{"id":1712,"date":"2023-04-01T19:51:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-01T14:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=1712"},"modified":"2024-03-11T02:09:44","modified_gmt":"2024-03-10T20:24:44","slug":"endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Structure and Functions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Within the cytoplasm of most animal cells is an extensive network (reticulum) of membrane-limited channels, collectively called the endoplasmic reticulum (or ER).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic reticulum is a name derived from the fact that in the light microscope it looks like a \u201cnet in the cytoplasm.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic reticulum is only present in the eukaryotic cells. However, the occurrence of the endoplasmic reticulum varies from cell to cell. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, the erythrocytes (RBC), egg and embryonic cells lack in the endoplasmic reticulum.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some portion of ER membranes remains continuous with the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ER may be rough or smooth. The outer surface of rough ER has attached ribosomes, whereas smooth ER does not have attached ribosomes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic reticulum acts as secretory, storage, circulatory and nervous system for the cell. It is also the site of the biogenesis of cellular membranes.<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1116\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Nucleus-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure.jpeg\" alt=\"Nucleus &amp; Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure\" class=\"wp-image-43635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Nucleus-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Nucleus-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure-300x223.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Nucleus-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure-1024x762.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Nucleus-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure-768x571.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nucleus &amp; Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/#structure-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-er\" title=\"Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)\">Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/#the-cisternae\" title=\"The Cisternae \">The Cisternae <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/#the-vesicles\" title=\"The Vesicles\">The Vesicles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/#the-tubules\" title=\"The Tubules\">The Tubules<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/#types-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-er\" title=\"Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)\">Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/#functions-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-er\" title=\"Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)\">Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-er\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is 50 to 60 A\u00ba thickness and <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fluid-mosaic-model\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>fluid-mosaic<\/strong><\/a> like the unit membrane of the plasma membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are found to contain many kinds of enzymes that are needed for various important synthetic activities. The most important enzymes are the stearases, NADH-cytochrome C reductase, NADH diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and Mg++ activated ATPase.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The membrane of endoplasmic reticulum remains continuous with the membranes of the plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, and Golgi apparatus.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The cavity of the endoplasmic reticulum is well developed and acts as a passage for the secretory products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Diagram-of-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER.jpeg\" alt=\"Diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)\" class=\"wp-image-43633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Diagram-of-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER.jpeg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Diagram-of-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Diagram-of-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-1024x536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Diagram-of-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-768x402.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic reticulum may occur in the following three forms:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lamellar form or cisternae<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vesicular form or vesicle and<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tubular form or tubules.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-cisternae\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Cisternae <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">RER usually exists as cisternae that occur in those cells which have synthetic roles as the cells of the pancreas, notochord, and brain.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The cisternae are long, flattened, sac-like, unbranched tubules having a diameter of 40 to 50 \u03bcm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They remain arranged parallelly in bundles or stakes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-vesicles\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Vesicles<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The vesicles are oval; membrane-bound vacuolar structures having a diameter of 25 to 500 \u03bcm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They often remain isolated in the cytoplasm and occur in most cells but especially abundant in the SER.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-tubules\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Tubules<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The tubules are branched structures forming the reticular system along with the cisternae and vesicles.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They usually have a diameter from 50 to 190 \u03bcm and occur almost in all the cells.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tubular form of ER is often found in SER and is dynamic in nature, i.e., it is associated with membrane movements, fission and fusion between membranes of cytocavity network.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-er\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41127\">Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are also called as the agranular endoplasmic reticulum.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This type of endoplasmic reticulum possesses smooth walls because the ribosomes are not attached to its membranes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The smooth type of endoplasmic reticulum occurs mostly in those cells, which are involved in the metabolism of lipids (including steroids) and glycogen. Eg. adipose cells, interstitial cells, glycogen storing cells of the liver, conduction fibers of heart, spermatocytes, and leucocytes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"812\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure-and-Functions.jpeg\" alt=\"Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Structure and Functions\" class=\"wp-image-41126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure-and-Functions.jpeg 812w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure-and-Functions-300x158.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Structure-and-Functions-768x404.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2. <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/rough-endoplasmic-reticulum\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41133\">Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It possesses rough walls because the ribosomes remain attached to its membranes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On their membranes, rough ER (RER) contains certain ribosome specific, transmembrane glycoproteins, called ribophorins I and II, to which are attached the ribosomes while engaged in polypeptide synthesis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The rough type of endoplasmic reticulum is found abundantly in those cells which are active in protein syntheses such as pancreatic cells, plasma cells, goblet cells, and liver cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-RER.jpeg\" alt=\"Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)\" class=\"wp-image-41132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-RER.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-RER-300x157.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-er\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Functions of <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Functions of smooth ER include lipid metabolism (both catabolism and anabolism; they synthesize a variety of phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Glycogenolysis (degradation of glycogen; glycogen being polymerized in the cytosol).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Drug detoxification (by the help of the cytochrome P-450).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic reticulum provides an ultrastructural skeletal framework to the cell and gives mechanical support to the colloidal cytoplasmic matrix.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The exchange of molecules by the process of osmosis, diffusion and active transport occurs through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic reticulum is the main component of the endomembrane system, also called the cytoplasmic vacuolar system or cytocavity network.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic membranes contain many enzymes that perform various synthetic and metabolic activities. Further, the endoplasmic reticulum provides an increased surface for various enzymatic reactions.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The endoplasmic reticulum acts as an intracellular circulatory or transporting system.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As a growing secretory polypeptide emerges from the ribosome, it passes through the RER membrane and gets accumulated in the lumen of RER. Here, the polypeptide chains undergo tailoring, maturation, and molecular folding to form functional secondary or tertiary protein molecules.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">RER pinches off certain tiny protein-filled vesicles which ultimately get fused to cis Golgi.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The ER membranes are found to conduct intra-cellular impulses. For example, the sarcoplasmic reticulum transmits impulses from the surface membrane into the deep region of the muscle fibers.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The ER membranes form the new nuclear envelope after each nuclear division.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The SER contains several key enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of cholesterol which is also a precursor substance for the biosynthesis of two types of compounds\u2014 the steroid hormones and bile acids.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">RER also synthesize membrane proteins and glycoproteins which are cotranslationally inserted into the rough ER membranes. Thus, the endoplasmic reticulum is the site of the biogenesis of cellular membranes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Verma, P. S., &amp; Agrawal, V. K. (2006). Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution &amp; Ecology (1 ed.). S .Chand and company Ltd.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Alberts, B. (2004).&nbsp;Essential cell biology. New York, NY: Garland Science Pub.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/micro.magnet.fsu.edu\/cells\/peroxisomes\/peroxisomes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kar,D.K<\/a><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/micro.magnet.fsu.edu\/cells\/peroxisomes\/peroxisomes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">. and <\/a><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/micro.magnet.fsu.edu\/cells\/peroxisomes\/peroxisomes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Halder,S<\/a>. (2015). Cell biology genetics and molecular <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/micro.magnet.fsu.edu\/cells\/peroxisomes\/peroxisomes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biology<\/a><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/micro.magnet.fsu.edu\/cells\/peroxisomes\/peroxisomes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">.Kolkata<\/a>, New Central Book Agency<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Alberts, Bruce, Johnson, Alexander, Lewis, Julian, Raff, Martin, Roberts, Keith, and Walter, Peter (2008).&nbsp;Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fifth Edition), (Garland Science, New York), p. 781&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-373365.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum may occur in the following three forms: The Cisternae The Vesicles The Tubules Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum &#8230; <a title=\"Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Structure and Functions\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/endoplasmic-reticulum-er-structure-types-functions\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Structure and Functions\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":43633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3177],"tags":[3406,3405,3407,3410,3413,3411,3412,3408,3409],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Diagram-of-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER.jpeg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":3177,"name":"Cell Biology","slug":"cell-biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3177,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":107,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3177,"category_count":107,"category_description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Cell Biology","category_nicename":"cell-biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1712"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1712"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":43636,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1712\/revisions\/43636"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}