Online microbiology notes by SAGAR ARYAL
Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens For Diarrheal Disease Laboratories diagnose C. perfringens food poisoning by detecting a type of bacterial toxin in feces or by tests to determine the number of bacteria in the feces. A count of at least 106 C. perfringens spores per gram of stool within 48 hours of when the illness … Read moreClostridium perfringens- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
Acinetobacter baumannii- Pathogenicity and Clinical Features Acinetobacters are strictly aerobic, oxidase-negative, plump gram-negative coccobacilli which are ubiquitous saprophytes, recovered in nature and in the hospitals. They are opportunistic pathogens that cause infections in the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and wounds; they also cause septicemia. Acinetobacter is subdivided into two groups: glucose oxidizing species ( A. … Read moreAcinetobacter baumannii- Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Disease Prevention Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, those with risk factors for a disease or without the risk factors, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring. Treatment normally begins either before signs and symptoms of the disease occur, or shortly thereafter. Prevention includes a wide range of activities — … Read moreDisease Prevention
Introduction MacConkey Sorbitol Agar is based on the formulation described by Rappaport and Henigh. It is selective and differential media for the detection of sorbitol-nonfermenting Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis. E. coli serotype O157:H7 is a human pathogen associated with hemorrhagic colitis that results from the action of a Shiga-like toxin (SLT). … Read moreSorbitol MacConkey Agar
Cross-Sectional Study A cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time. It examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related states) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at a single … Read moreCross-Sectional Study
Theories of Disease A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. It is a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of … Read moreTheories of Disease
Epidemiology is the study of how the disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution. It is defined as “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems.” Information from epidemiologic studies … Read moreBranches of Epidemiology
Epidemiology- History, Objectives and Types Epidemiology, as defined by Last, is “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems”. Epidemiologists are concerned not only with death, illness, and disability, but also with more positive … Read moreEpidemiology- History, Objectives and Types
Laboratory Diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae In the setting of pneumonia, infection with K. pneumoniae is confirmed by either sputum culture analysis, blood culture analysis or midstream urine depending upon the illness. The presence of gram-negative rods in Gram-stained smears suggests Klebsiella; they maybe capsulated and non-sporing. Material is inoculated into blood agar and Mac Conkey agar … Read moreKlebsiella pneumoniae- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
For examination in June and November 2019, 2020 and 2021. Candidates for Cambridge International AS Level Biology study the following topics: 1 Cell structure 2 Biological molecules 3 Enzymes 4 Cell membranes and transport 5 The mitotic cell cycle 6 Nucleic acids and protein synthesis 7 Transport in plants 8 Transport in mammals 9 Gas … Read moreCambridge AS and A Level Biology Syllabus