{"id":1484,"date":"2022-05-27T18:10:02","date_gmt":"2022-05-27T12:25:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=1484"},"modified":"2022-09-05T13:57:37","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T08:12:37","slug":"mumps-virus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/","title":{"rendered":"Mumps Virus- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#structure-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Structure of Mumps Virus\">Structure of Mumps Virus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#genome-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Genome of Mumps Virus\">Genome of Mumps Virus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#epidemiology-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Epidemiology of Mumps Virus \">Epidemiology of Mumps Virus <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#replication-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Replication of Mumps Virus \">Replication of Mumps Virus <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#pathogenesis-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Pathogenesis of Mumps Virus \">Pathogenesis of Mumps Virus <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#clinical-manifestations-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Clinical manifestations of Mumps Virus\">Clinical manifestations of Mumps Virus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#laboratory-diagnosis-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Laboratory Diagnosis of Mumps Virus \">Laboratory Diagnosis of Mumps Virus <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#treatment-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Treatment of Mumps Virus \">Treatment of Mumps Virus <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/#prevention-and-control-of-mumps-virus\" title=\"Prevention and control of Mumps Virus\">Prevention and control of Mumps Virus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of Mumps Virus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1485\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Structure-of-Mumps-Virus.png\" alt=\"Structure of Mumps Virus\" width=\"350\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Structure-of-Mumps-Virus.png 350w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Structure-of-Mumps-Virus-300x208.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps virions are markedly pleomorphic (100 to 600 nm), and roughly spherical with an outer membrane that envelops an inner, coiled helical structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The envelope which is 150 to 300nm is studded with projections formed by the viral glycoproteins that rise 12 to 15 nm from the virion surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The coiled inner structure or nucleocapsid is a ribonucleoprotein complex that appears to be a hollow tube with a unit length of approximately 1 \u03bcm, a diameter of 17 nm, and a central core of 5 nm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The nucleocapsid consists of the negative-sense, single-stranded RNA associated with the nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase phosphoprotein (P), and large (L)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The L protein is the RNA polymerase, the P protein facilitates RNA synthesis, and the NP protein helps maintain genomic structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The nucleocapsid associates with the matrix (M) protein lining the inside of the virion envelope.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The envelope contains two glycoproteins, a fusion (F) protein, which promotes fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, and a viral attachment protein (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN], hemagglutinin [H], or glycoprotein [G] protein).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Full-length genomic RNA is an unsegmented, single-stranded macromolecule of negative polarity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"genome-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Genome of Mumps Virus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The genome is monopartite, unsegmented single stranded RNA with negative polarity that contains about 15.3 kilobases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The virus contains six major structural proteins: nucleocapsid-associated protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), and polymerase protein (L) are associated with the nucleocapsid; membrane or matrix (M) protein; and two glycoproteins, a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and a fusion (F) molecule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The virus genes have been sequenced and the gene order for mumps virus is 3\u2019-<em>NP<\/em>&#8211;<em>P<\/em>&#8211;<em>M<\/em>&#8211;<em>F<\/em>&#8211;<em>SH<\/em>&#8211;<em>HN<\/em>&#8211;<em>L<\/em>-5\u2019.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1486\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Genome-of-Mumps-Virus.png\" alt=\"Genome of Mumps Virus\" width=\"802\" height=\"95\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Genome-of-Mumps-Virus.png 802w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Genome-of-Mumps-Virus-300x36.png 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Genome-of-Mumps-Virus-768x91.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is a nontranscribed leader sequence of 55 nucleotides and a trailing sequence of 24 nucleotides that share inverse complementarity at their extremes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"epidemiology-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Epidemiology of Mumps Virus <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps occurs endemically worldwide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cases appear throughout the year in hot climates and peak in the winter and spring in temperate climates.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps is primarily an infection of children, with the highest incidence in children ages 5\u20139 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Outbreaks occur where crowding favors dissemination of the virus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In children younger than 5 years, mumps may commonly cause upper respiratory tract infection without parotitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The overall mortality rate for mumps is low (one death per 10,000 cases in the United States), mostly caused by encephalitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The incidence of mumps and associated complications has declined markedly since introduction of the live-virus vaccine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In 1967, the year mumps vaccine was licensed, there were about 200,000 mumps cases (and 900 patients with encephalitis) in the United States.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">From 2001 to 2003, there were fewer than 300 mumps cases each year.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In 2006, there was an outbreak of mumps in the United States that resulted in more than 5700 cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In 2009, a mumps outbreak occurred in the states of New York and New Jersey in which 88% of those affected had been vaccinated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A massive mumps epidemic occurred in 2004 in the United Kingdom that caused more than 56,000 cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"replication-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Replication of Mumps Virus <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virions attach via the HN protein to cellular sialoglycoproteins or glycolipid receptors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The F protein then mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membranes at physiological pH and ribonucleocapsid is released in the cytoplasm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The liberated nucleocapsid remains intact, and all three associated proteins (N, P, and L) are required for the transcription of the incoming viral genome.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This nucleocapsid structure thus acts as a template for the initiation of infection through a process of transcription of viral mRNA from the negative-sense viral RNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During the early stages of the replication cycle, the viral genome directs the synthesis of a (+) sense leader and six to ten discrete, unprocessed mRNA species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The mRNAs are capped and polyadenylated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When the concentration of N protein reaches a critical level it binds to the nascent (+) sense antigenome intermediates, with the result that the polyadenylation, termination, and reinitiation of full-length RNA molecules is prevented and transcription then switches to the replication of full-length genome intermediates: these in turn serve as templates for the production of nascent full-length (\u2013) sense viral genomes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Newly synthesized RNA associates with the N proteins and L protein to form helical nucleocapsids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The ribonucleocapsid interacts with the matrix protein under the plasma membrane and\u00a0buds via the ESCRT complex, releasing the virion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenesis-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pathogenesis of Mumps Virus <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Natural infection is initiated by droplet spread.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Primary replication occurs in nasal or upper respiratory tract epithelial cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Viremia then disseminates the virus to the salivary glands and other major organ systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The incubation period may range from 2 to 4 weeks but is typically about 14\u201318 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus is shed in saliva for as long as 6 days before the onset of parotitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About one-third of infected individuals does not exhibit obvious symptoms but are equally capable of transmitting infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Termination of viral excretion in saliva correlates with the local appearance of virus-specific secretory IgA, as early as 5 days after disease onset.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus-specific IgM antibodies are also present early in saliva.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thus, patients with mumps are capable of spreading virus by the respiratory route over a 7 to 10 days interval.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A cell-mediated immune response also develops.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Interferon is induced early in mumps infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Plasma viremia disappears coincident with the development of mumps virus\u2013specific humoral antibody, which can be detected in serum as early as 11 days after induced apparent or inapparent infection of humans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps virus preferentially infects activated human T lymphocytes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps is a systemic viral disease with a propensity to replicate in epithelial cells in various visceral organs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus frequently infects the kidneys and can be detected in the urine of most patients.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Viruria may persist for up to 14 days after the onset of clinical symptoms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The central nervous system is also commonly infected and may be involved in the absence of parotitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Viral invasion of the CNS presumably occurs across the choroid plexus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Blood-borne infected mononuclear cells may cross the fenestrated endothelium of the choroid plexus stroma and serve as a source for subsequent infection of the choroidal epithelium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Maturation of virus from the ventricular surfaces of choroidal cells provides progeny virions that are widely distributed through ventricular pathways and the subarachnoid space by CSF.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-manifestations-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Clinical manifestations of Mumps Virus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1488\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Clinical-manifestations-of-Mumps-Virus.png\" alt=\"Clinical manifestations of Mumps Virus\" width=\"892\" height=\"748\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Clinical-manifestations-of-Mumps-Virus.png 892w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Clinical-manifestations-of-Mumps-Virus-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Clinical-manifestations-of-Mumps-Virus-768x644.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 892px) 100vw, 892px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At least one-third of all mumps infections are subclinical, including the majority of infections in children younger than 2 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The most characteristic feature of symptomatic cases is swelling of the salivary glands, which occurs in about 50% of patients.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus infects the ductal epithelium, producing intracytoplasmic inclusions (viral nucleocapsids) and viral antigens, with eventual desquamation of involved cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A prodromal period of malaise and anorexia is followed by rapid enlargement of parotid glands as well as other salivary glands.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Swelling, inflammation, and tissue damage in the parotid gland may produce elevation of serum and urine amylase levels.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus also frequently disseminates to the kidneys, where epithelial cells of the distal tubules, calyces, and ureters appear to be primary sites of virus replication.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Viruria, as an expression of renal involvement, can be detected in most patients, sometimes for as long as 14 days after the onset of clinical symptoms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Central nervous system involvement is common (10\u201330% of cases).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps causes aseptic meningitis and is more common among males than females.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Meningoencephalitis usually occurs 5\u20137 days after inflammation of the salivary glands, but up to half of patients will not have clinical evidence of parotitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cases of mumps meningitis and meningoencephalitis usually resolve without sequelae, although unilateral deafness occurs in about five in 100,000 cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The testes and ovaries may be affected, especially after puberty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Around 20\u201350% of men who are infected with mumps virus develop orchitis (often unilateral).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Atrophy of the testis may occur as a result of pressure necrosis but only rarely does sterility result.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps oophoritis occurs in about 5% of women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pancreatitis is reported in about 4% of cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pancreatic involvement is usually expressed as mild epigastric pain, but severe hemorrhagic pancreatitis and transient exocrine function abnormalities have also been reported.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps may produce a fetal wastage when contracted by the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy, occurring after blood-borne infection of the placenta, with or without subsequent spread of virus to involve fetal tissues directly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A proliferative necrotizing villitis with decidual cells containing intracytoplasmic inclusions has been described in the products of spontaneous and induced abortions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"laboratory-diagnosis-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Laboratory Diagnosis of Mumps Virus <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Specimen <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus isolation from saliva is most successful during the first 4 to 5 days of symptoms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus is recovered from urine for up to 2 weeks after symptoms begin, especially if care is taken to first clear the urine of debris, then concentrate the virus by ultracentrifugation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In patients with meningitis, the CSF can be expected to yield virus in, at best, about half of samples taken within 8 to 9 days of the onset of CNS disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Virus isolation <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Monkey kidney primary or cell lines may be used for isolation, although other continuous cell lines are nearly comparable in sensitivity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Samples should be inoculated shortly after collection because mumps virus is thermolabile.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For rapid diagnosis, immunofluorescence using mumps-specific antiserum can detect mumps virus antigens as early as 2\u20133 days after the inoculation of cell cultures in shell vials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Not all primary mumps virus isolates show characteristic syncytial cytopathic effects.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Therefore, hemadsorption techniques should be applied to all cultures before they are discarded as negative.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Immunofluorescence techniques not only provide direct confirmation of the isolation of a hemagglutinating virus in the culture but also, with appropriate reagents, specify the isolate as mumps virus.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Nucleic Acid Detection<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">RT-PCR is a very sensitive method that can detect mumps genome sequences in clinical samples.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It can detect the virus in many clinical samples that have negative results in virus isolation attempts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">RT-PCR assays can identify virus strains and provide useful information in epidemiologic studies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Serology<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Simple detection of mumps antibody is not adequate to diagnose an infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rather, an antibody rise can be demonstrated using paired sera: a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer is evidence of mumps infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The ELISA or HI test is commonly used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Antibodies against the HN protein are neutralizing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ELISA can be designed to detect either mumps-specific IgM antibody or mumps-specific IgG antibody.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps IgM is uniformly present early in the illness and seldom persists longer than 60 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Therefore, demonstration of mumps specific IgM in serum drawn early in illness strongly suggests recent infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatment-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Treatment of Mumps Virus <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is no specific therapy for mumps virus.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prevention-and-control-of-mumps-virus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Prevention and control of Mumps Virus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1487\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Prevention-and-control-of-Mumps-Virus.jpg\" alt=\"Prevention and control of Mumps Virus\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Prevention-and-control-of-Mumps-Virus.jpg 960w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Prevention-and-control-of-Mumps-Virus-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Prevention-and-control-of-Mumps-Virus-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prevention through an effective vaccination program is the rational approach to the control of mumps.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Immunization with attenuated live mumps virus vaccine is the best approach to reducing mumps-associated morbidity and mortality rates.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The use of live attenuated mumps virus vaccines has caused a remarkable decline in the incidence of mumps and related sequelae of wild-type infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some, but not very reliable, protection can be given by passive immunization, which may prevent severe orchitis even when given at the stage of parotitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps vaccine, based on the <em>Jeryl Lynn <\/em>or <em>Urabe <\/em>strains, has been available as a monovalent vaccine for some time, particularly in the USA, but is now widely incorporated into the triple MMR vaccine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All three components are live-attenuated viruses, and the mumps component induces good antibody levels, lasting long enough to suggest that the recipients will not become susceptible as adults.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An effective attenuated live-virus vaccine made in chick embryo cell culture was licensed in the United States in 1967.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It produces a subclinical, noncommunicable infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mumps vaccine is available in combination with measles and rubella (MMR) live-virus vaccines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Combination live-virus vaccines produce antibodies to each of the viruses in about 78\u201395% of vaccinees.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is no increased risk of aseptic meningitis after MMR vaccination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Two doses of MMR vaccine are recommended for school entry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Control measures for mumps must be primarily directed at prevention.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1489\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mumps-Virus.jpg\" alt=\"Mumps Virus\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mumps-Virus.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mumps-Virus-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mumps-Virus-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Structure of Mumps Virus Mumps virions are markedly pleomorphic (100 to 600 nm), and roughly spherical with an outer membrane that envelops an inner, coiled helical structure. The envelope which &#8230; <a title=\"Mumps Virus- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mumps-virus\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Mumps Virus- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1489,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[2999,5670,2988,201],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Mumps-Virus.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":2,"name":"Virology","slug":"virology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Virology is a branch of natural science that deals with the biology of viruses and viral diseases, along with the biochemistry, occurrence, pathogenesis, life cycle, ecology, and evolution of viruses and virus-like particles.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses and viral diseases have been at the focus of science, agriculture, and medicine for a long time, and some of the greatest challenges and triumphs in science have involved virology like the eradication of smallpox.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is an important clinical science that deals with diseases of new emerging viruses and viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The importance of virology has been observed throughout time in the form of viral outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is a reasonably difficult discipline due to the complex nature of viruses. Viruses are obligatory parasites that require living cells for growth which makes it difficult to culture them in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these are minute particles that cannot be seen through a compound microscope. These are also comparatively more pathogenic, resulting in deadly diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All of these difficulties has made extensive research on viruses and viral diseases quite challenging.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, modern science has made significant advancements in microscopy and other techniques that have made the observation and culture of viruses on artificial surfaces possible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the initial attention of virologists were focused on viruses as disease-causing agents, and great progress continues to be made in this area.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Many acute viral infections are prevented or controlled in much of the world through vaccination and other public health measures.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has also been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recognized that viral infections cause a substantial fraction of the world's cancer burden, most commonly hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus infections, both of which can be prevented by vaccination.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses also cause severe diseases in plants and livestock, which include viruses like TMV.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond their medical and agricultural importance, numerous studies done on viral replication have provided important information on the mechanism of viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology continues to focus on clinical science in order to discover the nature of viral gene products, their application as <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vaccines-introduction-and-types\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaccines<\/a>, and as antimicrobial agents.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":50,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":2,"category_count":50,"category_description":"<strong>Virology is a branch of natural science that deals with the biology of viruses and viral diseases, along with the biochemistry, occurrence, pathogenesis, life cycle, ecology, and evolution of viruses and virus-like particles.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses and viral diseases have been at the focus of science, agriculture, and medicine for a long time, and some of the greatest challenges and triumphs in science have involved virology like the eradication of smallpox.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is an important clinical science that deals with diseases of new emerging viruses and viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The importance of virology has been observed throughout time in the form of viral outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is a reasonably difficult discipline due to the complex nature of viruses. Viruses are obligatory parasites that require living cells for growth which makes it difficult to culture them in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these are minute particles that cannot be seen through a compound microscope. These are also comparatively more pathogenic, resulting in deadly diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All of these difficulties has made extensive research on viruses and viral diseases quite challenging.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, modern science has made significant advancements in microscopy and other techniques that have made the observation and culture of viruses on artificial surfaces possible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the initial attention of virologists were focused on viruses as disease-causing agents, and great progress continues to be made in this area.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Many acute viral infections are prevented or controlled in much of the world through vaccination and other public health measures.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has also been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recognized that viral infections cause a substantial fraction of the world's cancer burden, most commonly hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus infections, both of which can be prevented by vaccination.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses also cause severe diseases in plants and livestock, which include viruses like TMV.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond their medical and agricultural importance, numerous studies done on viral replication have provided important information on the mechanism of viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology continues to focus on clinical science in order to discover the nature of viral gene products, their application as <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vaccines-introduction-and-types\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaccines<\/a>, and as antimicrobial agents.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Virology","category_nicename":"virology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1484"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1484"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1484\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1484"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1484"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}