":"2022-09-05T14:02:50","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T08:17:50","slug":"enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/","title":{"rendered":"Enteropathogenic\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0(EPEC)"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Two groups of <em>E. coli<\/em> are responsible for enteric disease: Enteropathogenic <em>E. coli<\/em> [EPEC] and some Shiga toxin\u2013producing <em>E. coli<\/em> [STEC]. They both possess a cluster of virulence genes located on a chromosomal pathogenicity island called the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The EPEC are however, defined by:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Presence of LEE and<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Absence of Shiga toxin.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Enteropathogenic\u00a0<em>Escherichia coli\u00a0<\/em>(EPEC), one of the diarrheagenic <em>E.\u00a0coli<\/em>\u00a0pathotypes, are among the most important pathogens infecting children worldwide because of their high prevalence in both the community and hospital setting, and because they are one of the main causes of persistent diarrhea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EPEC are subdivided into typical and atypical strains based on the presence or absence of the <em>E.\u00a0coli <\/em>adherence factor (EAF) plasmid.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1776\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Enteropathogenic-Escherichia-coli-EPEC.jpg\" alt=\"Enteropathogenic\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0(EPEC)\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Enteropathogenic-Escherichia-coli-EPEC.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Enteropathogenic-Escherichia-coli-EPEC-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Enteropathogenic-Escherichia-coli-EPEC-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/#disease-caused\" title=\"Disease Caused\">Disease Caused<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/#mode-of-transmission-of-epec\" title=\"Mode of Transmission of\u00a0EPEC\">Mode of Transmission of\u00a0EPEC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/#pathogenesis-of-epec\" title=\"Pathogenesis of\u00a0EPEC\">Pathogenesis of\u00a0EPEC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/#clinical-features-and-complications-of-epec\" title=\"Clinical Features and Complications of\u00a0EPEC \">Clinical Features and Complications of\u00a0EPEC <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/#diagnosis-of-epec\" title=\"Diagnosis of\u00a0EPEC \">Diagnosis of\u00a0EPEC <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/#treatment-of-epec\" title=\"Treatment of\u00a0EPEC\">Treatment of\u00a0EPEC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"disease-caused\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Disease Caused<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">EPEC frequently causes <strong>infantile diarrhea<\/strong> (outbreaks) and occasionally cause <strong>sporadic diarrhea<\/strong> in adults.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a common cause of\u00a0diarrhea\u00a0in children\u00a0&lt; 5 years\u00a0old, especially in developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">After\u00a0rotavirus\u00a0infections,\u00a0EPEC\u00a0is one of the\u00a0leading causes of death\u00a0in children in developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"mode-of-transmission-of-epec\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Mode of Transmission of\u00a0EPEC<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As with other diarrheagenic\u00a0<em>E. coli<\/em>\u00a0strains, transmission of EPEC is fecal-oral, with contaminated hands, contaminated weaning foods or formula, or contaminated fomites serving as vehicles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Humans are the only source of typical strains, whereas both humans and a variety of animal hosts are reservoirs of atypical strains. Person-to-person spread is seen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenesis-of-epec\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pathogenesis of\u00a0EPEC<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\">Plasmid-mediated A\/E histopathology, with disruption of normal microvillus structure resulting in <\/b><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>malabsorption<\/b><\/span><b style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0and diarrhea.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1777\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Pathogenesis-of-EPEC.jpg\" alt=\"Pathogenesis of\u00a0EPEC\" width=\"948\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Pathogenesis-of-EPEC.jpg 948w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Pathogenesis-of-EPEC-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Pathogenesis-of-EPEC-768x429.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is non-toxigenic and non-invasive.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Infection is initiated by bacterial attachment to epithelial cells of the small intestine, with subsequent effacement (destruction) of the microvillus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The initial aggregation of typical EPEC leading to the formation of microcolonies on the epithelial cell surface is mediated by plasmid-encoded bundle-forming pili (BFP); however, this plasmid is not present in atypical EPEC.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The subsequent stages of attachment are regulated by genes encoded on the LEE pathogenicity island. This island of more than 40 genes is responsible for attachment and destruction of the host cell surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Following the loose attachment, active secretion of bacterial proteins into the host epithelial cell occurs by the bacterial type III secretion system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One protein, translocated intimin receptor (Tir), is inserted into the epithelial cell membrane and functions as a receptor for an outer membrane bacterial adhesin, intimin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Binding of intimin to Tir results in polymerization of actin, accumulation of cytoskeletal elements beneath the attached bacteria, loss of cell surface integrity, and eventual cell death.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Formation of A\/E lesions (attaching and effacing lesions): These are typical lesions produced on the intestinal epithelium which leads to disruption of brush border epithelium causing increased secretion and watery diarrhea.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-features-and-complications-of-epec\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Clinical Features and Complications of\u00a0EPEC <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Disease occurs primarily in children younger than 2 years and is characterized by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Watery diarrhea<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Non-bloody stools<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vomiting<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fever<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Watery diarrhea may be severe and protracted. The onset of disease may be as rapid as a few hours after ingestion of EPEC.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Although most infections resolve after a few days, persistent diarrhea requiring hospitalization can occur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"diagnosis-of-epec\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Diagnosis of\u00a0EPEC <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Given that EPEC strains, as with other diarrheagenic\u00a0<em>\u00a0E. coli\u00a0<\/em>strains, are defined on the basis of virulence properties, there are two approaches to the detection of EPEC in the laboratory: phenotypic and genotypic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The phenotypic approach requires the use of cell cultures and <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fluorescence-microscope-principle-instrumentation-applications-advantages-limitations\/\">fluorescence microscopy<\/a>, and the genotypic method requires the use of DNA hybridization or PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Attaching-and-effacing histopathology.<\/strong> The hallmark of infections due to EPEC is the attaching-and-effacing (A\/E) histopathology, which can be observed in intestinal biopsy specimens from patients or infected animals and can be reproduced in cell culture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Probes and amplification assays <\/strong>developed for the plasmid encoded bundle-forming pili and gene targets on the \u201clocus of enterocyte effacement\u201d pathogenicity island.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fecal leukocytes are seen only occasionally, but more sensitive tests for inflammatory diarrhea such as an anti-lactoferrin latex bead agglutination test are frequently positive with EPEC infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatment-of-epec\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Treatment of\u00a0EPEC<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As with other diarrheal pathogens, the primary goal of treatment of EPEC diarrhea is to prevent dehydration by correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Oral rehydration may be sufficient for milder cases, but more severe cases require parenteral rehydration. Correction of nutritional imbalance with lactose-free formula or breast milk may be insufficient for some severely ill patients, and total parenteral nutrition may be required.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A variety of antibiotics have been used to treat EPEC and have proved useful in many cases, but multiple antibiotic resistances are common for EPEC.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Other therapies such as bismuth subsalicylat and specific bovine anti-EPEC milk Igs have also proven useful. There are no vaccines currently available or in clinical trials to prevent disease due to EPEC.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., &amp; Pfaller, M. A. (2013).\u00a0Medical microbiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier\/Saunders<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Parija S.C. (2012). Textbook of Microbiology &amp; Immunology.(2 ed.). India: Elsevier India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sastry A.S. &amp; Bhat S.K. (2016). Essentials of Medical Microbiology. New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ochoa, T. J., &amp; Contreras, C. A. (2011). Enteropathogenic escherichia coli infection in children.\u00a0Current opinion in infectious diseases,\u00a024(5), 478-83.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/cmr.asm.org\/content\/11\/1\/142<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.amboss.com\/us\/knowledge\/Diarrheagenic_E._coli<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Two groups of E. coli are responsible for enteric disease: Enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC] and some Shiga toxin\u2013producing E. coli [STEC]. They both possess a cluster of virulence genes located &#8230; <a title=\"Enteropathogenic\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0(EPEC)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Enteropathogenic\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0(EPEC)\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1776,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[364,3418],"tags":[3527,3526,3512,3531,3532,3533,3528,3529,3530,3534,313],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Enteropathogenic-Escherichia-coli-EPEC.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":364,"name":"Bacteriology","slug":"bacteriology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":364,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Bacteriology is a branch or discipline of science that studies different characteristics of bacteria and their association with other organisms or disciplines.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over the years, the discipline of bacteriology has evolved from the microbiological tests performed only by physicians, the application of the germ theory of disease and economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine to the use of bacteria to simpler forms of laboratory tests and the production of new nutritious food and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of bacteria began with the discovery of the microscope and was mostly limited to experts and scientists of that time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology began with the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nowadays, however, bacteriology is used in various other fields like food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Significant advances made in bacteriology over the last century have resulted in the development of many useful vaccines like pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, diphtheria toxoid as well as antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At present, most bacterial diseases in humans and their infectious agents have been identified, although significant variants continue to evolve and sometimes emerge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies made in bacteriology have also allowed the use of gene recombination technology in bacteria to produce improved bacterial strains that can then be used in various areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The importance of bacteriology continues to grow throughout the years as many diseases and disorders associated with almost all living beings are caused by bacteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies of non-pathogenic bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with plants and animals are even beneficial to said organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The identification and classification of bacteria into different groups have allowed for a convenient way of studying these bacteria and the formation of a separate branch, systemic bacteriology, that deals with taxonomy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, bacteriological studies, subsequently, have also been divided into different areas like soil bacteriology, public-health bacteriology, industrial bacteriology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteriological studies have been the focal point for disease diagnosis and treatment, and their importance continues to grow with the emergence of new bacteria and associated diseases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":124,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":364,"category_count":124,"category_description":"<strong>Bacteriology is a branch or discipline of science that studies different characteristics of bacteria and their association with other organisms or disciplines.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over the years, the discipline of bacteriology has evolved from the microbiological tests performed only by physicians, the application of the germ theory of disease and economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine to the use of bacteria to simpler forms of laboratory tests and the production of new nutritious food and antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of bacteria began with the discovery of the microscope and was mostly limited to experts and scientists of that time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology began with the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nowadays, however, bacteriology is used in various other fields like food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Significant advances made in bacteriology over the last century have resulted in the development of many useful vaccines like pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, diphtheria toxoid as well as antibiotics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At present, most bacterial diseases in humans and their infectious agents have been identified, although significant variants continue to evolve and sometimes emerge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies made in bacteriology have also allowed the use of gene recombination technology in bacteria to produce improved bacterial strains that can then be used in various areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The importance of bacteriology continues to grow throughout the years as many diseases and disorders associated with almost all living beings are caused by bacteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studies of non-pathogenic bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with plants and animals are even beneficial to said organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The identification and classification of bacteria into different groups have allowed for a convenient way of studying these bacteria and the formation of a separate branch, systemic bacteriology, that deals with taxonomy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides, bacteriological studies, subsequently, have also been divided into different areas like soil bacteriology, public-health bacteriology, industrial bacteriology, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteriological studies have been the focal point for disease diagnosis and treatment, and their importance continues to grow with the emergence of new bacteria and associated diseases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Bacteriology","category_nicename":"bacteriology","category_parent":0},{"term_id":3418,"name":"Diseases","slug":"diseases","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3418,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Diseases are abnormal medical conditions that negatively affect either the structure or function of a part of an organism other than the immediate external injuries.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are two types of diseases, viz\u2014communicable and non-communicable diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious or communicable diseases are caused by viruses, pathogens, and other parasites that affect the host and can transmit from person to person. In contrast, non-communicable diseases might occur due to exposure to radiation, genetic inheritance, and an unhealthy lifestyle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whenever a disease-causing virus or pathogen enters the body of a host, the body shows two responses to it; clinical and immunologic.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The white blood cells, mainly known for the defense against external microorganisms, attack such antigens which may result in different reactions such as fever, cold, headache, sweating, change in the rate of heartbeat, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plants also suffer from several diseases which are primarily caused by non-native viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few of such diseases that cause significant damage are a chestnut blight, butternut canker, Dogwood anthracnose, Elm yellows, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, diseases are observed in plants and animals. Various bacteria and viruses cause diseases such as Anthrax, Black-quarter, Bluetongue, Pox. Rabies, etc. infect dogs, wolves, and foxes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most effective and efficient way to prevent diseases is sanitation, proper nutrition, exercise, and self-care.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moreover, different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent severe diseases like Cholera, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Rabies, Yellow fever.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although diseases can be fatal to humans, animals, and plants, their scientific study is useful in other fields of study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge regarding disease-causing pathogens and bacteria helps microbiologists understand the nature and characteristics of various microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific diagnosis of parasites encourages people to take preventive measures for themselves and other animals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diseases have been an essential topic of research and findings in food microbiology as food and water are primary modes of transmission of many infectious diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the body tissue of an organism by pathogenic agents like bacteria and viruses.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is often used as a synonym for disease even though the two are quite different. Infection is the entry of an agent into the body while a disease is the changes occurring in the body as a result of that entry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All infections are caused by infectious agents which can be either bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is communicable that transmits due to the transmission of the infectious agent by different modes of transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depending on the infectious agent, infections are of four types; viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, and parasitic infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might not result in particular symptoms like diseases, as most infections tend to be subclinical.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might be localized where the infectious agent only infects a particular organ or tissue or can be systemic where the agent reaches different parts of the body via blood or lymph to infect different organs and tissues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microorganisms that belong to the normal flora of an organism are not considered infectious agents unless they reach the sterile parts of the body to initiate some form of infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pathophysiology of infections differs from one agent to another, but the general pattern of infections flows a similar trajectory; entry, colonization, disease, and transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Symptoms of infections are also different depending on the type of infection, but some common symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, coughing, and sneezing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the infectious agent via different diagnostic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some infections might show symptoms that allow for the symptomatic diagnosis, yet it usually needs further confirmation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections are directly dependent on the infectious agent and the immune response of the host against the said agent. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":31,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3418,"category_count":31,"category_description":"<strong>Diseases are abnormal medical conditions that negatively affect either the structure or function of a part of an organism other than the immediate external injuries.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are two types of diseases, viz\u2014communicable and non-communicable diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious or communicable diseases are caused by viruses, pathogens, and other parasites that affect the host and can transmit from person to person. In contrast, non-communicable diseases might occur due to exposure to radiation, genetic inheritance, and an unhealthy lifestyle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whenever a disease-causing virus or pathogen enters the body of a host, the body shows two responses to it; clinical and immunologic.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The white blood cells, mainly known for the defense against external microorganisms, attack such antigens which may result in different reactions such as fever, cold, headache, sweating, change in the rate of heartbeat, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plants also suffer from several diseases which are primarily caused by non-native viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few of such diseases that cause significant damage are a chestnut blight, butternut canker, Dogwood anthracnose, Elm yellows, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, diseases are observed in plants and animals. Various bacteria and viruses cause diseases such as Anthrax, Black-quarter, Bluetongue, Pox. Rabies, etc. infect dogs, wolves, and foxes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most effective and efficient way to prevent diseases is sanitation, proper nutrition, exercise, and self-care.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moreover, different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent severe diseases like Cholera, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Rabies, Yellow fever.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although diseases can be fatal to humans, animals, and plants, their scientific study is useful in other fields of study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge regarding disease-causing pathogens and bacteria helps microbiologists understand the nature and characteristics of various microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific diagnosis of parasites encourages people to take preventive measures for themselves and other animals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diseases have been an essential topic of research and findings in food microbiology as food and water are primary modes of transmission of many infectious diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the body tissue of an organism by pathogenic agents like bacteria and viruses.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is often used as a synonym for disease even though the two are quite different. Infection is the entry of an agent into the body while a disease is the changes occurring in the body as a result of that entry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All infections are caused by infectious agents which can be either bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is communicable that transmits due to the transmission of the infectious agent by different modes of transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depending on the infectious agent, infections are of four types; viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, and parasitic infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might not result in particular symptoms like diseases, as most infections tend to be subclinical.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might be localized where the infectious agent only infects a particular organ or tissue or can be systemic where the agent reaches different parts of the body via blood or lymph to infect different organs and tissues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microorganisms that belong to the normal flora of an organism are not considered infectious agents unless they reach the sterile parts of the body to initiate some form of infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pathophysiology of infections differs from one agent to another, but the general pattern of infections flows a similar trajectory; entry, colonization, disease, and transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Symptoms of infections are also different depending on the type of infection, but some common symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, coughing, and sneezing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the infectious agent via different diagnostic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some infections might show symptoms that allow for the symptomatic diagnosis, yet it usually needs further confirmation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections are directly dependent on the infectious agent and the immune response of the host against the said agent. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Diseases","category_nicename":"diseases","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1775"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1775"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1775\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1775"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1775"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1775"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}