Index 110 differences between genomics and proteomics12 Differences between antigen and antibody (Antigen vs Antibody)12 Differences between Pneumococcus and Viridans streptococci12 Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses)16 Differences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift17 Differences between B Cells and T Cells (B Cells vs T Cells)17 Differences between Meningitis and Encephalitis17 Differences between Serum and Plasma (Serum vs Plasma)19 Differences between Active Immunity and Passive Immunity19 Differences between cilia and flagella (cilia vs flagella)19 Differences between RBC and WBC (RBC vs WBC)220 Differences between Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated Immunity20 Differences between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus21 Difference between diarrhea and dysentery (diarrhea vs dysentery)21 Difference between O antigen and H antigen (O vs H antigen)22 Types of Spectroscopy with Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses23 Differences between DNA Replication and Transcription23 Differences between Yeasts and Molds (Yeasts vs Molds)24 Differences between Invertebrates and Vertebrates25 Differences between Anthrax bacilli and Anthracoid bacilli27 Differences between Arteries and Veins (Arteries vs Veins)28 Differences Between Bacteria and Virus (Bacteria vs Virus)29 Difference between exotoxins and endotoxins29 Differences between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity330 Differences between DNA and RNA (DNA vs RNA)31 Differences Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria32 Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis (Mitosis vs Meiosis)32 Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae33 Difference between enzymes and hormones (enzymes vs hormones)36 Differences between light and electron microscope3D Bioprinting- Definition, Principle, Process, Types, Applications44-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide (MUG) Test40 Differences between Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum47 Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes77 Types of RNA with Structure and Functions88 Differences between cytokines and chemokinesAAbiotic Factors- Definition, Types, Examples and ResponsesAbsorption vs Adsorption- Definition, 10 Major Differences, ExamplesAcetamide Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesAcetate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesAcid Fast Stain (Kinyoun-Cold Method)- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationAcid Fast Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result InterpretationAcinetobacter baumannii- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment and PreventionAcinetobacter baumannii- Pathogenicity and Clinical FeaturesAcree-Rosenheim Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesAcridine Orange Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationActin vs Myosin- Definition, 14 Major Differences, ExamplesActive Immunization- Advantages and DrawbacksActive Transport- Types and SignificanceActive vs passive transport- Definition, 18 Major Differences, ExamplesAcute disease vs Chronic disease- Definition, 13 Differences, ExamplesAdrenal Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, DisordersAerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Positive CocciAerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration- Definition, 11 Differences, ExamplesAffinity ChromatographyAgarose Gel ElectrophoresisAgglutination – definition, reactions and applicationsAgglutination vs Precipitation- Definition, 14 Major Differences, ExamplesAgrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer (Transformation) in PlantsAlbert Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Results, InterpretationAlkaline Peptone WaterAlpha OxidationAlternaria alternata- An OverviewAmensalism (Antagonism) Interaction- Definition, Types, ExamplesAmies Transport MediumAmino Acids- Properties, Structure, Classification and FunctionsAmphibians vs Reptiles- Definition, 15 Major Differences, ExamplesAnabolism vs Catabolism- Definition, 13 Key Differences, ExamplesAnaerobic Blood AgarAnaphase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Anaphase I, II)Anatomical Barriers of Immune System- Skin and MucusAngiosperm vs Gymnosperm- Definition, 27 Major Differences, ExamplesAnimal Cell Culture- Definition, Types, Cell Lines, Procedure, ApplicationsAnimal Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions and DiagramAnisocytosisANOVA- definition, one-way, two-way, table, examples, usesAnthrone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesAntibody- Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Classes, ApplicationsAntibody- Introduction, Structure and ClassesAntigen- Definition, Properties, Structure, Types, ExamplesAntimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)- Types and LimitationsAP Biology Course Description / Syllabus 2019-20Apoptosis- definition, pathways, assay, examples (vs Necrosis)Archaea vs Bacteria- Definition, 15 Major Differences, ExamplesAsexual vs Sexual Reproduction- Definition, 16 Differences, ExamplesAshdown’s AgarAspergillus clavatus- An OverviewAspergillus flavus- An OverviewAspergillus fumigatus- An OverviewAspergillus niger- An OverviewAtomic Force Microscope (AFM)Auramine- Rhodamine StainingAutoclave- definition, parts, principle, procedure, types, usesAutoimmune DiseaseAutotroph vs Heterotroph- Definition, 14 Major Differences, ExamplesAutotrophs- Definition, Types and 4 ExamplesBB cell (B lymphocyte)- Definition, Types, Development, ApplicationsBacillus anthracis- An OverviewBacillus cereus- An OverviewBacitracin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesBacteria vs Fungi- Definition, 21 Major Differences, ExamplesBacterial and Fungal Preservation MethodsBacterial Conjugation- Definition, Principle, Process, ExamplesBacterial Growth and Factors Affecting Growth of BacteriaBacterial growth curve and its significanceBacterial Growth Curve ProtocolBacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, ExamplesBacterial Transformation- definition, principle, steps, examplesBacteriophage- Definition, Structure, Life Cycles, Applications, Phage TherapyBaird Parker AgarBarfoed’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesBasophils- Definition, Structure, Immunity and FunctionsBeer-Lambert LawBenedict’s Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, ResultsBergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and Determinative BacteriologyBeta (β) Lactamase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, ResultsBeta-Lactamase and Ambler classificationBeta-oxidation of Fatty AcidBial’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesBile Esculin AgarBile Esculin Test- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationBile Esculin Test- Principle, procedure, results, uses, limitationsBile Solubility Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, UsesBinary Fission- definition, steps, types, examples (vs mitosis)Biochemical Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosisBiochemical Test of Acinetobacter baumanniiBiochemical Test of Actinomyces israeliiBiochemical Test of Actinomyces israeliiBiochemical Test of Aeromonas caviaeBiochemical Test of Aeromonas hydrophilaBiochemical Test of Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalisBiochemical Test of Bacillus anthracisBiochemical Test of Bacillus cereusBiochemical Test of Bacillus subtilisBiochemical Test of BacteriaBiochemical Test of Bacteroides fragilisBiochemical Test of Bifidobacterium bifidumBiochemical Test of Bordetella pertussisBiochemical Test of Brucella melitensisBiochemical Test of Burkholderia cepaciaBiochemical Test of Burkholderia pseudomalleiBiochemical Test of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetusBiochemical Test of Campylobacter jejuniBiochemical Test of Chlamydia trachomatisBiochemical test of Citrobacter freundiiBiochemical Test of Clostridium botulinumBiochemical Test of Clostridium difficileBiochemical Test of Clostridium perfringensBiochemical Test of Clostridium tetaniBiochemical Test of Corynebacterium diphtheriaeBiochemical Test of Edwardsiella tardaBiochemical Test of Enterobacter aerogenesBiochemical Test of Enterobacter cloacaeBiochemical Test of Enterococcus faecalisBiochemical Test of Enterococcus faeciumBiochemical Test of Escherichia coli (E. coli)Biochemical Test of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensisBiochemical Test of Fusobacterium necrophorumBiochemical Test of Gardnerella vaginalisBiochemical Test of Haemophilus aegyptiusBiochemical Test of Haemophilus influenzaeBiochemical Test of Haemophilus parainfluenzaeBiochemical Test of Hafnia alveiBiochemical Test of Helicobacter pyloriBiochemical Test of Kingella kingaeBiochemical Test of Klebsiella granulomatisBiochemical Test of Klebsiella oxytocaBiochemical Test of Klebsiella pneumoniaeBiochemical Test of Lactobacillus spp.Biochemical Test of Listeria monocytogenesBiochemical Test of Mycobacterium tuberculosisBiochemical Test of Neisseria gonorrhoeaeBiochemical Test of Proteus mirabilisBiochemical Test of Providencia stuartiiBiochemical Test of Pseudomonas aeruginosaBiochemical Test of Salmonella TyphiBiochemical Test of Serratia marcescensBiochemical Test of Shigella flexneriBiochemical Test of Staphylococcus aureusBiochemical Test of Staphylococcus epidermidisBiochemical Test of Streptococcus agalactiaeBiochemical Test of Streptococcus canisBiochemical Test of Streptococcus mutansBiochemical Test of Streptococcus pneumoniaeBiochemical Test of Streptococcus pyogenesBiochemical Test of Vibrio choleraeBiochemical Test of Yersinia pestisBioinformatics- Introduction and ApplicationsBiological Databases- Types and ImportanceBiology of the B LymphocyteBioremediationBiosafety Cabinets- Definition, Classes (I, II, III) and TypesBiosafety Levels (BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3 and BSL-4)Biotic Factors- Definition, Types, Examples and Factors AffectingBiotic vs Abiotic Factors- Definition, 10 Major Differences, ExamplesBird Seed AgarBismuth Sulphite Agar (BSA)Biuret Test for ProteinBlastocyst- Stages, SignificanceBlastomyces dermatitidis- An OverviewBlood Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Uses and HemolysisBlood Cells- Definition and Types with Structure and FunctionsBone Marrow- Types, Structure and FunctionsBone vs Cartilage- Definition, 15 Major Differences, ExamplesBordetella pertussis- An OverviewBrain Heart Infusion (BHI) AgarBrain Lipid Extraction ProtocolBranches of EpidemiologyBreast- Definition, Structure, Functions and Breast CancerBreathing vs Respiration- Definition, 15 Major Differences, ExamplesBrightfield Microscope (Compound Light Microscope)Brilliant Green AgarBrucella AgarBuffer and Extraction BufferBuffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE)Buffy Coat- Definition, Preparation, UsesButyrate Disk Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses, LimitationsCCalcofluor White StainingCambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2019-2021Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024CAMP Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses, LimitationsCampylobacter Blood Agar (CVA)Candida albicans- An OverviewCandida glabrata- An OverviewCandida parapsilosis- An OverviewCandida tropicalis- An OverviewCandidiasis and types of CandidiasisCapsule Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationCarbohydrate Fermentation Test | Sugar Fermentation TestCarbohydrates – Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, PolysaccharidesCarbohydrates- definition, structure, types, examples, functionsCarbon Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human ImpactsCary Blair Transport MediumCase-Control StudyCasein Hydrolysis TestCatalase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, UsesCBSE Class 11 Biology Syllabus (2020-2021)CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus (2020-2021)Cell (Plasma) Membrane- Structure, Composition, FunctionsCell Cycle- Definition, Phases, Regulation and CheckpointsCell Disruption MethodsCell Fusion- Types and SignificanceCell Organelles- Structure and Functions with labeled diagramCell proliferation- Definition, assay, differentiation, diseasesCell Wall (Plant, Fungal, Bacterial)- Structure and FunctionsCell wall synthesis inhibitors- Definition, Examples, Inhibition, ResistanceCells of the immune systemCellular Respiration- Definition, Equations, Types, Steps, ProductsCelsius scale vs Fahrenheit scale- Definition, 10 Major Differences, ExamplesCentral Dogma- Replication, Transcription, TranslationCentrifugal force- definition, formula, Principle, Examples (vs Centripetal force)Centrifugation- Principle, Types and ApplicationsCentrioles- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramCetrimide AgarCetrimide Agar Test- Principle, Procedures, Results, UsesCharacteristic of Genetic CodeCharacteristics of FungiCharacteristics of Invertebrates with examplesCharcoal Selective MediumChemical methods of sterilization- Gaseous and LiquidChi-square testChlorophyll- Definition, Structure, Types, Biosynthesis, UsesChloroplasts- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramChloroquine- Definition, Properties, Uses, Mechanism of action, Side effectsChocolate AgarCholesterol structure and synthesisCHROMagar (Rambach Agar)Chromatography- definition, principle, types, applicationsChromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis)- An OverviewChromosomal Mutation- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Types, ExamplesChromosome vs Chromatid- Definition, 11 Major Differences, ExamplesChromosome- Structure, Types and FunctionsChromosomes- Abnormalities and DisordersCilia and Flagella- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramCilia- Definition, Structure, Formation, Types, Functions, ExamplesCitrate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesCladogram- definition, features, parts, examples (vs Phylogram)Class 11 Biology (Botany + Zoology) Syllabus 2020 (Nepal)Class 12 Biology (Botany + Zoology) Syllabus 2020 (Nepal)Classical Pathway of Complement ActivationClassification of BacteriaClassification of Bacteria on the basis of NutritionClassification of FungiClassification of Phylum ProtozoaClassification of ProtozoaClassification of virusClinical manifestation and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenesClinical manifestation and Pathogenicity of Bacillus cereusCloning VectorsClostridium perfringens- An OverviewClostridium perfringens- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, PreventionClostridium perfringens- Pathogenesis, Clinical FeaturesCoagulase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, UsesCoccidioidomycosis- An OverviewCold-blooded vs Warm-blooded animals- Definition, 16 Differences, ExamplesCollagen Hybridizing Peptide StainingCollection and transport of stool specimensColtivirus- An OverviewColumbia Agar with 5% Sheep BloodColumn ChromatographyCommensalism Interaction- Definition, Types and ExamplesCommon mistakes in Proposal writingCommunicable vs non-communicable diseases- Definition, 17 Differences, ExamplesComparative Embryology- Principle, SignificanceCompetition Interaction- Definition and Types with ExamplesCompetitive ELISA Protocol and AnimationComplement Activation- Classical, Alternative and Lectin PathwaysComplement ComponentsComplement Fixation Test- Steps, Advantages and DisadvantagesComplement- Properties and NomenclatureCompound microscope- definition, labeled diagram, parts, usesConfocal MicroscopeConnective Tissue- definition, structure, cells, types, functions, diseasesCoomb’s Test- Direct and Indirect Coomb’s TestCoronavirus- An OverviewCounter Current ImmunoelectrophoresisCOVID-19 related free online courses with certificateCrimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus- An OverviewCross-Sectional StudyCryptococcus neoformans- An OverviewCultural and Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureusCultural Characteristics of Bacillus cereusCultural characteristics of Clostridium perfringensCultural Characteristics of E. coliCultural Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosisCulture media used in Microbiology with their usesCystine Glucose Blood AgarCystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) AgarCystine Tryptic AgarCytokines- Mechanism of action and FunctionsCytokinesis- Definition and Process (in animal and plant cells)Cytoplasm- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramCytoskeleton- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramCzapek’s Agar (CZA)DDarkfield Microscope- Definition, Principle and UsesData and its typesDe novo pyrimidine synthesisDecarboxylase Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesDegradation and DeteriorationDendritic Cells- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Types, FunctionsDeoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA)Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesDescriptive Studies- Types, Applications, Advantages, LimitationsDevelopment of Caenorhabditis elegansDevelopmental BiologyDexamethasone- Definition, properties, uses, interactions, side effectsDifferent forms of DNA- A form, B form, Z formDifferent Types of COVID-19 Tests with Advantages, LimitationsDigestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and FatsDigital MicroscopeDiploid vs Haploid- Definition, 12 Major Differences, ExamplesDirect Microscopic CountsDisease ControlDisease PreventionDiseases and Disorders of the female reproductive systemDiseases and disorders of the male reproductive systemDisorders and Diseases of the Human Digestive SystemDissecting microscope (Stereo or stereoscopic microscope)DNA Fingerprinting- Principle, Methods, ApplicationsDNA Ladders (1 kb, 1 kb plus, 100 bp, 100 bp plus) and UsesDNA Methylation- Definition, Principle, Significance, ControlDNA MicroarrayDNA Polymerase- definition, structure, types (vs RNA polymerase)DNA Replication- definition, enzymes, steps, mechanism, diagramDNA Sequencing- Maxam–Gilbert and Sanger Dideoxy MethodDNA Transcription (RNA Synthesis)- Article, Diagrams and VideoDNA- Structure, Properties, Types, Forms, FunctionsDrosophila Development- Stages, SignificanceEE. coli on m-Endo AgarE. coli Pathotypes- ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAECE. coli- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and ControlE. coli- Pathogenicity and Clinical ManifestationsEastern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, ApplicationsEbola Virus- An OverviewEgg Yolk AgarEhrlich Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesElectron microscope- definition, principle, types, uses, imagesElectron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images of SARS-CoV-2Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)- Principle, Instrumentation, ApplicationsElectron Transport Chain (ETC)- Components and StepsElectron transport chain- definition, components, steps, FAQsEmbryo TransferEndemic DiseasesEndo AgarEndocrine System- Definition, Glands, Hormones, Functions, DisordersEndocytosis and Exocytosis (Endocytosis vs Exocytosis)Endocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with ExamplesEndonuclease vs Exonuclease- Definition, 11 Major Differences, ExamplesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramEndospore Staining- Types, principle, procedure and InterpretationEnteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)Enterobacteriaceae Cultural CharacteristicsEnterococcus faecalis on CHROMagar Orientation MediumEnteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)Enzyme InhibitionEnzyme TechnologyEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)Enzymes- Properties, Classification and SignificanceEosin Methylene Blue (EMB) AgarEosinophils- Definition, Structure, Immunity and FunctionsEpiblast- Development and SignificanceEpidemic vs Pandemic with Definition and ExamplesEpidemic- Causes, Types, and ResponseEpidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, EnvironmentEpidemiological MarkersEpidemiology- History, Objectives and TypesEpidermophyton floccosum- An OverviewEpithelial Tissue – Definition, types, functions, examplesEpithelial tissue vs Connective tissue- Definition, 15 Differences, ExamplesEpsilometer test (E test)- Principle, Procedure, Results, AdvantagesError- Types, Sources and ControlEsbach Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesEscherichia coli (E. coli)- An OverviewEsculin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesEthanol MetabolismEukaryotic Cells- Definition, Characteristics, Structure, ExamplesEukaryotic DNA Isolation ProtocolEukaryotic DNA Replication- Features, Enzymes, Process, SignificanceEukaryotic TranscriptionEutrophication- Definition, Causes, Types, Process, ExamplesEvolutionary EmbryologyExocrine vs Endocrine Glands- Definition, 8 Differences, ExamplesExocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with ExamplesExperiments in support and against Spontaneous GenerationExtranuclear Inheritance- Cytoplasmic Factors and TypesFFacilitated Diffusion- definition, principle, factors, examplesFactors affecting bacterial pathogenicityFactors affecting ImmunogenicityFactors affecting the growth of microorganisms in foodFASTA and BLASTFat soluble vitamins- Vitamin A, D, E and KFatty Acid SynthesisFavipiravir- Definition, properties, uses, mechanism, side effectsFeedback Mechanism- Definition, Types, Process, Examples, ApplicationsFehling’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesField TrialsFields of MicrobiologyFive Kingdom System of Classification- Features and LimitationsFlagella and Pili (Fimbriae)Flagella Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationFlagella- Definition, Structure, Types, Arrangement, Functions, ExamplesFlora vs Fauna- Definition, 12 Major Differences, ExamplesFlow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, UsesFluid Mosaic ModelFluorescence Microscope from LEAM Solution IncFluorescence Microscopy- definition, principle, parts, usesFrameshift Mutation- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Applications, ExamplesFructose MetabolismFunctions of The Human Digestive SystemFusarium spp- An OverviewGGalactose MetabolismGamma-ray (γ-ray) SpectroscopyGas chromatography- definition, principle, working, usesGastrulation- Process, ConsequencesGel Filtration ChromatographyGel Permeation ChromatographyGelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, UsesGene Cloning- Requirements, Principle, Steps, ApplicationsGene ExpressionGene Prediction- Importance and MethodsGeneral Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology LaboratoryGenomicsGenus Spirogyra – An OverviewGiemsa Stain- Principle, Procedure, Results, InterpretationGlandular epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examplesGluconeogenesis- Steps, Reactions and SignificanceGlycogenesisGlycogenolysisGlycolysis- definition, equation, enzymes, 10 Steps with diagramGlycolysis- Steps, ATP generation and SignificanceGolgi Apparatus- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramGonads (Ovaries and Testes)- Definition, Structure, Hormones, FunctionsGram Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Steps, ResultsGram-negative bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibioticsGram-positive bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibioticsGram-positive cell wallGrocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver StainingGrowth at 42°C Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesHHabitat and Morphology of Acinetobacter baumanniiHabitat and Morphology of Chlamydia trachomatisHabitat and Morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriaeHabitat and Morphology of Gardnerella vaginalisHabitat and Morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniaeHabitat and Morphology of Listeria monocytogenesHabitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium lepraeHabitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosisHabitat and Morphology of Mycoplasma pneumoniaeHabitat and Morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeaeHabitat and Morphology of Shigella dysenteriaeHabitat and Morphology of Staphylococcus aureusHabitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniaeHabitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pyogenesHabitat of Bacillus cereusHabitat of Clostridium perfringensHabitat of E. coliHabitat vs Niche- Definition, 14 Major Differences, ExamplesHaeckel’s Three kingdom System of ClassificationHand washing steps and guidelines by WHO and CDC with videoHanta Virus- An OverviewHardy-Weinberg EquilibriumHeart Embryology- Development of the HeartHeart Infusion AgarHeat coagulation test of proteinsHektoen Enteric AgarHeller’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesHematoxylin and eosin stain (H and E stain or HE stain)Heme DegradationHeme SynthesisHemolysis of Streptococci- Types and Examples with ImagesHenderson Hasselbalch EquationHepatitis A Virus- An OverviewHepatitis C virus- An OverviewHepatitis E Virus- An OverviewHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)- An OverviewHeterochromatin vs Euchromatin- Definition, 16 Differences, ExamplesHeterotrophs- Definition and Types with 4 ExamplesHigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)Hippurate Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesHistory of MicrobiologyHomeostasis- Definition, Types, Examples, ApplicationsHomology Modeling- Working, Steps, and UsesHomozygous vs Heterozygous- Definition, 10 Differences, ExamplesHopkin’s Cole Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesHost-Parasite InteractionsHow these 26 things look like under the microscope (with diagrams)How to construct a Phylogenetic tree ?How viruses cause disease?Human Astrovirus- An OverviewHuman Cytomegalovirus- An OverviewHuman Embryo TransferHuman EmbryogenesisHuman Female Reproductive System- Organs, Structure, FunctionsHuman Male Reproductive System- Organs, Structure, FunctionsHydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Production TestHydroxychloroquine- Definition, characteristics, uses, side effects, interactionsHypersensitivity Type I, II, III and IV- Summary in table formHypersensitivity- Introduction, Causes, Mechanism and TypesIImmune Booster FoodsImmunoelectrophoresis- Principle, Procedure, Results and Applications, Advantages and LimitationsImmunofluorescenceImmunoglobulin A (IgA)- Structure, Subclasses and FunctionsImmunoglobulin D (IgD)- Structure and FunctionsImmunoglobulin E (IgE)- Structure and FunctionsImmunoglobulin G (IgG)- Structure, Subclasses and FunctionsImmunoglobulin M (IgM)- Structure and FunctionsImplantation- Process, Events, SignificanceIn Silico drug designing and role of bioinformaticsIncomplete dominance vs Co-dominance- Definition, 10 Differences, ExamplesIncubator- Definition, Parts, Working, Types, Uses, PrecautionsIndependent vs Dependent variables- Definition, 10 Differences, ExamplesIndirect ELISA- Introduction, Steps, Advantages and ProtocolIndole Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Types, Results, UsesInflammationInfluenza A Virus- An OverviewInfrared (IR) SpectroscopyInhalation vs Exhalation- Definition, 15 Major Differences, ExamplesInnate Immune System- An IntroductionInstruments used in Microbiology Lab with Principle and UsesIntegumentary System- definition, organs, functions, diseasesInternational Baccalaureate (IB) Biology Syllabus (Core+Options)Interphase- definition, stages, cell cycle, diagram, videoIntroduction to AntigenIntroduction to Antigen-Antibody ReactionsIntroduction to B Cells also called B-LymphocytesIntroduction to EmbryologyIntrons vs Exons- Definition, 12 Major Differences, ExamplesInverted MicroscopeIodine Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesIon Exchange ChromatographyIron-Hematoxylin StainingIsatin Test- Definition, Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesIsolation of Actinomycetes from Soil sampleIsolation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) from Soil sampleIsolation of Mitochondria from Plants, Yeast Cells, Mice, Cell CultureIsolation vs Quarantine- Definition, 8 Differences, ExamplesJJapanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus- An OverviewKKetones in urine (ketonuria) and Ketones in urine testKirby Bauer Disc Diffusion Method For Antibiotic Susceptibility TestingKlebsiella pneumoniae on MacConkey AgarKlebsiella pneumoniae- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, PreventionKlebsiella pneumoniae- Pathogenicity and Clinical ManifestationsKligler Iron Agar TestKoch’s postulates and its limitationsKrebs cycle / Citric acid cycle / TCA Cycle with steps and diagramLL-Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase (PYR) TestLaboratory diagnosis of Bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalisLaboratory diagnosis of Legionella pneumophilaLaboratory diagnosis of Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium lepraeLaboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenesLaboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenesLaboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidumLaboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Bacillus cereusLaboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferiLaboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Corynebacterium diphtheriaeLaboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Coxiella burnetiiLaboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Francisella tularensisLaboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Leptospira interrogansLaboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Mycoplasma pneumoniaeLaboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Rickettsia rickettsiiLaboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Shigella dysenteriaeLaboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniaeLaboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of TuberculosisLaboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control of Chlamydia trachomatisLac operon- definition, structure, Inducers, diagramLactobacilli MRS BrothLactobacillus acidophilus- An OverviewLactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) StainingLaminar flow hood/cabinet- definition, parts, principle, types, usesLassa Virus- An OverviewLatex Agglutination TestLead Sulfide Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesLecithinase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and ResultsLeucine Amino Peptidase (LAP) TestLevinthal’s MediumLight Microscope- definition, principle, types, parts, magnificationLineweaver–Burk PlotLinkage- Characteristics, Types and SignificanceLipase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedures, Results, UsesLipid Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and ResultsLipids- definition, properties, structure, types, examples, functionsLitmus Milk Medium TestLoeffler MediumLouis Pasteur and his contributionsLowenstein Jensen (LJ) MediaLower and Higher Invertebrates with their differencesLymph Nodes- Structure and FunctionsLymphocytes- Types and FunctionsLysine Iron Agar (LIA)Lysine Iron Agar TestLysosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramMMacConkey AgarMacrophages- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Types, FunctionsMacrophages- Introductions and FunctionsMajor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)- Types and ImportanceMajor Histocompatibility Complex I- Structure, Mechanism and FunctionsMajor Histocompatibility Complex II- Structure, Mechanism and FunctionsMalonate Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and ResultsMannitol Salt Agar (MSA)Martin Lewis AgarMass Spectrometry (MS)- Principle, Working, Instrumentation, Steps, ApplicationsMasson’s Trichrome StainingMast Cells- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Types, FunctionsMcFarland Standards- Principle, Preparation, Uses, LimitationsMCH Blood Test- Definition, Calculation, Results, High and Low MCH valueMeasles Virus- An OverviewMeasles Virus- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and ControlMeiosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagramMembrane CarbohydrateMembrane LipidsMembrane ProteinsMendel’s Experiment and LawsMenstrual Cycle- definition, hormones, phases, diagramMesothelioma CancerMetaphase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Metaphase 1 and 2)Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)Methyl Red (MR) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesMHC Class I vs MHC Class II- Definition, 15 Major Differences, ExamplesMicrobial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)Microbial degradation of chitin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)Microbial degradation of lignin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)Microbial degradation of pectin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)Microbial Food Spoilage- Types of microorganisms with examplesMicrobial interaction and its types with examplesMicrobial spoilage of canned foods and its preservation (Canning)Microbial spoilage of egg and egg productsMicrobial spoilage of meat and meat productsMicrobial Spoilage of Milk and Milk Products (Cream, Butter, Cheese, Yoghurt, Ice-cream)Microbiology glossary, terms and definitions from AMicrobiology glossary, terms and definitions from WMicrobiology glossary, terms and definitions from X, Y and ZMicrobiology HistoryMicrobiology of extreme environments (Types and Examples)Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure and ResultsMicrofilaments- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramMicroorganisms found in soil with effects and examplesMicropropagation- Stages, Types, Applications, Advantages, LimitationsMicrosporum spp- An OverviewMicrotubules- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramMicrovilli- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramMiddlebrook AgarMilk Pasteurization- Definition, Methods, Steps, SignificanceMillon’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesMissense Mutation- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Types, ExamplesMitochondria- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramMitosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagramMode of Transmission of DiseasesModified Thayer Martin AgarMolisch Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesMonoclonal Antibodies- Types, Uses and LimitationsMonocot vs Dicot Flower- Definition, Structure, 6 Differences, ExamplesMonocot vs Dicot Leaves- Definition, Structure, 13 Differences, ExamplesMonocot vs Dicot Roots- Definition, Structure, 18 Differences, ExamplesMonocot vs Dicot Seed- Definition, Structure, 10 Differences, ExamplesMonocot vs Dicot Stem- Definition, Structure, 22 Differences, ExamplesMonocots vs Dicots- Definition, 26 Differences, ExamplesMonocytes- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Subsets, FunctionsMonohybrid Cross- Definition, Steps, Examples (vs Dihybrid Cross)Morphology of Bacillus cereusMorphology of BacteriaMorphology of Bacteria- Sizes, Shapes, Arrangements, ExamplesMorphology of Clostridium perfringensMorphology of E. coliMorula- Stage, Development, SignificanceMotility Test- Principle, Procedure and ResultsMPV Blood Test- Definition, Calculation, Results, High and Low MPV valueMRS Broth Test- Principle, Procedure and ResultsMucic Acid Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesMucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA)Mumps Virus- An OverviewMutation- Causes, Mechanisms, Agents and SignificanceMutualism Interaction- Definition, Symbiosis, Types and ExamplesMycobacterium tuberculosis- An OverviewNNatural Killer (NK) Cells- Definition, Structure, Immunity, FunctionsNatural vs Artificial Selection- Definition, 17 Major Differences, ExamplesNEB Class 11 Biology (Botany + Zoology) SyllabusNEB Class 12 Biology (Botany + Zoology) SyllabusNegative staining of VirusesNegative Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationNeisseria gonorrhoeae- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, PreventionNeutralization Test- Introduction and TypesNeutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functionsNew York City AgarNext Generation Sequencing (NGS)Ninhydrin Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesNitrate Reduction Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and ResultsNitrification vs Denitrification- Definition, 15 Differences, ExamplesNitrite Reduction TestNitrogen Cycle- Steps and SignificanceNitroprusside Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesNominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio DataNon-Mendelian InheritanceNon-Specific Immune ResponseNonsense Mutation- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Applications, ExamplesNormal Human MicrobiotaNorthern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, ApplicationsNorwalk Virus (Norovirus)- An OverviewNovobiocin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) SpectroscopyNucleic Acids- Nucleosides and NucleotidesNucleosome Model of ChromosomeNucleotide sequences databaseNucleus- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramNull hypothesis and alternative hypothesis with 9 differencesNutrient agar- Principle, composition, preparation, results, usesOO-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) TestOmega oxidation (ω-oxidation) of fatty acidOncogenic Viruses- An OverviewOogenesis / Ovulation / Ovarian cycle- Definition, Phages, ProcessOpsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, ExamplesOptochin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure and ResultsOrganic waste recycling (methods, steps, significance, barriers)Osazone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesOsmosis- definition, types, examples, (Osmosis vs Diffusion)Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion techniqueOutbreak Investigations- Objectives, Steps, DifficultiesOviparous vs Viviparous- Definition, 11 Major Differences, ExamplesOxidase Test- Principle, Procedure and ResultsOxidation-Fermentation (OF) TestOxidative PhosphorylationOxygen Release in Photosynthesis ProtocolPP-value- definition, formula, table, finding p-value, significancePancreas- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, DisordersPandemic- definition, features, causes, effects, examplesPapanicolaou Staining (Pap stain) for Pap Smear / Pap TestPaper ChromatographyParasitism Interaction- Definition and Types with ExamplesParathyroid Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, DisordersParts of a microscope with functions and labeled diagramPassive immunization with advantages and drawbacksPassive TransportPathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Gardenerella vaginalisPathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosisPathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation of Neisseria gonorrhoeaePathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferiPathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatisPathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Corynebacterium diphtheriaePathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Coxiella burnetiiPathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Francisella tularensisPathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Leptospira interrogansPathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycobacterium lepraePathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniaePathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Rickettsia rickettsiiPathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Treponema pallidumPauly’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesPenicillium chrysogenum- An OverviewPentose Phosphate PathwayPeptide bond- definition, formation, degradation, examplesPeptone WaterPeptone Yeast Extract Glucose BrothPeriodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) StainingPeroxisomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramPhagocytosis- definition, mechanism, steps with examplePhase contrast Microscopy- definition, principle, parts, usesPhases of Clinical Trials for Drugs and Vaccine DevelopmentPhenotype vs Genotype- Definition, 10 Major Differences, ExamplesPhenylalanine Deaminase TestPhosphoketolase (Heterolactic) PathwayPhosphorus Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human ImpactsPhotosynthesis- definition, equation, steps, process, diagramPhyllosphere microorganisms- Examples, Factors, EffectsPhylum Annelida- characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Arthropoda- Characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Aschelminthes- characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)- Characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Ctenophora- characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Echinodermata- Characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Hemichordata- Characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Mollusca- characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Nematoda- characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Platyhelminthes- characteristics, classification, examplesPhylum Porifera- Characteristics, classification, examplesPhysical methods of sterilization- Heat, Filtration, RadiationPhysiological barriers of immune systemPhysiology of Human DigestionPhytoplankton vs Zooplankton- Definition, 16 Differences, ExamplesPineal Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, DisordersPinocytosis- definition, steps, types, examples, (vs phagocytosis)Pituitary Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, DisordersPlant cell vs Animal cell- Definition, 25 Differences with cell organellesPlant cell- definition, labeled diagram, structure, parts, organellesPlant Tissue CulturePlasmodesmata- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramPlastids- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and DiagramPlate Count Agar (PCA)Platelets (Thrombocytes)- Definition, Structure, Immunity, FunctionsPocket MicroscopePoint mutation- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Types, Examples, ApplicationsPolio Virus- An OverviewPollination vs Fertilization- Definition, 12 Major Differences, ExamplesPolyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Principle, Steps, ApplicationsPositive staining of VirusesPost Translational ModificationPotassium hydroxide (KOH) testPotato Dextrose Agar (PDA)Pour Plate Technique- Procedure, Advantages, LimitationsPrecipitation Reaction – definition and applicationsPredation Interaction- Definition and Types with ExamplesPredictive ValuePreservation of egg and egg products from microbial spoilagePreservation of meat and meat products from microbial spoilagePreservation of milk and milk products from microbial spoilagePrevention and Control of COVID-19Primary Data and Secondary DataPrimary vs Secondary Metabolites- Definition, 12 Differences, ExamplesPrimary vs Secondary Succession- Definition, 12 Differences, ExamplesPrinciples of Diagnosis with Medical MicrobiologyProkaryotic and Eukaryotic ChromosomesProkaryotic cells- characteristics, structure, division, examplesProkaryotic DNA Replication- Enzymes, Steps and SignificanceProkaryotic Transcription- Enzymes, Steps, SignificanceProkaryotic Translation (Protein Synthesis)Properties and Function of different classes of AntibodiesProphase in mitosis and meiosis (Prophase 1 and 2)Protein Databases- Types and ImportanceProtein Structure- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and QuaternaryProtein Synthesis Inhibitors- Definition, Examples, Inhibition, ResistanceProteins- Properties, Structure, Classification and FunctionsProtocol of chloroplast isolationProtocol: Phenol-chloroform extraction of prokaryotic DNAProtocooperation Interaction- Definition and ExamplesProtozoa- Definition, characteristics, classification, examplesPseudomonas aeruginosa- An OverviewPseudostratified columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examplesPulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)Purine SynthesisPyruvate Broth TestQQuantitative vs Qualitative Data- Definition, 13 Differences, ExamplesQuestionnaire method of data collectionQuestionnaire- Types, Format, QuestionsQuestionnaires and SchedulesRRabies Virus- An OverviewRadial Immunodiffusion- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Applications, Advantages and LimitationsRadioimmunoassay- Principle, Uses and LimitationsRandomized Controlled Trial (RCTs)Rapid Method for Enumeration of E. coli Biotype IRapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) TestReal Time PCR- Principle, Process, Markers, Advantages, UsesRecombinant DNA Technology- Steps, Applications and LimitationsRegulation of protein synthesis in ProkaryotesRegulation of Translation In EukaryotesRemdesivir- Definition, Mechanism of Action, Uses, SynthesisRestriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease)Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)Rh Blood Group SystemRhizopus spp- An OverviewRhizospheric microorganisms and effects, PGPR and MycorrhizaRibosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramRing Precipitation Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results and ExamplesRNA Isolation ProtocolRNA polymerase- Definition, Types and FunctionsRNA Splicing- definition, process, mechanism, types, errors, usesRNA- Properties, Structure, Types and FunctionsRobert Koch and Koch’s PostulatesRocket Immunoelectrophoresis- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Applications, Advantages and LimitationsRomanowsky Stains- Principle, Types, ApplicationsRotavirus- An OverviewRough vs Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Definition, 13 Differences, ExamplesSSabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)Sakaguchi Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesSalmonella Shigella (SS) AgarSalmonella Typhimurium on XLD agarSalt Saturation Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesSalt Tolerance TestSample collection and Diagnosis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)Sandwich (Davson–Danielli) model of cell membraneSandwich ELISA- Steps and AdvantagesSaturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids- Definition, 20 Differences, ExamplesScanning Electron Microscope (SEM)Scope and Applications of MicrobiologyScope of EpidemiologySecondary DatabasesSecretory Vesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramSelenite F BrothSeliwanoff’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesSensitivity and SpecificitySerial dilution- definition, formula, calculator, procedure, usesSerratia marcescens on Chocolate AgarSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)Sex-linked InheritanceShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)Shigella dysenteriae- Pathogenicity and Clinical ManifestationSigns and Symptoms of COVID-19 with Risk factorsSilent Mutation- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Applications, ExamplesSilver Staining- Principle, Procedure, ApplicationsSimmons Citrate AgarSimple columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examplesSimple cuboidal epithelium- structure, functions, examplesSimple Diffusion vs Facilitated Diffusion (11 Differences)Simple diffusion- definition, principle, examples, applicationsSimple Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, ApplicationsSimple squamous epithelium- structure, functions, examplesSimple Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationSoil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Factors, Process/Steps, ExamplesSoil- Definition, Composition, Properties, Types and UsesSolid State Fermentation (SSF)Solubility Tests of Proteins- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesSorbitol MacConkey AgarSource and Reservoir of InfectionSouthern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, ApplicationsSpeciation- definition, causes, process, types, examplesSpectrophotometer- Principle, Instrumentation, ApplicationsSpermatogenesis vs Oogenesis- Definition, 18 Differences, ExamplesSpermatogenesis- Definition, Stages and Process with figureSpleen- Structure and FunctionsSpoilage of chocolate and confectionery and its preservationSpoilage of sugar and sugar products and their preservationsSpore Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result InterpretationSporothrix schenckii- An OverviewSpot Indole Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Results and LimitationsSpread Plate Technique- Principle, Procedure, AdvantagesStages of ChildbirthStaphylococcus aureus on Columbia CNA Agar with 5% Sheep BloodStaphylococcus aureus on combined Mannitol Salt Agar and Vogel and Johnson AgarStaphylococcus aureus- An OverviewStaphylococcus aureus- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, PreventionStaphylococcus capitis- An OverviewStaphylococcus epidermidis- An OverviewStaphylococcus hominis- An OverviewStaphylococcus lugdunensis- An OverviewStaphylococcus saprophyticus- An OverviewStarch Casein Agar (SCA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, ResultsStarch Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and ResultsStem Cells- Definition, Properties, Types, Uses, ChallengesStorage Granules- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramStratified columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examplesStratified cuboidal epithelium- structure, functions, examplesStratified squamous epithelium- structure, functions, examplesStreak Plate Method- Principle, Methods, Significance, LimitationsStreptococcus agalactiae- An OverviewStreptococcus anginosus- An OverviewStreptococcus bovis- An OverviewStreptococcus mitis- An OverviewStreptococcus mutans- An OverviewStreptococcus Selective AgarStructure and Genome of Hepatitis E VirusStructure and Genome of Human Cytomegalo VirusStructure and Genome of Measles VirusStructure and Genome of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with diagramStructure of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)Submerged FermentationSudan Black B StainingSulfur Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human ImpactsSulfur Reduction TestSullivan and McCarthy’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesSyntrophism or Syntrophy Interaction- Definition, ExamplesTT Cell (T Lymphocyte)- Definition, Types, Development, ApplicationsT-test- definition, formula, types, applications, exampleT.U. B.Sc. 1st Year General Microbiology Syllabus (Nepal)T.U. B.Sc. 1st Year Zoology (Non-Chordata and Protochordata) SyllabusT.U. B.Sc. 2nd Year Microbiology (Biochem, Biotech) SyllabusTaproot vs Fibrous root- Definition, 17 Major Differences, ExamplesTardigrade- Definition, Habitat, Morphology, Physiology, Interesting factsTCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle)Telophase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Telophase I, II)The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP)The Germ Theory of DiseaseThe Human Digestive System- Organs, Functions and DiagramThe Human Genome ProjectThe Michaelis–Menten modelThe Prenatal Developmental PeriodThe Wobble HypothesisTheories of DiseaseThick Blood Smear and Thin Blood SmearThin Layer ChromatographyThioglycollate BrothThiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) AgarThymus Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, DisordersThymus- Structure and FunctionsThyroid Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, DisordersTollens’ Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesTop 10 Microbiology Journals with Impact Factor (updated 2019)Top 10 Microbiology Universities in Germany (Updated 2021)Top 10 Microbiology Universities in the United States (2021)Top 50 Microbiology Universities in the World (Updated 2021)Top and Best Biology Websites or Blogs of 2021 for Study NotesTorovirus- An OverviewTranscription vs Translation- Definition, 15 Differences, ExamplesTransitional epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examplesTranslation (Protein Synthesis) in EukaryotesTranslation (Protein Synthesis)- Definition, Enzymes and StepsTransmission Electron Microscope (TEM)Transmission, pathogenesis, replication of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)Transposable elements- definition, types, examples, applicationsTreatment options and Vaccines updates of COVID-19Trichophyton spp- An OverviewTriple Sugar Iron (TSI) AgarTriple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) TestTrophic level- Definition, food chain, food web, pyramid, examplesTryptic Soy AgarTryptophan (Trp) OperonTwins- Types, Causes and SignificanceType 1 (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity ReactionType 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes (14 major differences)Type I Error and Type II Error- Definition, 10 Differences, ExamplesType II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and ExamplesType III (Immune Complex) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and ExamplesType IV (Cell Mediated) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and ExamplesTypes of Agglutination ReactionsTypes of antigen on the basis of source and immune responseTypes of Bias in EpidemiologyTypes of Centrifuge and Centrifugation (definition, principle, uses)Types of Complement Fixation TestTypes of Crystals in UrineTypes of MicroscopesTypes of MutationsTypes of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) – definition and usesTypes of Plant Cell – Definition, Structure, Functions, DiagramsTypes of Precipitation ReactionsUUltracentrifuge- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, UsesUrea Cycle- Enzymes and StepsUrease Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Result, UsesUrinary Tract Infection (UTI)Uronic Acid PathwayUSB Microscope- definition, principle, parts, examples, usesUV Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation, ApplicationsVVaccines- Introduction and Types with ExamplesVacuoles- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and DiagramVaricella Zoster Virus- An OverviewVascular vs Non-vascular plants- Definition, 17 Differences, ExamplesVector- Definition, Features, Types, Examples, Applications, LimitationsVenereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) TestVesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramVibrio cholerae (Owaga) on TCBS AgarViolet Red Bile Agar (VRBA)Viral Transport Media (VTM)- Principle, Preparation, Uses, LimitationsVirulence factors and Clinical manifestation of Staphylococcus aureusVirulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Legionella pneumophilaVirulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenesVirulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Streptococcus pneumoniaeVirus Cultivation- Purposes and MethodsViruses- Structure, Replication and DiagnosisVoges Proskauer (VP) TestVoluntary vs Involuntary Muscles- Definition, 16 Differences, ExamplesWWater Quality Analysis by Membrane Filter (MF) TechniqueWater Quality Analysis by Most Probable Number (MPN)Water Soluble Vitamins- B-Complex and CWatson and Crick DNA ModelWeek by week pregnancy (Baby and body development with tips)Western Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, ApplicationsWhat is Immunology?What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?What is Southern Blotting?What is Western blotting?Wheatley Trichrome StainingWHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2018Why MHA is used for antibiotic susceptibility testing?Why TCBS agar is not autoclaved?Widal Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Advantages and LimitationsXX and V Factor Test for HaemophilusX-Ray Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation and ApplicationsXanthoproteic Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesXylem vs Phloem- Definition, 18 Major Differences, ExamplesXylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) AgarYYeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YPD or YEPD) AgarYersinia Selective AgarZZ-test- definition, formula, examples, uses, z-test vs t-testZebrafish DevelopmentZiehl-Neelsen Staining- Principle and Procedure with Results
