{"id":1719,"date":"2023-05-06T19:56:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-06T14:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=1719"},"modified":"2023-08-03T23:19:32","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T17:34:32","slug":"types-of-crystals-in-urine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/","title":{"rendered":"What are the types of Crystals found in Urine?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Urine contains a large number of different chemicals. Under some circumstances, these chemicals may solidify into salt crystals. This is called crystalluria.<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crystals have a characteristic refractile appearance.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Testing for crystals in urine test is often part of a&nbsp;urinalysis, a test that measures different substances in the urine.&nbsp;Normal urine contains many chemicals from which crystals can form, and therefore the finding of most crystals has little importance.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is to say that, crystals can be seen in the urine of clinically healthy animals or in animals with no evidence of urinary disease (such as obstruction and\/or urolithiasis).<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, some crystals can be pathologically relevant in certain circumstances. Crystals should be looked for in fresh urine when calculi (stones) in the urinary tract are suspected.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Types-of-Crystals-in-Urine.jpg\" alt=\"Types of Crystals in Urine\" class=\"wp-image-1734\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Types-of-Crystals-in-Urine.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Types-of-Crystals-in-Urine-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Types-of-Crystals-in-Urine-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are many types of crystals present in the urine. Some are regarded as normal crystals while others as abnormal crystals.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Normal-and-Abnormal-urine-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Normal and Abnormal urine crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1733\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Normal-and-Abnormal-urine-crystals.jpg 600w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Normal-and-Abnormal-urine-crystals-265x300.jpg 265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Normal crystals: &nbsp;<\/strong>Uric Acid crystals, calcium oxalate crystals, hippuric acid crystals, calcium phosphate crystals, triple phosphate crystals (struvite), calcium carbonate crystals, ammonium biurate crystals, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Abnormal crystals: <\/strong>Bilirubin crystals, Cholesterol crystals, cystine crystals, leucine crystals, tyrosine crystals, acyclovir crystals, indinavir crystals, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#struvite-crystals\" title=\"Struvite crystals\">Struvite crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#cystine-crystals\" title=\"Cystine crystals\">Cystine crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#cholesterol-crystals\" title=\"Cholesterol crystals\">Cholesterol crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#tyrosine-crystals\" title=\"Tyrosine crystals\">Tyrosine crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#bilirubin-crystals\" title=\"Bilirubin crystals\">Bilirubin crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#calcium-carbonate-crystals\" title=\"Calcium carbonate crystals\">Calcium carbonate crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#calcium-oxalate-crystals\" title=\"Calcium oxalate crystals\">Calcium oxalate crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#ammonium-biurate-crystals\" title=\"Ammonium Biurate crystals\">Ammonium Biurate crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#leucine-crystals\" title=\"Leucine crystals\">Leucine crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#amorphous-crystals\" title=\"Amorphous Crystals\">Amorphous Crystals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#other-crystals-found-in-urine\" title=\"Other crystals found in urine\">Other crystals found in urine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#detecting-and-reporting-crystals-in-urine\" title=\"Detecting and Reporting Crystals in Urine \">Detecting and Reporting Crystals in Urine <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#factors-influencing-the-types-and-numbers-of-urinary-crystals\" title=\"Factors Influencing the Types and Numbers of Urinary Crystals \">Factors Influencing the Types and Numbers of Urinary Crystals <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"struvite-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Struvite crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1720\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"988\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Struvite-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Struvite crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Struvite-crystals.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Struvite-crystals-300x247.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Struvite-crystals-768x632.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Struvite-crystals-1024x843.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: Wikipedia<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Struvite crystals (magnesium ammonium phosphate, triple phosphate) usually appear as colorless, three-dimensional, prism-like crystals (\u201ccoffin lids\u201d).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are usually large and can be readily observed at low magnification.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Struvite crystals are the most common type in urine from dogs and cats. They are often seen in urine from clinically normal individuals.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Though they can be found in urine of any pH, their formation is favored in neutral to alkaline urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Urinary tract infection with urease-positive bacteria can promote struvite crystalluria (and urolithiasis) by raising urine pH and increasing free ammonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cystine-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cystine crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1721\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cystine-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Cystine crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cystine-crystals.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cystine-crystals-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cystine-crystals-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cystine-crystals-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cystine-crystals-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cystine-crystals-250x250.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: swissnephro (Pinterest)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are recognized by their six-sides. The crystals, when found in urine, are often shaped like hexagons and may be colorless.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They may have either equal or unequal sides and often aggregate in layers.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Their formation is favored in acidic urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These crystals vary in size from small to medium and should be visible to some extent under low magnification.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are soluble in 30% v\/v hydrochloric acid (unlike uric acid crystals which they may resemble).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They can be found in cystinuria, a rare congenital metabolic disorder in which cystine is excreted in the urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Symptoms may include blood in the urine, nausea and vomiting, and pain in the groin or back.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cholesterol-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cholesterol crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1722\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"958\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cholesterol-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Cholesterol crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1722\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cholesterol-crystals.jpg 958w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cholesterol-crystals-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Cholesterol-crystals-768x535.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 958px) 100vw, 958px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: MTS, University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They look like clear long rectangles with cut-out corners.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They\u2019re most likely to appear after the urine sample has been refrigerated.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cholesterol crystals can be found in both neutral and acid urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are insoluble in acids and alkalis but soluble in ether, ethanol, and chloroform.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are rarely found except in severe kidney disease or when a lymphatic vessel has ruptured into the renal pelvis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They may be caused by renal tubular disease, which can lead to&nbsp;renal failure&nbsp;if left untreated.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treatment may involve alkali therapy to help treat chronic metabolic conditions, like renal tubular disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"tyrosine-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Tyrosine crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1723\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Tyrosine-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Tyrosine crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1723\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Tyrosine-crystals.jpg 400w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Tyrosine-crystals-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: Wolters Kluwer<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are yellow or dark coloured and look like needles massed together.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are insoluble in ethanol, ether, and acetone.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They\u2019re often found in acidic urine, and they may be caused by metabolic disorders like liver disease or tyrosinemia.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Symptoms of tyrosinemia include difficulty gaining weight, fever, diarrhea,&nbsp;bloody stools, and vomiting.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treatment includes exercising, eating a healthy diet, and taking medications that may be able to treat high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"bilirubin-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Bilirubin crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Bilirubin-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Bilirubin crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Bilirubin-crystals.jpg 640w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Bilirubin-crystals-300x207.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bilirubin crystals have a needle-like, granular appearance and are often very small and yellow in color.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They tend to precipitate onto other formed elements in the urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are usually small crystals that are usually only observed at high magnification (unless there are large aggregates of crystals).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">High levels of bilirubin or bilirubin crystals in urine could indicate liver disease or poor liver function.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Other symptoms may include nausea, pain, vomiting, jaundice, and fever.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Medications may be used to change the amount of protein that\u2019s absorbed in the diet, especially in cases of&nbsp;cirrhosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"calcium-carbonate-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Calcium carbonate crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1725\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-carbonate-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Calcium carbonate crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-carbonate-crystals.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-carbonate-crystals-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-carbonate-crystals-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-carbonate-crystals-350x280.jpg 350w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-carbonate-crystals-100x80.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: Eclinpath.com (Cornell University)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Calcium carbonate crystals are variably sized crystals that frequently appear as large spheroids with radial striations. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They can also be seen as smaller crystals with round to ovoid shapes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are colorless to yellow-brown and can impart a brownish tinge to the urine, when they occur in high numbers.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"calcium-oxalate-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Calcium oxalate crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1726\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-oxalate-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Calcium oxalate crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-oxalate-crystals.jpg 400w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Calcium-oxalate-crystals-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: LabCE.com<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals typically are colorless squares whose corners are connected by intersecting lines (resembling an envelope).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They can occur in urine of any pH and thus frequently seen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These crystals vary in size from quite large (can be observed under low magnification) to very small (require big magnification to visualize).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In some cases, large numbers of tiny oxalates may appear as amorphous unless examined at high magnification.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When found in freshly passed urine they may indicate calculi in the urinary tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ammonium-biurate-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ammonium Biurate crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1727\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Ammonium-Biurate-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Ammonium Biurate crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Ammonium-Biurate-crystals.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Ammonium-Biurate-crystals-300x248.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Ammonium-Biurate-crystals-768x634.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: Eclinpath.com (Cornell University)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These crystals are brown spheres with spiky thorns. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They almost resemble small bugs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They\u2019re often found in alkaline urine, but they can also be seen in normal urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sometimes, ammonium biurate crystals only appear because the urine sample is old or has been poorly preserved. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Because of this, recollecting the urine sample may be advised if these crystals appear.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"leucine-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Leucine crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"383\" height=\"202\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Leucine-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Leucine crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Leucine-crystals.jpg 383w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Leucine-crystals-300x158.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These crystals are yellow-brown disks with concentric rings like a tree trunk.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Leucine crystals are typically not found in healthy urine. They are found in acidic urine.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They\u2019re typically a symptom of severe liver disease. Other symptoms may include abdominal swelling, vomiting, nausea, disorientation, and&nbsp;malaise.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treatment involves improving liver function and health immediately. This will include medications to reduce the risk of bleeding and reduce swelling caused by excess fluid.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"amorphous-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Amorphous Crystals<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1729\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Amorphous-Crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Amorphous Crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1729\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Amorphous-Crystals.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Amorphous-Crystals-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Amorphous-Crystals-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Amorphous-Crystals-350x280.jpg 350w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Amorphous-Crystals-100x80.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: Eclinpath.com (Cornell University)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Amorphous\u201d crystals appear as aggregates of finely granular material without any defining shape at the light microscopic level.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They can be comprised of urates, phosphates or xanthine.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are usually small crystals that are usually only observed at high magnification (unless there are large amounts of them), i.e. they mimic bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">No specific clinical interpretation can be made based on the finding of amorphous crystals. Small amorphous crystals can be confused with bacterial cocci in some cases, but can be distinguished by gram-staining.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Degenerating crystals or cells can also resemble \u201camorphous\u201d crystals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"other-crystals-found-in-urine\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Other crystals found in urine<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Occasionally <strong>sulfonamide crystals<\/strong> are found in the urine of patients being treated with sulphonamides. When deposited in the urinary tract they can cause haematuria and other complications.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1730\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"269\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Sulfonamide-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Sulfonamide crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1730\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Sulfonamide-crystals.jpg 400w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Sulfonamide-crystals-300x202.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Figure: Sulfonamide crystals, Source: Free Medical Atlas<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Indinavir is a medication used to treat HIV. It can cause the formation of crystals in the urine. <strong>Indinavir crystals <\/strong>may resemble starbursts, rectangular plates, or fans.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1731\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Indinavir-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Indinavir crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1731\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Indinavir-crystals.jpg 540w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Indinavir-crystals-280x300.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Figure: Indinavir crystals, Source: Yadav Raj (Pinterest)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Uric acid crystals<\/strong> are yellow or pink-brown. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They can sometimes be found with calculi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-1732\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1021\" height=\"486\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Uric-acid-crystals.jpg\" alt=\"Uric acid crystals\" class=\"wp-image-1732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Uric-acid-crystals.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Uric-acid-crystals-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Uric-acid-crystals-768x366.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1021px) 100vw, 1021px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Figure: Uric acid crystals, Source: K. Neumann\/Technical University Munich<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"detecting-and-reporting-crystals-in-urine\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Detecting and Reporting Crystals in Urine <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For crystals that are large, e.g. calcium carbonate and struvite, this assessment is made from low power (10x objective).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For smaller crystals (e.g. amorphous, calcium oxalate dihydrate), the high power (40x objective) is used.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crystals are subjectively quantified in urine as few, moderate and many.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"factors-influencing-the-types-and-numbers-of-urinary-crystals\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Factors Influencing the Types and Numbers of Urinary Crystals <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>In vivo&nbsp;factors<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Concentration and solubility of crystallogenic substances contained in the specimen<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Urine pH<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Diet<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Excretion of diagnostic imaging and therapeutic agents<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>In vitro factors<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Temperature (solubility decreases with temperature)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Evaporation (increases solute concentration)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Urine pH (changes with standing and bacterial overgrowth)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cheesbrough M. (2006). District Laboratory Practice Tropical Countries, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/www.eclinpath.com\/urinalysis\/crystals\/<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/crystals-in-urine\/<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/urine-crystals#types<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/www.eclinpath.com\/atlas\/urinalysis\/<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.labce.com\/spg961161_table_normal_crystals.aspx<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Urine contains a large number of different chemicals. Under some circumstances, these chemicals may solidify into salt crystals. This is called crystalluria. Crystals have a characteristic refractile appearance. Testing for &#8230; <a title=\"What are the types of Crystals found in Urine?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/types-of-crystals-in-urine\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about What are the types of Crystals found in Urine?\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1734,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3418],"tags":[3437,3427,3429,3424,3425,3426,3422,3434,3421,3435,3431,3428,3436,3420,3430,3438,3423,3432,3439,3433],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Types-of-Crystals-in-Urine.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":3418,"name":"Diseases","slug":"diseases","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3418,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Diseases are abnormal medical conditions that negatively affect either the structure or function of a part of an organism other than the immediate external injuries.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are two types of diseases, viz\u2014communicable and non-communicable diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious or communicable diseases are caused by viruses, pathogens, and other parasites that affect the host and can transmit from person to person. In contrast, non-communicable diseases might occur due to exposure to radiation, genetic inheritance, and an unhealthy lifestyle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whenever a disease-causing virus or pathogen enters the body of a host, the body shows two responses to it; clinical and immunologic.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The white blood cells, mainly known for the defense against external microorganisms, attack such antigens which may result in different reactions such as fever, cold, headache, sweating, change in the rate of heartbeat, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plants also suffer from several diseases which are primarily caused by non-native viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few of such diseases that cause significant damage are a chestnut blight, butternut canker, Dogwood anthracnose, Elm yellows, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, diseases are observed in plants and animals. Various bacteria and viruses cause diseases such as Anthrax, Black-quarter, Bluetongue, Pox. Rabies, etc. infect dogs, wolves, and foxes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most effective and efficient way to prevent diseases is sanitation, proper nutrition, exercise, and self-care.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moreover, different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent severe diseases like Cholera, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Rabies, Yellow fever.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although diseases can be fatal to humans, animals, and plants, their scientific study is useful in other fields of study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge regarding disease-causing pathogens and bacteria helps microbiologists understand the nature and characteristics of various microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific diagnosis of parasites encourages people to take preventive measures for themselves and other animals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diseases have been an essential topic of research and findings in food microbiology as food and water are primary modes of transmission of many infectious diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the body tissue of an organism by pathogenic agents like bacteria and viruses.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is often used as a synonym for disease even though the two are quite different. Infection is the entry of an agent into the body while a disease is the changes occurring in the body as a result of that entry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All infections are caused by infectious agents which can be either bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is communicable that transmits due to the transmission of the infectious agent by different modes of transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depending on the infectious agent, infections are of four types; viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, and parasitic infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might not result in particular symptoms like diseases, as most infections tend to be subclinical.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might be localized where the infectious agent only infects a particular organ or tissue or can be systemic where the agent reaches different parts of the body via blood or lymph to infect different organs and tissues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microorganisms that belong to the normal flora of an organism are not considered infectious agents unless they reach the sterile parts of the body to initiate some form of infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pathophysiology of infections differs from one agent to another, but the general pattern of infections flows a similar trajectory; entry, colonization, disease, and transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Symptoms of infections are also different depending on the type of infection, but some common symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, coughing, and sneezing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the infectious agent via different diagnostic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some infections might show symptoms that allow for the symptomatic diagnosis, yet it usually needs further confirmation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections are directly dependent on the infectious agent and the immune response of the host against the said agent. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":31,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3418,"category_count":31,"category_description":"<strong>Diseases are abnormal medical conditions that negatively affect either the structure or function of a part of an organism other than the immediate external injuries.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are two types of diseases, viz\u2014communicable and non-communicable diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious or communicable diseases are caused by viruses, pathogens, and other parasites that affect the host and can transmit from person to person. In contrast, non-communicable diseases might occur due to exposure to radiation, genetic inheritance, and an unhealthy lifestyle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whenever a disease-causing virus or pathogen enters the body of a host, the body shows two responses to it; clinical and immunologic.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The white blood cells, mainly known for the defense against external microorganisms, attack such antigens which may result in different reactions such as fever, cold, headache, sweating, change in the rate of heartbeat, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plants also suffer from several diseases which are primarily caused by non-native viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few of such diseases that cause significant damage are a chestnut blight, butternut canker, Dogwood anthracnose, Elm yellows, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, diseases are observed in plants and animals. Various bacteria and viruses cause diseases such as Anthrax, Black-quarter, Bluetongue, Pox. Rabies, etc. infect dogs, wolves, and foxes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most effective and efficient way to prevent diseases is sanitation, proper nutrition, exercise, and self-care.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moreover, different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent severe diseases like Cholera, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Rabies, Yellow fever.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although diseases can be fatal to humans, animals, and plants, their scientific study is useful in other fields of study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge regarding disease-causing pathogens and bacteria helps microbiologists understand the nature and characteristics of various microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific diagnosis of parasites encourages people to take preventive measures for themselves and other animals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diseases have been an essential topic of research and findings in food microbiology as food and water are primary modes of transmission of many infectious diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the body tissue of an organism by pathogenic agents like bacteria and viruses.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is often used as a synonym for disease even though the two are quite different. Infection is the entry of an agent into the body while a disease is the changes occurring in the body as a result of that entry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All infections are caused by infectious agents which can be either bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is communicable that transmits due to the transmission of the infectious agent by different modes of transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depending on the infectious agent, infections are of four types; viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, and parasitic infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might not result in particular symptoms like diseases, as most infections tend to be subclinical.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might be localized where the infectious agent only infects a particular organ or tissue or can be systemic where the agent reaches different parts of the body via blood or lymph to infect different organs and tissues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microorganisms that belong to the normal flora of an organism are not considered infectious agents unless they reach the sterile parts of the body to initiate some form of infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pathophysiology of infections differs from one agent to another, but the general pattern of infections flows a similar trajectory; entry, colonization, disease, and transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Symptoms of infections are also different depending on the type of infection, but some common symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, coughing, and sneezing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the infectious agent via different diagnostic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some infections might show symptoms that allow for the symptomatic diagnosis, yet it usually needs further confirmation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections are directly dependent on the infectious agent and the immune response of the host against the said agent. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Diseases","category_nicename":"diseases","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1719"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1719"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1719\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1734"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1719"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1719"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1719"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}