{"id":1421,"date":"2022-01-19T08:09:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-19T02:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=1421"},"modified":"2022-04-21T01:12:07","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T19:27:07","slug":"paper-chromatography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/","title":{"rendered":"Paper Chromatography- Definition, Types, Principle, Steps, Uses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#what-is-paper-chromatography\" title=\"What is Paper Chromatography?\">What is Paper Chromatography?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#types-of-paper-chromatography\" title=\"Types of Paper chromatography\">Types of Paper chromatography<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#paper-adsorption-chromatography\" title=\"Paper Adsorption Chromatography\">Paper Adsorption Chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#paper-partition-chromatography\" title=\"Paper Partition Chromatography\">Paper Partition Chromatography<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#principle-of-paper-chromatography\" title=\"Principle of Paper chromatography\">Principle of Paper chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#instrumentation-of-paper-chromatography\" title=\"Instrumentation of Paper chromatography \">Instrumentation of Paper chromatography <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#steps-in-paper-chromatography\" title=\"Steps in Paper Chromatography\">Steps in Paper Chromatography<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#selection-of-solid-support\" title=\"Selection of Solid Support\">Selection of Solid Support<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#selection-of-mobile-phase\" title=\" Selection of Mobile Phase\"> Selection of Mobile Phase<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#saturation-of-tank\" title=\" Saturation of Tank\"> Saturation of Tank<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#sample-preparation-and-loading\" title=\" Sample Preparation and Loading\"> Sample Preparation and Loading<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#development-of-the-chromatogram\" title=\" Development of the Chromatogram \"> Development of the Chromatogram <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#drying-of-chromatogram\" title=\" Drying of Chromatogram\"> Drying of Chromatogram<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#detection\" title=\" Detection\"> Detection<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#rf-values\" title=\"Rf values \">Rf values <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#applications-of-paper-chromatography\" title=\"Applications of Paper Chromatography\">Applications of Paper Chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#advantages-of-paper-chromatography\" title=\"Advantages of Paper Chromatography\">Advantages of Paper Chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#limitations-of-paper-chromatography\" title=\"Limitations of Paper Chromatography\">Limitations of Paper Chromatography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><strong>What is Paper Chromatography?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Paper chromatography (PC) is a type of planar <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/chromatography-principle-types-and-applications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromatography<\/a> whereby chromatography procedures are run on a specialized paper.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">PC is considered to be the simplest and most widely used of the chromatographic techniques because of its applicability to isolation, identification, and quantitative determination of organic and inorganic compounds.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It was first introduced by German scientist Christian Friedrich Schonbein (1865).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Paper-Chromatography.jpg\" alt=\"Paper Chromatography\" class=\"wp-image-1423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Paper-Chromatography.jpg 800w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Paper-Chromatography-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Paper-Chromatography-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Types of Paper chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"paper-adsorption-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Paper Adsorption Chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Paper impregnated with silica or alumina acts as adsorbent (stationary phase) and solvent as mobile phase.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"paper-partition-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Paper Partition Chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Moisture \/ Water present in the pores of cellulose fibers present in filter paper acts as stationary phase &amp; another mobile phase is used as solvent In general paper chromatography mostly refers to paper partition chromatography.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"principle-of-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Principle of Paper chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"813\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Principle-of-Paper-chromatography.jpeg\" alt=\"Principle of Paper chromatography\" class=\"wp-image-1422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Principle-of-Paper-chromatography.jpeg 813w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Principle-of-Paper-chromatography-300x185.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Principle-of-Paper-chromatography-768x472.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 813px) 100vw, 813px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The principle of separation is mainly partition rather than adsorption. Substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a <\/span>mobile phase. Cellulose layers in filter paper contain moisture which acts as a <span style=\"color: #000000;\">stationary phase. Organic solvents\/buffers are used as mobile phase. The developing solution travels up the stationary phase carrying the sample with it. Components of the sample will separate readily according to how strongly they adsorb onto the stationary phase versus how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"instrumentation-of-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Instrumentation of Paper chromatography <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Stationary phase &amp; papers used<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mobile phase<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Developing Chamber<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Detecting or Visualizing agents<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1. STATIONARY PHASE AND PAPERS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Whatman filter papers of different grades like No.1, No.2, No.3, No.4, No.20, No.40, No.42 etc<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In general the paper contains 98-99% of \u03b1-cellulose, 0.3 \u2013 1% \u03b2 -cellulose.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Other modified papers <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Acid or base washed filter paper<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Glass fiber type paper.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydrophilic Papers \u2013 Papers modified with methanol, formamide, glycol, glycerol etc.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydrophobic papers \u2013 acetylation of OH groups leads to hydrophobic nature, hence can be used for reverse phase chromatography.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Impregnation of silica, alumna, or ion exchange resins can also be made.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY MOBILE PHASE<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pure solvents, buffer solutions or mixture of solvents can be used.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Examples-<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydrophilic mobile phase<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isopropanol: ammonia:water 9:1:2<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Methanol : water 4:1<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">N-butanol : glacial acetic acid : water 4:1:5<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydrophobic mobile phases<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">dimethyl ether: cyclohexane kerosene : 70% isopropanol<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The commonly employed solvents are the polar solvents, but the choice depends on the nature of the substance to be separated.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If pure solvents do not give satisfactory separation, a mixture of solvents of suitable polarity may be applied.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3. CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHAMBER<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chromatographic chambers are made up of many materials like glass, plastic or <a href=\"https:\/\/atlanticaspiration.com\/welding-stainless-steel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stainless steel<\/a>. Glass tanks are preferred most.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">They are available invarious dimensional size depending upon paper length and development type.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chamber atmosphere should be saturated with solvent vapor.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"steps-in-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Steps in Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In paper chromatography, the sample mixture is applied to a piece of filter paper, the edge of the paper is immersed in a solvent, and the solvent moves up the paper by capillary action. The basic steps include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"selection-of-solid-support\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Selection of Solid Support<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fine quality cellulose paper with defined porosity, high resolution, negligible diffusion of the sample, and favoring good rate of movement of solvent.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\"><li><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"selection-of-mobile-phase\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Selection of Mobile Phase<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Different combinations of organic and inorganic solvents may be used depending on the analyte.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Example.<\/strong> Butanol: Acetic acid: Water (12:3:5) is a suitable solvent for separating amino acids.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\"><li><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"saturation-of-tank\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Saturation of Tank<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The inner wall of the tank is wrapped with <\/span>filter paper before the <span style=\"color: #000000;\">solvent is placed in the tank to achieve better resolution.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\"><li><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sample-preparation-and-loading\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Sample Preparation and Loading<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If the solid sample is used, it is dissolved in a suitable solvent. Sample (2-20ul) is added on the baseline as a spot using a micropipette and air dried to prevent the diffusion.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\"><li><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"development-of-the-chromatogram\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Development of the Chromatogram <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sample loaded filter paper is dipped carefully into the solvent not more than a height of 1 cm and waited until the solvent front reaches near the edge of the paper.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Different types of development techniques can be used:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ASCENDING DEVELOPMENT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Like conventional type, the solvent flows against gravity.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The spots are kept at the bottom portion of paper and kept in a chamber with mobile phase solvent at the bottom.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>DESCENDING TYPE <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is carried out in a special chamber where the solvent holder is at the top.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The spot is kept at the top and the solvent flows down the paper.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this method solvent moves from top to bottom so it is called descending chromatography.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ASCENDING \u2013 DESCENDING DEVELOPMENT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A hybrid of above two techniques is called ascending-descending chromatography.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Only length of separation increased, first ascending takes place followed by descending.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>CIRCULAR \/ RADIAL DEVELOPMENT <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Spot is kept at the centre of a circular paper.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The solvent flows through a wick at the centre &amp; spreads in all directions uniformly.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"6\"><li><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"drying-of-chromatogram\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Drying<\/strong> <strong>of Chromatogram<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">After the development, the solvent front is marked and left to dry in a dry cabinet or oven.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"7\"><li><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"detection\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> Detection<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Colorless<\/span> analytes were detected by staining with reagents such as iodine vapor, ninhydrin,<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Radiolabeled and fluorescently labeled analytes were <\/span>detected by measuring radioactivity and fluorescence<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> respectively.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"rf-values\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>R<sub>f<\/sub> values <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some compounds in a mixture travel almost as far as the solvent does; some stay much closer to the baseline<\/span>. The distance traveled<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> relative to the solvent is a constant for a particular compound as long as other parameters such as the type of paper and the exact composition of the solvent are constant. The distance traveled relative to the solvent is called the Rf value.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"849\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Rf-values.jpg\" alt=\"Rf values\" class=\"wp-image-1424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Rf-values.jpg 849w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Rf-values-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Rf-values-768x544.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thus, in order to obtain a measure of the extent of movement of a component in a paper chromatography experiment, \u201cRf value\u201d is calculated for each separated component in the developed&nbsp;chromatogram. An Rf value is a number that is defined as the distance traveled by the component from the application point.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"applications-of-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Applications of Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To check the control of purity of pharmaceuticals,<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For detection of adulterants,<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Detect the contaminants in foods and drinks,<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the study of ripening and fermentation,<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For the detection of drugs and dopes in animals &amp; humans<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In analysis of cosmetics<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis of the reaction mixtures in biochemical labs.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"advantages-of-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Advantages of Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Simple<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rapid<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Paper Chromatography requires very less quantitative material.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Paper Chromatography is cheaper compared to other chromatography methods.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Both unknown inorganic as well as organic compounds can be identified by paper chromatography method.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Paper chromatography does not occupy much space compared to other analytical methods or equipments.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Excellent resolving power<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"limitations-of-paper-chromatography\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Limitations of Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Large quantity of sample cannot be applied on paper chromatography.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In quantitative analysis paper chromatography is not effective.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complex mixture cannot be separated by paper chromatography.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Less Accurate compared to <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-hplc\/\">HPLC<\/a> or HPTLC<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/frndzzz.com\/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Paper-Chromatography<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/shaisejacob\/paper-chromatography-pptnew?next_slideshow=1<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/shaisejacob\/paper-chromatography-ppt-new<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/www.biochemden.com\/paper-chromatography\/<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/web.engr.oregonstate.edu\/~rochefow\/K-12%20Outreach%20Activities\/Microfluidics%20&amp;%20Pregnancy%20Test%20Kit%20Lab\/paper%20chromatography_Chemguide.pdf<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ac60051a002<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Paper Chromatography? Paper chromatography (PC) is a type of planar chromatography whereby chromatography procedures are run on a specialized paper. PC is considered to be the simplest and &#8230; <a title=\"Paper Chromatography- Definition, Types, Principle, Steps, Uses\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/paper-chromatography\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Paper Chromatography- Definition, Types, Principle, Steps, Uses\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2578],"tags":[2596,2607,2857,2856,2860,2850,2847,2859,2858,2861,2849,2853,2854,2855,2851,2852,2848,2862],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Paper-Chromatography.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":2578,"name":"Instrumentation","slug":"instrumentation","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2578,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Instrumentation is a collection of devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and test systems.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, the instrumentation is considered a part of biomedical engineering where the working mechanism and the parts of a system are studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation in biology or Bioinstrumentation is primarily concentrated on bringing the engineering and medical worlds together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Different devices like centrifuges and autoclaves that are common in biological laboratories are a part of the instrumentation. Studies done in instrumentations allow the understanding of the parts and working mechanisms of such devices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other important techniques include chromatography which is routinely performed in laboratories to separate biological systems, which are also equally important.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation is still an emerging discipline with new pieces of machinery still being produced for convenience in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The application of bio-instruments is not only limited to laboratories as modern agriculture makes use of bio-instruments to monitor and evaluate soil and to measure plant growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these instruments can also be used to determine the physiological activities of plants like the carbon dioxide trade rate, net photosynthesis, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Processes like electrophoresis make use of nucleic acids along with biosensors to compare the DNA sequences. This enables genetic testing and diagnosis of various diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic testing is heavily influenced by the progress made in instrumentation as new devices and techniques are discovered which makes the process faster, more accurate, and more reliable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As RT-PCR and blotting are considered advanced molecular diagnosis methods, disease diagnosis becomes faster and more accurate than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Determination of radioisotopes and concentration of a solution has been made easier with techniques like spectroscopy and colorimetry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the discipline continues to grow, the main focus of the field remains in the improvements of technology to make the medical processes faster and more efficient.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation, thus, is slowly becoming an integral part of all biological fields with new emerging new technology and the discovery of fast and reliable procedures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":64,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":2578,"category_count":64,"category_description":"<strong>Instrumentation is a collection of devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and test systems.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In biology, the instrumentation is considered a part of biomedical engineering where the working mechanism and the parts of a system are studies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation in biology or Bioinstrumentation is primarily concentrated on bringing the engineering and medical worlds together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Different devices like centrifuges and autoclaves that are common in biological laboratories are a part of the instrumentation. Studies done in instrumentations allow the understanding of the parts and working mechanisms of such devices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other important techniques include chromatography which is routinely performed in laboratories to separate biological systems, which are also equally important.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation is still an emerging discipline with new pieces of machinery still being produced for convenience in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The application of bio-instruments is not only limited to laboratories as modern agriculture makes use of bio-instruments to monitor and evaluate soil and to measure plant growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these instruments can also be used to determine the physiological activities of plants like the carbon dioxide trade rate, net photosynthesis, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Processes like electrophoresis make use of nucleic acids along with biosensors to compare the DNA sequences. This enables genetic testing and diagnosis of various diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic testing is heavily influenced by the progress made in instrumentation as new devices and techniques are discovered which makes the process faster, more accurate, and more reliable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As RT-PCR and blotting are considered advanced molecular diagnosis methods, disease diagnosis becomes faster and more accurate than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Determination of radioisotopes and concentration of a solution has been made easier with techniques like spectroscopy and colorimetry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the discipline continues to grow, the main focus of the field remains in the improvements of technology to make the medical processes faster and more efficient.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrumentation, thus, is slowly becoming an integral part of all biological fields with new emerging new technology and the discovery of fast and reliable procedures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Instrumentation","category_nicename":"instrumentation","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1421"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1421"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1421\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}