What is Penicillin? Alexander Fleming in September 1928 accidentally discovered Penicillin. He found that the fungus, Penicillium notatum prevented the growth of bacteria, Staphylococcus spp.. Later Clutterbuck and his colleagues in 1932 studied the nature of Penicillin and found it … Read more
Folic acids are the enzymes that are necessary for the bacterial protein synthesis and synthesis of amino acids. Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides are the antimicrobial classes that interfere with the synthesis of folic acid at different levels and are bacteriostatic. Trimethoprim … Read more
Mycolic acid is the cell wall that contains α-alkylated β-hydroxylated fatty acids present in Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Corynebacteria. Mycolic acids are the main component of the cell wall of Mycobacterium spp and plays important role in the virulence and permeability … Read more
RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid is a polymer of ribonucleotides. Transcription is the process in which DNA is transcribed into RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase. Transcription involves three steps; elongation, initiation, and termination. Rifamycins group of … Read more
What are DNA Synthesis Inhibitors? DNA synthesis occurs at chromosomes which requires substrates, primers, templates, and enzymes. Different drugs were used in treating diseases by inhibiting DNA synthesis in different manners. Analogs of purine and Pyrimidine’s which are used in … Read more
What are Cell Membrane Inhibitors? In this era, bacterial membrane became the new target for the antimicrobial agent because anionic lipids are present in bacterial surfaces and the antimicrobials are cationic so they show greater reactivity towards membranes. Gram-positive and … Read more
What are Protein synthesis inhibitors? Protein synthesis, a long process that includes different enzymes and structural change in organisms. Some antibacterial classes inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with the 30s or 50s subunit. Antibiotics target three different steps which … Read more
Generally, the bacterial cell consists of a cell wall, cell membrane, and nucleus. The cell wall is the outer covering of the bacteria-containing peptidoglycan layer which is made up of cross-linked polymers. Peptidoglycan is mainly responsible for all the mechanisms … Read more
Introduction As the Broth dilution method are time-consuming, many laboratories in the United States adopted disc diffusion tests in the early 1950s. Kirby Bauer tests also known as the Disc diffusion test is used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Lacks of … Read more