{"id":1546,"date":"2023-06-14T10:06:23","date_gmt":"2023-06-14T04:21:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=1546"},"modified":"2023-09-11T19:21:30","modified_gmt":"2023-09-11T13:36:30","slug":"ion-exchange-chromatography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/","title":{"rendered":"Ion Exchange Chromatography: Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/chromatography-principle-types-and-applications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chromatography<\/a><\/strong> is the separation of a mixture of compounds into their individual components based on their relative interactions with an inert matrix.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#what-is-ion-exchange-chromatography\" title=\"What is Ion Exchange Chromatography?\">What is Ion Exchange Chromatography?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#working-principle-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\" title=\"Working Principle of ion exchange chromatography\">Working Principle of ion exchange chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#instrumentation-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\" title=\"Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography\">Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#procedure-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\" title=\"Procedure of ion exchange chromatography\">Procedure of ion exchange chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#applications-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\" title=\"Applications of ion exchange chromatography\">Applications of ion exchange chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#advantages-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\" title=\"Advantages of ion exchange chromatography\">Advantages of ion exchange chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#limitations-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\" title=\"Limitations of ion exchange chromatography\">Limitations of ion exchange chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-ion-exchange-chromatography\"><\/span><strong>What is Ion Exchange Chromatography?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ion exchange chromatography (or&nbsp;ion chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of&nbsp;ions&nbsp;and polar molecules based on their affinity to&nbsp;ion exchangers.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The principle of separation is thus by reversible exchange of ions between the target ions present in the sample solution to the ions present on ion exchangers.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1050\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography.jpeg\" alt=\"Ion Exchange Chromatography\" class=\"wp-image-42631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography-300x210.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography-1024x717.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography-768x538.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this process, two types of exchangers i.e.,&nbsp;cationic and anionic exchangers&nbsp;can be used.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cationic exchangers&nbsp;<\/strong>possess negatively charged group, and these will attract positively charged cations. These exchangers are also called \u201cAcidic ion exchange\u201d&nbsp;materials, because their negative charges result from the ionization of acidic group.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Anionic exchangers&nbsp;<\/strong>have positively charged groups that will attract negatively charged anions. These are also called \u201cBasic ion exchange\u201d materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ion exchange chromatography is most often performed in the form of column chromatography. However, there are also thin-layer chromatographic methods that work basically based on the principle of ion exchange.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography.jpg\" alt=\"Ion Exchange Chromatography\" class=\"wp-image-1547\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/technologyinscience.blogspot.com\/2013\/07\/an-insight-on-ion-exchange.html#.X4yXLdAzZPY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Technology in Science<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"working-principle-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Working Principle of ion exchange chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This form of chromatography relies on the attraction between oppositely charged stationary phase, known as an ion exchanger, and analyte.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The ion exchangers basically contain charged groups covalently linked to the surface of an insoluble matrix.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The charged groups of the matrix can be positively or negatively charged.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When suspended in an aqueous solution, the charged groups of the matrix will be surrounded by ions of the opposite charge.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this \u201cion cloud\u201d, ions can be reversibly exchanged without changing the nature and the properties of the matrix.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"instrumentation-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Typical IC instrumentation includes: pump, injector, column, suppressor, detector and recorder or data system.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Pump <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The IC pump is considered to be one of the most important components in the system which has to provide a continuous constant flow of the eluent through the IC injector, column, and detector.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Injector <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sample introduction can be accomplished in various ways. The simplest method is to use an injection valve. Liquid samples may be injected directly and solid samples need only to be dissolved in an appropriate solvent. Injectors should provide the possibility of injecting the liquid sample within the range of 0.1 to 100 ml of volume with high reproducibility and under high pressure (up to the 4000 psi).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Columns<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Depending on its ultimate use and area of application, the column material may be stainless steel, titanium, glass or an inert plastic such as PEEK. The column can vary in diameter from about 2mm to 5 cm and in length from 3 cm to 50 cm depending on whether it is to be used for normal analytical purposes, microanalysis, high speed analyses or preparative work.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Guard column is placed anterior to the separating column. This serves as a protective factor that prolongs the life and usefulness of the separation column. They are dependable columns designed to filter or remove particles that clog the separation column<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Suppressor<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The suppressor reduces the background conductivity of the chemicals used to elute samples from the ion-exchange column which improves the conductivity measurement of the ions being tested. IC suppressors are membrane-based devices which are designed to convert the ionic eluent to water as a means of enhancing the sensitivity.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Detectors<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Electrical conductivity detector is commonly use.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Data system<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In routine analysis, where no automation is needed, a pre-programmed computing integrator may be sufficient. For higher control levels, a more intelligent device is necessary, such as a data station or minicomputer.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"procedure-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Procedure of ion exchange chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Working-Principle-of-ion-exchange-chromatography.jpg\" alt=\"Procedure of ion exchange chromatography\" class=\"wp-image-1548\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ion exchange separations are carried out mainly in columns packed with an ion-exchanger.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These ionic exchangers are commercially available. They are made up of&nbsp;styrene and divinyl benzene. Example. DEAE-cellulose is an anionic exchanger, CM-cellulose is a cationic exchanger.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The choice of the exchanger depends upon the charge of particle to be separated. To separate anions \u201cAnionic exchanger\u201d is used, to separate cations \u201cCationic exchanger\u201d is used.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">First the column is filled with ion exchanger then the sample is applied followed by the buffer. The tris-buffer, pyridine buffer, acetate buffer, citrate and phosphate buffers are widely used.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The particles which have high affinity for ion exchanger will come down the column along with buffers.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In next step using corresponding buffer separates the tightly bound particles.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Then these particles are analyzed spectroscopically.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"applications-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Applications of ion exchange chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An important use of ion-exchange&nbsp;chromatography&nbsp;is in the routine analysis of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/amino-acids-properties-structure-classification-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>amino acid<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;mixtures.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The 20 principal amino acids from blood serum or from the hydrolysis of proteins are separated and used in clinical diagnosis.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is most&nbsp;effective method for water purification. Complete deionization of water (or) a non-electrolyte solution is performed by exchanging solute cations for hydrogen ions and solute anions for hydroxyl ions. This is usually achieved by method is used for softening of drinking water.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the analysis of products of hydrolysis of&nbsp;nucleic acids. In this way, information is gained about the structure of these molecules and how it relates to their biological function as carriers of hereditary information.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chelating resins&nbsp;are used to collect trace metals from&nbsp;seawater.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To analyze lunar rocks and rare trace elements on Earth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"advantages-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Advantages of ion exchange chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is one of the most efficient methods for the separation of charged particles.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ion exchange is used for both&nbsp;analytical&nbsp;and preparative purposes in the laboratory, the analytical uses being the more common.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Inorganic ions also can be separated by ion-exchange chromatograph.y<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"limitations-of-ion-exchange-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Limitations of ion exchange chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Only charged molecules can be separated.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Buffer Requirement<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wilson, K., Walker, J. (2018). Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (8 eds.). Cambridge University Press: New York.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.biochemden.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/ion-exchange-reaction\/Applications-of-ion-exchange<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/elte.prompt.hu\/sites\/default\/files\/tananyagok\/IntroductionToPracticalBiochemistry\/ch06s02.html<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/cdn.intechopen.com\/pdfs\/43603\/InTech-Ion_exchange_chromatography_an_overview.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chromatography is the separation of a mixture of compounds into their individual components based on their relative interactions with an inert matrix. What is Ion Exchange Chromatography? Ion exchange chromatography &#8230; <a title=\"Ion Exchange Chromatography: Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/ion-exchange-chromatography\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Ion Exchange Chromatography: Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2578],"tags":[2596,3107,3115,3113,3110,3116,3112,3109,3108,3117,3111,3114,2604],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":2578,"name":"Instrumentation","slug":"instrumentation","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2578,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Instrumentation is a collection of devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and test systems.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, the instrumentation is considered a part of biomedical engineering where the working mechanism and the parts of a system are studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation in biology or Bioinstrumentation is primarily concentrated on bringing the engineering and medical worlds together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Different devices like centrifuges and autoclaves that are common in biological laboratories are a part of the instrumentation. Studies done in instrumentations allow the understanding of the parts and working mechanisms of such devices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other important techniques include chromatography which is routinely performed in laboratories to separate biological systems, which are also equally important.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation is still an emerging discipline with new pieces of machinery still being produced for convenience in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The application of bio-instruments is not only limited to laboratories as modern agriculture makes use of bio-instruments to monitor and evaluate soil and to measure plant growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these instruments can also be used to determine the physiological activities of plants like the carbon dioxide trade rate, net photosynthesis, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Processes like electrophoresis make use of nucleic acids along with biosensors to compare the DNA sequences. This enables genetic testing and diagnosis of various diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic testing is heavily influenced by the progress made in instrumentation as new devices and techniques are discovered which makes the process faster, more accurate, and more reliable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As RT-PCR and blotting are considered advanced molecular diagnosis methods, disease diagnosis becomes faster and more accurate than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Determination of radioisotopes and concentration of a solution has been made easier with techniques like spectroscopy and colorimetry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the discipline continues to grow, the main focus of the field remains in the improvements of technology to make the medical processes faster and more efficient.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation, thus, is slowly becoming an integral part of all biological fields with new emerging new technology and the discovery of fast and reliable procedures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":64,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":2578,"category_count":64,"category_description":"<strong>Instrumentation is a collection of devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and test systems.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, the instrumentation is considered a part of biomedical engineering where the working mechanism and the parts of a system are studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation in biology or Bioinstrumentation is primarily concentrated on bringing the engineering and medical worlds together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Different devices like centrifuges and autoclaves that are common in biological laboratories are a part of the instrumentation. Studies done in instrumentations allow the understanding of the parts and working mechanisms of such devices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other important techniques include chromatography which is routinely performed in laboratories to separate biological systems, which are also equally important.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation is still an emerging discipline with new pieces of machinery still being produced for convenience in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The application of bio-instruments is not only limited to laboratories as modern agriculture makes use of bio-instruments to monitor and evaluate soil and to measure plant growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these instruments can also be used to determine the physiological activities of plants like the carbon dioxide trade rate, net photosynthesis, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Processes like electrophoresis make use of nucleic acids along with biosensors to compare the DNA sequences. This enables genetic testing and diagnosis of various diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic testing is heavily influenced by the progress made in instrumentation as new devices and techniques are discovered which makes the process faster, more accurate, and more reliable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As RT-PCR and blotting are considered advanced molecular diagnosis methods, disease diagnosis becomes faster and more accurate than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Determination of radioisotopes and concentration of a solution has been made easier with techniques like spectroscopy and colorimetry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the discipline continues to grow, the main focus of the field remains in the improvements of technology to make the medical processes faster and more efficient.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation, thus, is slowly becoming an integral part of all biological fields with new emerging new technology and the discovery of fast and reliable procedures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Instrumentation","category_nicename":"instrumentation","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1546"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1547"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}