{"id":1470,"date":"2023-10-17T10:06:54","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T04:21:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=1470"},"modified":"2023-10-17T10:06:57","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T04:21:57","slug":"alpha-oxidation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/","title":{"rendered":"Alpha Oxidation: Location, Pathway, Steps, Significance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>According to the field of biochemistry, numerous metabolic pathways regulate the disintegration and use of different compounds inside living organisms. One of these routes, alpha oxidation, is essential for the metabolism of specific <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/fatty-acids\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"41553\">fatty acids<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This note aims to give readers a thorough grasp of alpha oxidation by going through its relevance, location, process, stages, terminology, and related disorders. We may understand the significance of alpha oxidation in cellular metabolism by looking into these factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#what-is-alpha-oxidation\" title=\"What is Alpha Oxidation?\">What is Alpha Oxidation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#location-of-alpha-oxidation\" title=\"Location of Alpha Oxidation\">Location of Alpha Oxidation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#the-pathway-of-alpha-oxidation\" title=\"The Pathway of Alpha Oxidation\">The Pathway of Alpha Oxidation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#1-activation\" title=\"1. Activation&nbsp;&nbsp;\">1. Activation&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#2-hydration\" title=\"2. Hydration\">2. Hydration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#3-oxidation\" title=\"3. Oxidation\">3. Oxidation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#4-thiolysis\" title=\"4. Thiolysis\">4. Thiolysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#reactions-in-alpha-oxidation\" title=\"Reactions in Alpha Oxidation\">Reactions in Alpha Oxidation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#step-1-activation\" title=\"Step 1: Activation\">Step 1: Activation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#step-2-hydration\" title=\"Step 2: Hydration\">Step 2: Hydration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#step-3-oxidation\" title=\"Step 3: Oxidation\">Step 3: Oxidation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#step-4-thiolysis\" title=\"Step 4: Thiolysis\">Step 4: Thiolysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#significance-of-alpha-oxidation\" title=\"Significance of Alpha Oxidation\">Significance of Alpha Oxidation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#alpha-oxidation-associated-diseases\" title=\"Alpha Oxidation Associated Diseases\">Alpha Oxidation Associated Diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-alpha-oxidation\"><\/span><strong>What is Alpha Oxidation?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Alpha-oxidation is the oxidation of fatty acid (methyl group at beta carbon) by removing one carbon unit adjacent to the \u03b1-carbon from the carboxylic end.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The carbon unit is removed in the form of CO<sub>2.<\/sub><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Alpha oxidation occurs in those fatty acids that have a methyl group (-CH<sub>3<\/sub>) at the beta-carbon, which blocks beta-oxidation.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is no production of ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A metabolic process known as &#8220;alpha oxidation&#8221; is in charge of breaking down certain fatty acids that include a methyl group at the alpha carbon position.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peroxisomes, subcellular organelles in charge of several metabolic functions, are where it is most commonly found.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In contrast to <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/beta-oxidation-of-fatty-acid\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1075\">beta-oxidation<\/a>, which occurs in <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/mitochondria\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"40804\">mitochondria<\/a>, alpha oxidation offers a different pathway for the oxidation of fatty acids with certain structural characteristics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Alpha-Oxidation.jpg\" alt=\"Alpha Oxidation\" class=\"wp-image-1472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Alpha-Oxidation.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Alpha-Oxidation-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Alpha-Oxidation-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Alpha Oxidation. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/themedicalbiochemistrypage.org\/lipolysis-and-the-oxidation-of-fatty-acids\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/themedicalbiochemistrypage.org\/lipolysis-and-the-oxidation-of-fatty-acids\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">themedicalbiochemistrypage<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alpha_oxidation.svg\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alpha_oxidation.svg\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">SlothMcCarty<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"location-of-alpha-oxidation\"><\/span><strong>Location of <strong>Alpha Oxidation<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Peroxisomes are where alpha oxidation takes place.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/peroxisomes-structure-and-functions\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"2446\">Peroxisomes<\/a> are membrane-bound organelles that are present in eukaryotic cells and are essential for the metabolism of lipids. Enzymes for the degradation of different substances, including fatty acids, are present in these organelles. The importance of alpha oxidation in these organs is highlighted by the presence of peroxisomes in certain tissues, such as the liver and kidney.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-pathway-of-alpha-oxidation\"><\/span><strong>The Pathway of <strong>Alpha Oxidation<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The alpha oxidation pathway involves a series of enzymatic reactions that ultimately lead to the breakdown of fatty acids. The main steps of this pathway include activation, hydration, oxidation, and thiolysis. These sequential reactions work synergistically to convert fatty acids into smaller molecules, which can be utilized for energy production or other metabolic processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-activation\"><\/span><strong>1. Activation&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The fatty acid molecule is activated and prepared for further degradation. The fatty acid first undergoes activation by the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reaction involves the attachment of Coenzyme A (CoA) to the fatty acid, resulting in the formation of fatty acyl-CoA.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This process requires the input of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is hydrolyzed to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The fatty acyl-CoA is now primed for the subsequent steps of the alpha oxidation pathway.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-hydration\"><\/span><strong>2. Hydration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>After activation, the fatty acyl-CoA undergoes hydration, which introduces a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the alpha carbon position of the molecule.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The enzyme adds a water molecule across the double bond in the fatty acyl-CoA, resulting in the formation of a hydroxyl group.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The product of this step is known as 2-hydroxy acyl-CoA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-oxidation\"><\/span><strong>3. Oxidation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In the oxidation step, the hydroxyl group introduced in the previous step is oxidized, leading to the formation of a keto group (=O) at the alpha carbon position.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction is facilitated by the enzyme 2-hydroxy acyl-CoA lyase.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The enzyme catalyzes the removal of water from the 2-hydroxy acyl-CoA, resulting in the formation of an alpha-ketoacyl-CoA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-thiolysis\"><\/span><strong>4. Thiolysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The final step of the alpha oxidation pathway is thiolysis, where the alpha-ketoacyl-CoA is cleaved into acetyl-CoA and a shortened acyl-CoA molecule.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reaction is mediated by the enzyme thiolase. The enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of the alpha-ketoacyl-CoA using Coenzyme A-SH (CoA-SH) as a nucleophile.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As a result, acetyl-CoA is released, while the remaining acyl-CoA molecule is shortened by one carbon atom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reactions-in-alpha-oxidation\"><\/span><strong>Reactions in <strong>Alpha Oxidation<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The reactions in the alpha oxidation pathway play a crucial role in breaking down specific fatty acids. These reactions involve the activation of fatty acids, followed by the introduction of a hydroxyl group, oxidation, and subsequent cleavage. The overall result is the generation of acetyl-CoA, which can be utilized for energy production through the citric acid cycle or other metabolic pathways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-1-activation\"><\/span><strong>Step 1: Activation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Reaction: Fatty acid + CoA + ATP \u2192 Fatty acyl-CoA + AMP + PPi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Enzyme: Acyl-CoA synthetase<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-2-hydration\"><\/span><strong>Step 2: Hydration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Reaction: Fatty acyl-CoA + H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Enzyme: Enoyl-CoA hydratase<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-3-oxidation\"><\/span><strong>Step 3: Oxidation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Reaction: 2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA \u2192 \u03b1-Ketoacyl-CoA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Enzyme: 2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"step-4-thiolysis\"><\/span><strong>Step 4: Thiolysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Reaction: \u03b1-Ketoacyl-CoA + CoA-SH \u2192 Acetyl-CoA + Shortened acyl-CoA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Enzyme: Thiolase<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These reactions occur sequentially and are catalyzed by specific enzymes, leading to the degradation of fatty acids and the generation of acetyl-CoA, which can be further utilized in various metabolic pathways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"891\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Reactions-Involved-phytanic-acid.jpg\" alt=\"Reactions Involved phytanic acid\" class=\"wp-image-1471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Reactions-Involved-phytanic-acid.jpg 700w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Reactions-Involved-phytanic-acid-236x300.jpg 236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure: Reactions Involved phytanic acid. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/themedicalbiochemistrypage.org\/lipolysis-and-the-oxidation-of-fatty-acids\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/themedicalbiochemistrypage.org\/lipolysis-and-the-oxidation-of-fatty-acids\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">themedicalbiochemistrypage<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"significance-of-alpha-oxidation\"><\/span><strong>Significance of Alpha Oxidation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>For a number of reasons, alpha oxidation is crucial to cellular metabolism. First off, it gives fatty acids containing methyl groups at the alpha carbon position, which are ineligible for beta-oxidation, another route to breakdown.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This makes it possible to effectively break down certain fatty acids that cannot be metabolized via the traditional pathway.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additionally, the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids like phytanic acid and pristanic acid depends heavily on alpha oxidation.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These branched-chain fatty acids are frequently discovered in food sources including dairy goods and specific kinds of meat. The appropriate breakdown of these fatty acids is ensured by alpha oxidation, which also avoids their buildup, which might result in metabolic problems.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additionally, alpha oxidation helps in the creation of significant substances like bile acids.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The breakdown and absorption of dietary lipids depend heavily on bile acids. In order to ensure appropriate fat digestion and absorption, the alpha oxidation pathway contributes to the production of intermediate intermediates that are used in the synthesis of bile acids.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additionally, the metabolism of several poisons and xenobiotics involves alpha oxidation. For instance, phytanic acid, a byproduct of alpha oxidation, can be obtained through food or produced internally from chlorophyll breakdown products.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The buildup of phytanic acid can result in Refsum disease, a syndrome marked by neurological and visual deficits, in people with poor alpha oxidation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"alpha-oxidation-associated-diseases\"><\/span><strong><strong>Alpha Oxidation<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>Associated Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Numerous metabolic diseases can be caused by alpha oxidation-related enzyme shortages or defects.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One such condition is the previously described Refsum illness, which is brought on by a lack of the alpha oxidation enzyme phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This causes phytanic acid to build up and causes neurological and visual problems.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The uncommon genetic ailment Zellweger syndrome, which is characterized by the lack or malfunction of peroxisomes, is another condition connected to alpha oxidation.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People with Zellweger syndrome have poor alpha oxidation since peroxisomes are the main location for alpha oxidation, which leads to the buildup of fatty acids and other metabolic problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The breakdown of certain fatty acids within peroxisomes is carried out via the essential metabolic route known as alpha oxidation. It gives fatty acids with methyl groups at the alpha carbon position a different pathway for oxidation. The process of alpha oxidation breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules like acetyl-CoA, which can be used to synthesize vital chemicals or provide energy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The importance of alpha oxidation can be attributed to its capacity to metabolize branched-chain fatty acids, support the production of bile acids, and participate in the breakdown of toxins and xenobiotics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, metabolic illnesses like Refsum disease and Zellweger syndrome can result from flaws or deficits in the enzymes involved in alpha oxidation. Understanding the intricacies of alpha oxidation enhances our knowledge of cellular metabolism and the role of peroxisomes in lipid metabolism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Further research in this field can shed light on potential therapeutic strategies for managing metabolic disorders associated with alpha oxidation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Casteels, Minne. &#8220;alpha-Oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids: unraveling of a pathway.&#8221; Verhandelingen-Koninklijke Academie Voor Geneeskunde van Belgie 68.3 (2006): 199-221.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alpha Oxidation of Fatty Acids &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/byjus.com\/neet\/alpha-oxidation-of-fatty-acids\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/byjus.com\/neet\/alpha-oxidation-of-fatty-acids\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wanders, Ronald JA, and Hans R. Waterham. &#8220;Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies.&#8221; Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research 1763.12 (2006): 1707-1720.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ferdinandusse, Sacha, and Sander M. Houten. &#8220;Peroxisomes and bile acid biosynthesis.&#8221; Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research 1763.12 (2006): 1427-1440.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Smith, C. M., Marks, A. D., Lieberman, M. A., Marks, D. B., &amp; Marks, D. B. (2005).&nbsp;Marks&#8217; basic medical biochemistry: A clinical approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology\/alpha-oxidation<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/AnupShamsherBudhatho\/fatty-acid-oxidation-beta-alpha-omega-and-peroxisomal<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_oxidation<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rodwell, V. W., Botham, K. M., Kennelly, P. J., Weil, P. A., &amp; Bender, D. A. (2015).&nbsp;Harper&#8217;s illustrated biochemistry&nbsp;(30th ed.). New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education LLC.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to the field of biochemistry, numerous metabolic pathways regulate the disintegration and use of different compounds inside living organisms. One of these routes, alpha oxidation, is essential for the &#8230; <a title=\"Alpha Oxidation: Location, Pathway, Steps, Significance\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/alpha-oxidation\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Alpha Oxidation: Location, Pathway, Steps, Significance\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":1472,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1553],"tags":[2956,2961,2960,2964,2963,2959,2958,2962,2957,1925],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Alpha-Oxidation.jpg","author":{"name":"Nidhi Dewangan","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/249d2566ee26a7842c0c6fa23466432f?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":1553,"name":"Biochemistry","slug":"biochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1553,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":157,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1553,"category_count":157,"category_description":"<strong>Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, composition, and metabolism of biomolecules found in different living organisms.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also termed \u2018biological chemistry\u2019 as it deals with the chemistry of life that utilizes techniques from analytical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolic processes in living beings are composed of catabolic and anabolic processes. Both of these processes involve metabolic reactions involving biochemical compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry is also used in techniques that help to understand the interactions, metabolism, and functions of biomolecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Important biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid, vitamins, etc. are essential structural and physiological components of living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The study of the biochemical composition of living beings is important as it helps to understand the molecular mechanisms of various biochemical phenomena like respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The findings of these studies, in turn, can be applied in industries, nutrition, medicine, and agriculture for different purposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The rate of biochemical reactions, enzymes, and the concentration of substrates and products give essential information about the organism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical reactions form the basis of biochemical testing that is used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms into different groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results of studies involving different biochemical tests can be applied for the production of pharmaceutical products that selectively inhibit certain metabolic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Techniques in biochemistry have been increasingly combined with techniques from other fields like agriculture, genetic, molecular biology, and biophysics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemistry also allows the understanding of nutritional requirements for different living organisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical compounds have been increasingly used even for the diagnosis of different diseases like diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The determination of the genetic composition of living beings is also a part of biochemistry which helps in genetic studies and diagnosis of genetic diseases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biochemical analysis of different biomolecules assists in the study relating to the origin and evolution of living beings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An understanding of different biochemical processes helps to understand the complexity of different groups of living beings and their relationship with one another.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Biochemistry","category_nicename":"biochemistry","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1470"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1470"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1470\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1470"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1470"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1470"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}